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AGRICULTURE 


1VORTHCAROLINA 


3E»-A.DFt.T     II: 


OBTAINING    A  STATEMENT  OF  THE    PRINCIPLES   OF   Till 

SCIENCE   UPON  WHICH   THE   PRACTICES  OF 

AGRICULTURE,    AS   AN   ART,    ARE 

FOUNDER 


BY 

EBENEZER     EMMON.v 

.STATE   GEOLOGIST. 


KALEIGH: 
\T.    W.     HOLDEN,    PRINTER    TO    THE    STATE 

1S60. 


To  His  Excellency,  John  "W.  Elli?, 

Governor  of  North-  Carolina : 

Sir:  Although  your  station  in  life  withheld  your  hands  from  the 
active  and  laborious  duties  of  husbandry,  yet,  in  the  discharge  of 
your  former  official  duties,  you  were  furnished  with  constant  oppor- 
tunities to  acquire  exact  information  of  the  state  and  condition  of 
Agriculture  throughout  the  State.  It  is  no  doubt  for  this  reason 
that  you  have  so  frequently  expressed  the  strong  interest  for  the 
improvements  in  this  department  of  labor,  and  the  more  general 
diffusion  of  information  upon  those  subjects  which  are  intimately 
related  to  it. 

By  your  permission  and  advice  I  have  been  led  to  undertake 
the  preparation  of  several  works  upon  the  Agriculture  of  the  State. 
The  first  is  designed  to  be  preparatory  to  those  which  will  follow, 
and  although  the  subject  matters  are  by  no  means  easily  treated, 
yet  I  am  encouraged  to  hope  I  shall  so  far  succeed  as  to  present 
them  in  a  form  and  in  a  language  which  can  be  understood  by  the 
■common  reader. 

I  am,  sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

EBENEZER  EMMONS, 

State  Geologist 

Raleigc,  March  1,  1800. 


PREFACE. 


The  principles  of  Agriculture  set  forth  in  the  following  pages  are 
designed  for  the  nse  of  Planters  and  Farmers  of  this  State.  The 
subjects  involving  the  principles  herein  detailed,  are  not  so  fully 
treated  of  as  in  other  works  of  a  higher  aim,  and  which  profess  to 
be  scientific ;  but  we  hope  that  they  belong  to  a  class  which  may 
be  regarded  as  the  leading  principles  of  Agriculture ;  and  there- 
fore, may  secure  the  attention  of  those  for  whom  they  are  designed. 

In  consequence  of  the  fixed  prejudices  to  change  modes  of 
culture,  and  the  strong  tendency  to  unbelief  of  promised  advan- 
tages when  modifications  of  a  system  of  husbandry  are  proposed, 
it  has  happened  that  proiessional  men  have  taken  the  lead  and  ad- 
vanced forward,  when  the  regular  bred  farmer  has  stood  still.  The 
lawyer,  the  physician,  and  merchant,  men  of  capital,  who  have 
been  disposed  to  retire  from  their  professions  have  been  generally 
more  ready  to  follow  new  modes  of  culture,  and  to  engage  in  some- 
what more  expensive  experiments  than  the  farmer.  It  is  true,  their 
example  has  not  been  followed  immediately,  and  indeed,  they 
have  not  always  succeeded  ;  but  their  results  have  often  been  so 
striking,  as  to  arrest  attention,  and  it  has  worked  in  some  wajr  or 
other  to  the  advantage  of  agriculture ;  sometimes  by  exciting  the 
pride  or  vanity  of  the  regular  bred  farmer,  who  feels  that  he  ought 
not  to  be  outdone  or  outshone  in  crops  or  cattle ;  and  has  there- 
fore, been  led  to  attempt  on  his  part  to  outdo  a  competitor,  who 
has  placed  himself  irregularly  in  the  ranks  of  laboring  men.  By 
way  of  illustration,  we  may  mention  Livingston,  who  introduced 
plaster,  by  which  the  agriculture  of  Xew  York  was  revolutionized. 
Liebig,  a  chemist,  first  prepared  and  recommended  the  use  of  the 
8Ujperphosphaie  of  lime,  which  had  a  decided  influence  upon  the 
progress  of  agriculture.  The  introduction  of  fertilizers  of  this 
class  could  not  fail  to  suggest  many  others,  and  hence,  a  multitude 
of  mineral  substances  have  been  tried  with  varied  success. 

The  faithful  reader  of  the  following  pages  may  probably  observe 
that  certain  facts  and  principles  are  repeated  ia  different  parts  of 


Vl 


PRL1 


the  work ;  if  so,  it  will  be  found  that  they  stand  in  different  rela- 
tions, and  hence,  are  possessed  of  a  greater  value;  we  are  not 
always  losen  by  repetitions,  when  we  can  present  them  under  a 
new  phase.  We  have  prepared  this  work,  because  we  considered 
it  necessary  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the  survey.  It  is  intended 
to  prepare  the  way  for  other  works  which  require  a  knowledge  of 
the  facts  and  principles  contained  in  this.  Agriculture  is  com- 
manding more  attention  than  formerly.  Products,  which  ten  years 
ago  were  unprofitable,  have  become  profitable,  because  of  the 
greater  facilities  and  a  diminished  expense  in  reaching  the  markets 
of  the  world.  Every  mile  of  railroad  helps  the  farmer,  as  his  pro- 
ducts are  heavy,  and  are  often  both  heavy  and  bulky.  He  re- 
quires, therefore,  more  than  any  other  citizen,  public  facilities. 
As  the  world  now  moves,  time  is  doubly  imponant,  and  to  attempt 
to  reach  a  distant  market  with  flour,  corn  or  cotton,  with  the  old 
six  horse  or  mule  team,  would  be  utterly  ruinous.  It  was  impossi- 
ble to  revive  agriculture  under  the  old  dynasty,  in  .  but  the 
advantages  of  public  improvements  are  now  so  stronglv  felt  that 
very  few  remain  to  oppose  them:  the  great  care  which  now  de- 
volves upon  this  generation  of  active  and  influential  men,  is  to 
direct  them  judiciously. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

General  remarks.  Obstacles  which  retard  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  among 
farmers.  Errors  often  due  to  imperfect  observations.  Case  in  point  relating 
to  acid  soils.     How  experiments  should  be  conducted.     9 — 14. 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  difficulty  of  classifying  soils  systematically.  Varieties  of  soils.  Soil  elements. 
Derivation.  Composition  of  rocks  which  furnish  soils.  Weight  of  soils. 
Average  quantity  of  silex  in  soils.  Carbonate  of  lime  in  soils.  Losses  which 
soils  sustain  in  cultivation  well  established.  Temperature  an  essential  element 
in  productive  soils.  Soils  of  the  Southern  States  remain  in  situ.  Organic 
elements  of  soil.     Inorganic  elements,  etc.     14 — 27. 

CHAPTER  III. 

The  organic  part  of  a  soil  and  variety  of  names  under  which  it  is  known.  Changes 
which  it  undergoes,  and  the  formation  of  new  bodies  by  the  absorption  of 
oxygen.  Fertilizers  in  North-Carolina.  Green  crops.  Mutual  action  of 
elements  of  soils  upon  each  other.  Composition  of  one  or  two  of  the  chemical 
products  of  soils,  showing  the  sources  of  carbon  in  the  plant.     27 — 32. 

CHAPTER  IY. 

The  mechanical  condition  of  soils  differ.  Circulation  of  water  in  the  soil  with 
its  saline  matter.  Capability  of  bearing  drouth.  How  to  escape  from  the 
effects  of  drouth.  Temperature  of  soils.  Influenced  by  color.  Weight  of 
soils,  etc.     32 — 30. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Mechanical  treatment  of  soils.  Deep  plowing.  Advantages  of  draining.  Open 
drains.  Plowing.  Objects  attained  by  plowing.  Harrowing.  Roller.  Im- 
provement of  soils  by  mixture.     Hoeing.     Effects  of  hoeing.     36 — i2. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Soil  elements  preserve  the  proportions  very  nearly  as  they  exist  in  the  parent 
rock.  Weight  of  different  kinds  of  soils.  Most  important  elements  of  soil 
represented  by  fractions.  Effects  of  small  doses  of  fertilizers  explained.  Nature 
deals  out  her  nutriment  in  atom  doses,  and  so  does  the  successful  florist. 
42 — 16. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Fertilizers  defined.  Their  necessity.  Mechanical  means  of  improvements  of 
soil.  Fffeets  of  lime.  Growth  is  the  result  of  change  in  the  constitution  of  the 
fertilizers  employed.  Organs  have  each  their  own  special  influence  upon  the 
fertilizing  matter  they  receive.  Provisions  for  sustaining  vegetable  life.  A 
system  of  adaptive  husbandry.  Instances  cited.  Adaptation  of  a  crop  to  the 
soil.  What  fertilizers  will  aid  in  ripening  the  crop  at  the  right  time.  The 
source  of  fertilizers.  Green  crops.  Peat.  Advantages  of  a  green  crop.  Marine 
plants.  Straw.  Losses  of  farmyard  manure.  Peat,  how  prepared  for  use. 
Composts.     Fertilizers  of  animal  origin.     Solids  and  fluids.     45 — 61. 


Vlll  TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VIIL 
:  excrements.     Guana     Composition  and  comparative  value.     l>i-crepances 
stated.     61- 

CHAPTEB  IX. 
Mineral  fertilizers.     Sulphates.    Native  phosphates.    Carbonates.     Nitrates.    Sil- 
icates.    Abbes.     Analysts  of  the  ash  of  the  white  oak.     Composition  of 
■shea     Management  of  volatile  and  other  fertilizers.     07 — V-L 

CHAPTEB  X. 

The  quantity  or  ratio  of  tt>e  inorganic  elements  in  a  plant  may  be  increased  by 
cultivation.     Source  of  nitr   \  rific  action  of  certain  manures,  particu- 

larly -alts.      Farmyard   manure  never  amis.-.      Use  of  phosphate  of  magi.- 
Special  manures  sometimes  fail,  as  gypsum.     84 — -7 

OHAPTEB  XL 

<  m  the  periodical  increase  of  the  corn  plant.  The  white  flint,  together  with  the 
increase  of  h  her  organs.    The  proportions  of  the  inorganic  elem 

in  the  several  parts  oi  their  composition.  The  quantity  of  inorganic  matter  in 
an  acre  of  corn,  and  in  each  of  the  parts  composing  the  plant  Remarks  upon 
the  statistics  of  composition.     B7 — 95. 

CHAPTEB  MI. 

Value  of  foliage  for  animal  consumption  depends  upon  the  quantity  of  two  differ- 
ent classes  of  bodies:  heat  producing  and  rlesh  producing  bodies.  These  two 
classes  are  the  proximate  organic  bodies,  and  are  ready  forme  1  in  the  vegetable 
organs.  Proximate  composition  illustrated  by  two  varieties  of  maize.  Their 
comparative  value.  Analysis  of  several  other  varieties  of  maize  for  the  pur- 
|  se  of  illustrating  difference  of  composition  as  well  as  their  different  values. 
Composition  of  timothy,  etc.     Bfi — 100. 

CHAPTEB  Mil. 
Composition   of  tuberous  plants   with   respect  to  their  nutritive  elements.     Irish 
potatoe.     Sweet  potatoe.     Their  nutritive  values  compared.     1"" — 102. 

CHAPTEB  XIV. 

in  of  the  ash  of  fruit  tree-;  BS  the  peach,  apple,  pear,  Catawba  trrapc. 
Amount  of  carbon  or  pure  charcoal  which  some  of  the  hard  woods  give  )>y 
ignition  in  closely  covered  crucibles.     103—105. 

CHAPTEB  XV. 
Nitrogenous  fertiliz  litable  for  the  cereals.     Correlation  of  means  and 

end-  which  meet  in  fertilizers.  The  final  end  of  nitrogenous  bodies.  The 
power  to  store  up  or  consume  fertilizers  modified  ly  i  tempera- 

ture    Krror  in  cattle  husbandry.  staining  the  largest  amount  of  nu- 

triment.    Weights  of  crop.-,  etc.     Indian  corn  and  turnips.    Sweet  potal 
The  produce  of  an  acre  of  cabbage,  etc.     105 — 1 1-. 


SURVEY   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

PART    II, 

ACiRICULTU 

March,  1860.  E.  Emmons. 


CHAPTER  I. 

General  remarks.  Obstacles  which  retard  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  among 
Farmers.  Errors  often  due  to  imperfect  observations.  Case  in  point  relat- 
ing to  acid  soils.     How  experiments  to  be  useful  should  be  conducted. 

;$  1.  Agriculture  is  regarded  as  an  art  and  a  science.  As 
an  art,  its  practice  comprehends  the  preparation  of  the  earth  for 
the  reception  of  seed,  and  the  mechanical  state  best  fitted  for  the 
perfection  of  a  crop. 

As  a  science,  it  comprehends  that  kind  of  knowledge  which  re- 
lates to  the  structure  and  composition  of  vegetables,  their  adaptions 
to  climate,  soil,  and  the  relation  which  any  members  of  the  king- 
dom hold  to  the  forces  of  nature.  The  successful  practice  of  the 
art,  is  more  or  less  dependent  upon  agricultural  science,  though  in 
the  order  of  time,  art  preceded  science.  This  fact  may  seem  to 
contradict  the  foregoing  assertion,  nevertheless  its  truth  may  be 
made  to  appear  from  sundry  considerations.  In  the  first  place,  the 
practice  of  the  art  is  founded  upon  the  simplest  observations  when 
the  soil  was  fresh  from  the  hand  of  nature  and  rich  in  all  the  ele- 
ments of  growth,  when  nothing  perhaps  was  required  but  to  gather 
the  fruit  and  watch  the  progress  of  the  seasons. 

When  improvement  was  attempted  more  attention  was  required. 
The  grafting  of  one  kind  of  fruit  upon  another  must  have  demand- 
ed a  knowledge  of  the  structure  and  functions  of  bark,  stem  and  the 
circulation  of  sap.    The  success  would  depend  upon  a  purely  scien- 


:TH-CABOLDCA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVITT. 

tifi  :ion,  which  wouii       __  .per  artistic  mo  . 

nt  must  frequently  ha 
lent  happens  in   vain   to  the   man   who  neglects  to  think, 
eive  the  real  nature  of  results  and  how  they  came  to  ]  ia& 
:        .lva>i  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
beautiful  science       °  .me  ace  nee 

often  or  a  hundred  other  men  mav  cot  Lave  awakened  a  single 
idea  beyond  the  naked  fa 

lent,  therefore,  though  it  may  have  done  much  for  science 
ben  it  has  occurred  under  tlu- 
thinking  men  ;  in  them  alone  will  be  awakened  the  _  :  ac- 

.'.  idea. 

ecident  however  that  progress  in  science  or  the  arts 
ed.     An  unexpected   result  may  and  often  occurs  which 
is  turned  to  account;  still,  it  is  by  a  train  of  systematized  ki; 
that  agriculture  must  depend  for  its  future  prog:-- —.     The 

owledge  becomes  the  more  we  may  hope  from  its  gen- 
eral diffusion. 

-overned  by  the  foregoing  views  we  have  pro]  re- 

face  a  series  of  agricultural  paper-  _  as  fully  as  the  nature 

of  the  subject  demands  the  eleme:  ite  ientific  and  practical  a_ 

culture.      In  former  reports,  we  have  not  entir  I  or 

iooked  this  part  of  the  subject,  but  to  add  to  the  value  of  our 
o      nltural  investigations,  it  seems  that  something  more  than  a 
few  isolated  principles  should  accompany  the  reports.     The  public 
mind  is  now  awakened  to  the  importance  of  book  kn.  _      .s  it 

has  been  called.     Old  prejudices  and  old  practices  are  g        _       ay. 

.  should  be  replaced  by  something  more  sound  orrationa". 
more  in  accordance  with  recently  established  principles.     In  :.. 
culture  there  still  remains  much  that  is  obscure  or  has  not  been 
:actorily  explained.      When  a  true  reason  can  be  given  for 
modes  of  successful  or  unsuccessful  culture,  agriculture  will  then 
have  attained  it:-  «tage  of  perfection.     But  agriculture  re- 

quires extensive  knowledge,  and  it  will  happen  when  th  9  si  _•••  has 
been  reached,  that  agriculturalists  will  rank  with  the  most  learned 
of  the  profess:   o&     That  it  is  pro.-  -   eh  a  stage  we  enter- 

tain no  doubts ;  for  most  of  the  natural  history  sciences  are  con- 
stantly contributing  their  discoveries  itimate  result.     But 
results  so  desirable,  time  is  an  essential  element,  and  no  one 


XORTH-CAKOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  11 

should  expect  au  immediate  fulfilment  when  so  much  remains  to  be 
discovered  and  when  no  doubt,  a  great  deal  has  yet  to  be  unlearnt 
or  must  still  bear  a  doubtful  import. 

§  3.    One  of  the  great  obstacles  in  the  way  of  a  general  dif- 
fusion of    agricultural  knowledge,   especially  to  the  farmer  who 
makes  no  claim  to  a  scientific  education,  is  the  frequent  occurrence 
of  hard  names  or  words.     A  book  is  often  thrown  down  in  despair 
when  so  much  meets  the  eye  which  is  unknown.     How  to  get 
around  this  difficulty  is  not  yet  clear ;  it  is  a  difficulty  which  is 
complained  of  even  by  persons  who  have  no  just  right  for  com- 
plaint.    Even  a  word  so  common  as  ammonia,  perplexes  many, 
and  although  it  is  frequently  translated  hartshorn,  yet  how  this 
pungent  vaporous  body  can  play  so  important  a  part  in  husbandry 
cannot  be  comprehended.    There  is  certainly  a  grain  or  two  of  com- 
mon sense  in  this ;  for  as  ammouia  is  usually  spoken  of,  it  would 
seem  unfitting  that  it  should  enter  the  structure  of  vegetables  as 
hartshorn,  and  that  it  is  hartshorn  itself  which  is  so  important  to 
vegetation,  whereas,  it  is  no  such,  thing;  it  is  only  a  body  which, 
contains  a  needful  element  which  it  furnishes  by  decomposition. 
Its  properties  are  due  to  powers  conferred  upon   the   vegetable 
kingdom.     Knowing  this  body  as  a  powerful  stimulant  to  the  sense 
of  smell,  does  not  impart  to  us  a  property  fitting  the  sphere  it  is 
said  to  fill.     It  is  so  with  many  other  bodies  whnse  names  often 
occur,  as  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids.     Many  points  relating  to  these 
powerful  bodies  should  be  more  fully  explained,  and  no  doubt 
much  of  the  prejudice  of  common  minds  to  book  knowledge  arises 
from  a  misapprehension  of  subjects.     How,  for  example,  can  a 
person  who  has  been  told  that  ammonia  and  nitric  acid  or  aqua 
fortis  are  fertilizers,  but  would  at  ouce  question  the  validity  of  the 
information.     Something  more  is  necessary  then,  than  to  be  told 
that  certain  bodies  are  fertilizers;  they  should  also  know  the  reason 
why  they  are  so,  and  the  conditions  under  which  they  become  so. 
To  understand  these  points,  something  must  be  known  of  the 
powers  conferred  upon  the  vegetable  kingdom,  as  well  as  upon  the 
state  and  condition  under  which  simple  or  compound  bodies  be- 
come really  fertilizers  at  all.     A  systematic  treatise  on  husbandry 
requires  that  certain  elementary  facts  relating  to  the  origin  or 
source  of  soils  and  nutriment  of  vegetables  should  be  at  least 
generally  stated. 


\'l  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

§  4.  The  importance  of  established  principles  as  they  are 
considered  in  the  present  state  of  agricultural  knowledge,  induces 
us  then  to  state  somewhat  in  detail  their  practical  bearing. 

Facts  differ  from  principles.     The  latter  are  deductions  from  the 
former.     It  is  often  the  case  that  what  are  regarded  as  facts  are 
imperfect  observations.     Principles  which  may  be  deduced  from 
supposed  tacts  may  be,  and  often  are,  wrong.     When  practice  is 
based  upon  observation,  it  is  quite  necessary  we  should  not  be 
mistaken  in  our  facts.     We  may  cite   one  or  two  examples  of  a 
mistaken  theory  based  upon   imperfect  observation  and  an  igno- 
rance of  the  functions  which   the  vegetable  kingdom  performs. 
Thus  the  idea  of  an  injurious  acid  in  the  soil  is  the  basis  of  the  applica- 
tion of  marl  and  lime  to  correct  that  condition,  and  the  inferenc- 
that  the  beneficial  effects  of  marling  is  dm  soldy  to  th<  (torn 
oddity.     The  acidity  itself  is  founded  upon  the  growth  of  sh 
sorrel,  pine  and  Other  plants,  which  impart  the  taste  of  sourness  to 
the  palate.     Sheep  sorrel,  however,  grows  upon   poor  soil — not 
upon  an  acid  soil,  for  it  often  grows  around  lime  kilns,  where  it  is 
impossible  that  an  acid  should  exist  at  all.     "We  have  seen  it  grow- 
ing with  great  vigor  through  a  stratum  of  air-slacked  lime  two 
inches  thick,  where  it  had  been   thrown  from  a  lime  kiln.     We 
have  seen  sheep  sorrel  also  covering  a  dry  hill-side  which  had  be- 
come poor  by  cultivation ;  whereas,  it  is  rare  to  see  this  plant 
growing  in  moist  peaty  grounds,  where  acids  from  vegetable  de- 
composition are  usually  expected.     The  fact  is.  in  all  plants  which 
impart  to  the  palate  an  acid  taste,  we  may  be  steered  it  is  not  due 
to  an  acid  soil,  but  to  the  action  of  their  own  peculiar  organization, 
and  this  acid  will  be  found  to  exist  under  any  condition  in  which 
the  plant  can  bo  grown.     The  soil  has  really  no  agency  in  its  pro- 
duction ;  for  low  sorrel  seed  in  white  pure  sand  and  water,  with 
that  which  is  free  from  acidity,  and  the  sorrel  will  be  acid;  it  is 
characteristic  of  the  plant,  and  independent  of  the  soil  in  which  it 
grows.     Yet  marl  is  useful,  though,  our  notions  of  its  action  are 
erroneous;  still  the  question   is  highly  practical;  it  would  govern 
our  practice  in  the  quantity  to  be  Used  ;  for  if  it  is  merely  wanted  to 
correct  acidity,  a  small  quantity  will  suffice  for  that.     Where;, 
it  is  maintained  that  it  furnished  directly  or  indirectly  food  to  the 
crop,  a  much  greater  quantity  will  be  required. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  13 

§  5.  Another  instance  of  an  erroneous  view  of  the  operation  of  lime 
was  related  a  few  years  ago  at  an  agricultural  meeting  by  the 
President  of  a  State  Agricultural  Society.  He  said,  he  had  used 
lime  on  two  different  kinds  of  soil.  1st.  On  a  sandy  soil,  and  at  a 
certain  amount  per  acre.  He  could  not  discover  the  slightest  ben- 
eficial effects.  He  therefore  concluded  lime  was  good  for  nothing 
for  sandy  soils.  He  then  tried  it  upon  a  clay  soil.  This  experi- 
ment too  was  a  failure,  as  he  could  not  perceive  that  his  crop  was 
increased  in  amount.  His  general  conclusion,  therefore,  was  that 
the  benefits  of  lime  had  been  greatly  overrated. 

Xow  both  conclusions  were  erroneous,  because  all  the  facts 
oi  the  case  had  not  been  investigated.  In  the  first  instance 
the  conclusion  that  the  crop  upon  the  sand  was  not  improved  by 
lime  was  true,  but  it  does  not  follow  that  lime  upon  sandy  soils  is 
always  useless,  that  contradicts  the  equally  good  experience  of  oth- 
ers. The  fact  was,  the  sandy  soil  was  in  a  great  measure  destitute 
of  organic  matter,  and  hence  the  failure.  We  do  no*  stop  now  to 
state  the  reason  in  greater  detail ;  this  subject  will  be  considered 
fully  hereafter.  In  the  second  instance,  the  clay  soil,  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  crop  did  not  appear  to  be  benefitted  by  marl  was  no 
doubt  true,  but  the  speaker  appears  not  to  have  at  all  apprehended 
the  cause ;  it  was  not  because  it  was  a  clay  soil,  but  because  there 
was  already  enough  lime  in  the  clay,  there  being  not  less  than  five 
per  cent.  "We  find,  therefore,  that  the  result  of  simple  experiment, 
though  made  by  the  President  of  an  Agricultural  Society,  may 
entirely  mislead  a  community  when  all  the  associated  facts  are 
ignored.  It  turns  out  that  lime  is  a  fertilizer  only  upon  certain 
conditions;  those  conditions  must  be  complied  with.  "Where  it 
already  exists  in  the  soil  to  a  large  amount,  it  can  only  be  useful 
in  a  caustic  state.  In  this  condition  it  affects  both  the  chemical 
and  mechanical  condition,  but  is  not  necessary  to  form  certain  com- 
binations by  which  a  fertilizing  substance  is,  as  it  were,  generated 
or  in  part  formed. 

Experiments  then,  to  be  useful,  must  be  conducted  with  a  know- 
ledge of  all  the  essential  points  which  bear  upon  the  results  obtained. 
The  nature  of  the  soil  must  be  understood — the  general  composition 
of  the  fertilizers  employed.  In  other  words  the  experimenter  must 
know  what  he  is  about. 


14  'KTn-CAKOLEN'A    GEOLOGICAL    SUBVEV. 


CHAPTER  II. 

The  difficulty  of  classifying  soils  systematically.     Varieties  of  soils.     Soil  ele- 
ments.    Derivation.     Composition  of  rocks  which  furnish  soils.     Weight  of 
soils.     Average  quantity  of  silex  in  soils.     Carbonate  of  lime  in  soils.     L<- 
which  soils  sustain  in  cultivation  well  established.     Temperature  an  essential 
element  in  productive  soils.      Soils  of  the  Southern  States  remain   < 
Organic  elements  of  soils.     Inorganic  elements,  etc. 

Soils  cannot  be  systematically  classified.  "We  may 
divide  them  so  that,  considered  in  the  extreme,  the  strong  lines  of 
demarkation  will  appear  quite  distinct,  as  a  clay  soil  and  a  sandy 
one,  but  these  graduate  into  each  other  and  the  lines  of  demarka- 
tion disappear  insensibly.  So  we  find  peaty  soils,  and  in  districts 
where  chalk  underlies  the  surface  soil,  we  may  distinguish  a  cal- 
careons  soil,  but  both  kinds  lose  their  characteristics  by  intermix- 
tures of  clay  and  sand.  "We  may  however,  say  with  truth,  of  any 
particular  locality,  that  it  has  an  argilaceons,  calcareous  or  sandy 
soil  as  the  case  may  be.  Such  a  statement  should  be  made,  but 
this  does  not  amount  to  a  classification.  We  -hall  not.  therefore, 
attempt  the  arrangement  of  soils  into  a  systematic  classification  ;  it 
will  be  sufficient  to  indicate  in  our  nomenclature  the  predominant 
element,  whether  it  is  clay,  sand,  lime  or  vegetable  matter.  It  is 
not,  however,  proper  to  omit  the  statement  that  sand  or  silex  is  the 
basis  of  all  soils  except  those  in  which  organic  matter  greatly  pre- 
ponderates, for,  in  clay  soils  silex  still  exceeds  in  quantity  the  clay, 
but  still  clay  masks  the  silex,  though  it  is  less  than  one-half,  and 
hence  has  to  be  treated  as  an  argilaceons  soil. 

But  the  real  nature  of  soil  is  not  fully  stated,  by  any  means  when 
they  are  merely  referred  generally  to  the  preponderating  element, 
there  is  left  out  of  view  certain  elements  which,  so  far  as  fertility  is 
concerned,  are  quite  as  important,  though  they  exist  only  in  minute 
proportions.  We  shall,  however,  take  the  ground  that  all  the  ele- 
ments of  a  soil  are  important,  and  take  away  entirely  any  on- 
them  and  its  fertility  will  be  affected  for  certain  crops  at  least,  if 
not  for  all. 

7.  The  soil  elements  are  only  few,  when  compared  with  the 
number  of  known  simple  bodies:  th  is,  while  the  known  elements 
amount  to  about  sixty-two  or  three,  only  about  thirteen  or  fourteen 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  15 

play  any  considerable  part  for  the  benefit  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
The  latter  arc  embraced  in  the  following  list,  viz :  Oxygen,  hydro- 
gen, nitrogen,  sulphur,  carbon,  phosphorus,  the  base  of  silex,  or 
silicon  potash,  soda,  lime,  magnesia,  clay  or  alumine,  iron  and 
manganese.  Iodine  and  chorine  also  exist  in  plants  and  soils. 
Potash,  soda,  lime,  magnesia  are  compounds  of  oxygen  and  a  metal, 
whose  names  terminate  in  um — as  potassium,  sodium,  calcium,  &c. 
The  first  seven  which  stand  in  the  list,  are  unmetalic  bodies,  the 
last  seven  are  metals.  Oxygen,  hydrogen  and  nitrogen  in  their 
free  or  uncombined  states,  are  aeriform  bodies;  the  bthera  are 
solids  possessing  different  weights.  The  foregoing  bodies  or  ele- 
ments exist  in  the  rocks  which  compose  the  earth's  crust,  not  how- 
ever as  simple  bodies,  but  in  combination  with  each  other,  forming 
what  are  usually  known  as  simple  minerals.  Thus,  quartz,  mica,  fels- 
par, hornblende,  talc,  serpentine,  carbonate  of  lime  consist  of  these 
elements,  and  furnish  them  when  they  decompose  or  disintegrate  into 
soil.  The  foregoing  minerals  constitute  the  great  mass  of  the  earth's 
crust.  To  take  an  example  of  the  number  of  elements  which  a 
simple  mineral  as  hornblende  furnishes  may  be  seen  by  the  results 
of  analysis.  Thus  hornblende,  felspar  and  serpentine  are  compos- 
ed of 

HORNBLENDE.      FELSPAR.      BEKPENTIXE. 

Silex,    45.69  66.75  43.07 

Alumine,    12.18  17.50  0.25 

Lime,    13.83  1.25  0.50 

Potash  and  Soda,    12.00  12.75 

Magnesia,    18.79         40.37 

Oxide  of  Iron  and  Manganese,    7.32  0.75  1.11 

A  simple  or  homogeneous  substance,  therefore,  furnishes  many 
soil  elements,  and  as  rocks,  such  as  granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  horn- 
blende, are  made  up  of  several  minerals  in  mixture,  or  are  aggre- 
gates, we  may  see  how  a  single  rock  furnishes  all  the  essential  ele- 
ments of  nutrition. 

The  rocks  which  are  composed  usually  of  simple  minerals,  yield 
one  or  two  elements  in  excess :  silex  and  alumine,  and  hence  these 
necessarily  predominate  in  most  soils.  Almost  all  of  these  minerals 
furnish  other  bodies  in  minute  doses,  potash,  and  soda,  together  with 
combinations  of  lime  and  silex,  potash  and  soda  with  phosphoric  acid. 


16  XOBTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

The  latter  forms  such  small  proportions  that  they  were  at  one  time  set 
down  as  accidental  and  unessential  soil  elements,  but  now  they  are 
known  to  be  all-important. 

The  mechanical  condition  and  weight  of  any  soil  depends 
upon  the  existence  of  the  predominating  clement.  Sandy  soils 
have  a  loose  porous  texture  while  an  argilaceous  one  has  a  close 
one.  and  may  be  impervious  to  water. 

The  weight  of  soils  is  dependent  of  course  upon  composition  : 

A  cubic  foot  of  dry  silicious  soil  weighs,*   111.3  pounds, 

A  sandy  clay,    

Calcareous  sand,    1 1 

Loamy  clay,    

Stiff  clay,    80.3 

Slaty  marl 112. 

A  soil  richly  charged  with  vegetable  mould,    • 

Common  arable  soil,    

The  average  weight  is  about  94.5S,  and  when  charged  with  water 
will  weigh  126.6  pounds. 

Soils  which  are  formed  from  the  debris  of  rocks,  contain  a 
large  though  variable  proportion  of  sand  and  silex.  Of  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-six  soils  of  Massachusetts,  the  average  quantity  of 
silex  is  71.733.  This  is  insoluble  matter.  The  soluble  and  that  which 
is  fitted  ultimately  to  enter  into  the  composition  of  vegetables  is 
about  15  per  cent.,  of  which  '2. 075  is  a  salt  of  lime.  The  midland 
counties  of  X.  Carolina  furnish  coincident  results.  But  the  eastern 
counties,  which  have  extensive  tracts  of  swamp  lands,  differ  con- 
siderably from  the  foregoing.  The  silex  and  alumine  in  many  large 
tracts,  amounts  to  less  than  50  per  cent.,  and  sometimes  is  even 
less  than  five,  oi  indeed  must  be  classed  as  a  peat  unsuitable  to 
cultivation. 

Of  lime,  which  is  so  much  talked  about,  and  is  truly  an  essential 

element  in  soil,  it  appears  from  hundreds  of  analyses,  that  it  rarely 

exists  in  large  proportions.     Such  is  the  case  in  the  soils  vt'  New 

k.  even   where  they  overlie  a  limestone,  its  average  quantity 

rarely  exceeds  one  per  cent.,  and  in  large  tracts  it  scarcel}'  comes 


*  Dam's  Muck  Manual,  p.  36. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  17 

up  to  one-half  of  one  per  cent.  In  the  western  States  there  is  about 
1.50  per  cent.  In  48  European  soils,  noticed  by  Dana,  it  is  1.860. 
European  soils  agree  generally  with  American  ;  all  things,  there- 
fore, being  equal,  their  treatment  with  fertilizers  will  be  based  upon 
similar  rules.  We  must  not,  however,  disregard  the  influence  of 
climate  and  temperature.  These  are  important  elements  in  agri- 
culture, but  so  far  as  the  composition  of  the  soils  of  all  the  great 
geographical  divisions  are  concerned,  their  differences  have  arisen 
from  cultivation  mainly ;  in  their  natural  state  they  were  much  alike. 

§  10.  Soils  are  analyzed  for  the  purpose  of  determining  their  con- 
stituents. Under  long  cultivation  some  of  the  important  elements 
are  so  much  diminished  that  fertility  cannot  be  claimed  for  them. 
We  shall  show  hereafter  how  soils  become  infertile, and  what  becomes 
of  the  fertilizing  matter.  The  proof  that  soils  actually  part  with  cer- 
tain elements  essential  to  fertility  has  been  fully  ascertained  and  de- 
termined. This  result  is  certainly  due  to  chemistry,  and  it  is  a  great 
result ;  for,  for  a  long  time  the  contrary  was  maintained,  and  even 
now  many  believe  that  by  a  rotation  of  crops  and  good  manipula- 
tion, soils  may  be  maintained  for  an  indefinite  period  in  a  state  of 
productiveness.  So,  also,  it  has  been  believed,  and  is  still  in  cer- 
quarters,  that  lands  thrown  out  to  commons,  or  to  remain  a  tew 
years  fallow,  will  recover  their  original  fertility.  The  sooner,  how- 
ever, such  opinions  are  abandoned  the  better,  as  they  lead  to  an 
erroneous  system  of  agriculture. 

A  destructive  practice  really  grew  out  of  the  doctrine,  it 
was  the  continued  use  of  the  axe  and  fire,  followed  by  long  fal- 
lows when  exhaustion  was  nearly  completed.  It  demanded  exten- 
sive plantations,  and  had  such  a  system  of  extermination  of  timber 
been  followed  in  a  more  northerly  clime,  the  loss  of  wood  and  tim- 
ber would  have  become  a  severe  calamity. 

.  11.  I  have  observed  that  temperature  independent  of  the 
composition  of  soil  is  an  essential  element  in  agricultural  practice. 
It  often  determines  the  kind  of  crop  as  well  as  the  season  when  it 
is  to  be  planted.  In  England  maize  finds  an  incompatible  climate, 
and  hence,  as  a  substitute  for  grain  wherewith  to  fatten  cattle,  root 
crops  as  the  turnip  is  resorted  to.  Maize  germinates  in  a  soil  when 
its  temperature  is  as  low  as  60°,  and  also  when  it  rises  to  105. 
Germination  is  however  arrested  when  the  teinperture  reaches  116- 
120.     In  tropical  regions  the  order  of  things  is  somewhat  changed. 


lv  NORTH-C  GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

So  much  lieat  exists  in  the  period  answering  to  our  summer  that 
wheat,  barley  and  oats  are  sown  in  the  coolest  m< >':  s.  So  in 
monntainor.-     e  peratare  becomes  the  controlling  elen 

In  tlie  latitude  of  tin  in  Europe,  wheat  cea-  rmi- 

nate  at  3400  feet  which  c-  Is  to  the  latitude  of  64°. 

irresponding  to  latitude, 
Rje,  at  4600,  corresponding  to  latitude. 
Ba:  -  spending  to  latitude. 

In  Northern  New  York  at  the  bight  of  S  e  the 

ocean,  wheat  is  an  uncertain  crop,  or  is  liable  t<>  he  cut  off  by  an 
early  frost  :  while  oats,  barley  and  rye  come  to  maturity.     Bo  far 

appears  that  the  solid  masses 
the  rocks,  have  little   influence  upon  ]   but  at  the  same  time 

cultivation  never  fails  to  produce  its  influence,  that  of  impoverish- 
ing the  soil. 

I  have  shown  in  a  former  report  that  the  soils  of  the  Southern 
States  are  not  only  formed  from  the  rocks  of  the  country,  but  that 
they  remain  upon  the  place  where  they  are  formed 
The  proof  may  be  found  in  every  railroad  cutting  from  Virginia  to 
Alabama.  Wherever  a  quarto  vein  penetrated  the  rock  it  remains 
unchanged  in  position,  it  presents  the  interesting  and  curious  phe- 
nomenon of  an  irregular  band  which  seems  now  to  have  been 
forced  through  yielding  and  soft  materials.  Quartz  veins  standing 
up:      -    feetunsup]  -  ft  yielding  mat< 

ran.  -  any  tiling  of  the  kind  in  New  York  or  New  England. 
There,  at  some  f  eriod   such  soft  materials  with  their  ve     - 

of  quartz  were  swept  offby  a  mighty  flood 
no  doubt  extended  deeply  or  down  to  the  solid  plane  of  rock. 
flood  however,  has  disturbed  the  debris  of  rocks  in  North-Carolina, 
ce  it  is  no  doubt  true  that   this  debris  the 

9t  r.ncien*  e,  equaling  h  the  Silurian  or 

~*ill  there  is  no  clue  by  which  ita  age  can  be 
exactly  determined,  p.    This 

condition  of  the  soil  no  doubt   has  some  important  influence  i; 
its  agricultural  capabilities.     The  plough  in  many  places  must 
tinue  to  bring  up  for  n   unexhausted  soil  where  the  ma- 

penetrable.     This  new  soil  turned  up  by  d  i  rer, 

is  necessarilj  -dally  where  it  is  derived  from  tin 

-  and  mica  slate,  hence  it  requires  before  it  is  really 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGtCAL    SURVEY.  19 

prepared  to  receive  a  crop  to  be  exposed  to  the  chemical  influence 
of  the  air  and  the  action  of  frosts  whose  effects  are  mainly  to  in- 
crease its  fineness. 

§  12.  Simple  bodies  enumerated  in  a  foregoing  paragraph  seem 
to  require  a  fuller  notice,  particularly  as  to  their  properties  or  func- 
tions as  soil  elements.  When  either  of  them  is  isolated  they  ap- 
pear to  be  neutral  bodies;  that  is,  they  manifest  but  little  disposi- 
tion to  form  combinations.  Nitrogen  and  hydrogen  would  re- 
main in  contact  with  each  other  for  ages  without  entering  into 
combination.  Oxygen  and  hydrogen  never  combine  when  con- 
fined together  in  a  vessel.  A  force  is  necessary  to  effect  it  in  either 
case.  A  flame  however,  unites  them  suddenly,  attended  with  a 
violent  explosion.  "When  burnt  in  streams  issuing  from  small 
orifices,  they  combine  evolving  great  heat  and  intense  light.  The 
product  of  combination  is  water,  and  nothing  else.  Most  bodies 
have  a  strong  affinity  for  oxygen  ;  and  hence,  it  is  an  element 
common  to  most  solids.  The  air  or  atmosphere  is  composed  of  oxy- 
gen and  nitrogen,  water,  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  iron  rust  of 
iron  and  oxygen  ;  potash,  of  oxygen  and  potassium;  soda,  of  oxy- 
gen and  sodium  ;  lime,  of  oxygen  and  calcium.  The  general 
term  for  compounds  of  the  metals  with  oxygen  is,  ''oxide,  as  oxide 
of  iron,  manganese,  lead,  copper,  Arc.  Oxygen  when  isolated  is 
always  aeriform  ;  and  has  never  been  condensed  into  a  solid  or 
liquid.  It  is  the  essential  element  in  combustion  as  usually  under- 
stood, and  is  the  only  body  capable  of  supporting  life  by  respiration. 
When  the  word  oxygen  occurs  we  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  remind- 
ed of  it  agency  in  sustaining  life,  and  for  supporting  combustion. 
From  these  two  facts,  we  may  proceed  farther,  and  call  to  mind 
that  it  forms  a  great  class  of  bodies,  called  oxides.  Neither  can  we 
fail  to  consider  that  it  changes  the  condition  of  all  bodies  with  which 
it  unites.  Water  is  unlike  oxygen  or  hydrogen.  Oxide  ot  iron 
has  no  property  in  common  with  either  of  its  elements. 

^  13.    Hydrogen,  is  the  lightest  body  known,  and  is  always  aei- 
form  except  when  in  combination.      It  has  neither  taste  or  smell, 


*  The  word  oxide,  properly  terminates  in  ide  and  not  ydr,  because  in  framing 
the  nomenclature,  this  termination  was  fixed  upon  ;  according  to  idiom  it  would 
be  spelt  oxyde. 


20  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

and  is  never  found  in  nature  uncombined  with  other  bodies.  Al- 
though it  exists  in  many  bodies  as  oils,  and  those  which  are  termed 
Organic,  yet  water  is  the  body  in  which  it  most  abounds — not  that 
its  proportion  is  greatest  in  water,  but  the  general  diffusion  of  wa- 
ter over  the  globe  and  in  most  bodies,  makes  it  the  great  source  of 
this  element. 

§  14.  Nitrogen,  is  another  aeriform  body,  neutral  and  of  little 
power  ;  it  would  seem  almost  destitute  of  affinty,  for  other  bodies, 
if  we  judge  of  its  perperties  as  it  exists  in  the  atmosphere.  Indeed, 
though  it  has  feeble  affiinities,  it  is  for  that  reason,  an  element  of 
one  of  the  most  powerfully  corrosive  bodies  known.  Nitric  acid 
for  example  is  only  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  but  who  ventures  to 
taste  it  the  second  time,  notwithstanding  we  inhale  the  elements  of 
nitric  acid  at  every  breath.  What  substance  is  more  singular  than 
ammonia,  or  harthorn,  which  is  only  nitrogen  and  hydrogen 
chemically  combined.  It  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel  that  nitrogen 
performs  important  functions  in  the  soil. 

§  15.  Carbon,  is  a  solid.  We  feel  relieved  when  a  solid  pres- 
ents itself,  something  to  be  seen  and  handled.  It  is  pure  in  the 
diamond  ;  nearly  so  in  anthracite  coal,  and  in  the  purest  charcoal. 
It  has  only  a  feeble  disposition  to  combine  with  other  bodies.  Ileat 
materially  puts  its  particles  in  a  combining  state.  It  forms  with 
oxygen,  carbonic  acid,  an  aeriform  body  sufficiently  heavy  to  be 
poured  from  a  tumbler.  If  poured  upon  flame  it  extinguishes  it, 
showing  that  though  one  of  its  elements  is  a  combustible  and  the 
other  a  supporter  of  it,  that  it  is  itself  an  extinguisher  when  applied 
to  burning  bodies,  and  hence  has  been  and  may  be  used  to  extin- 
guish fires — when  inhaled,  it  acts  as  poison  to  the  system  ;  and  yet 
in  all  organic  bodies  it  is  a  basis  of  support. 

.'  17.  The  four  preceding  elements  are  often  called  by  way  of 
distinction,  the  organic  elements  of  bodies  ;  because  all  bodies 
which  are  organized  are  composed  mainly  of  them.  The  following 
examples  will  show  more  clearl}r  than  any  other  statement,  the 
fact  alluded  to.  For  example,  hay,  in  1,000  pounds,  is  composed 
of: 

LltS. 

Carbon,    458 

Hydrogen,    50 

Oxygen,    337 

Nitrogen,    15 


NOKTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  21 

in  which  is  found  90  pounds  of  inorganic  matter  called  ash,  the 
product  of  combustion.     Potatoes  is  composed  of: 


LH3. 


Carbon,    440 

Hydrogen,    58 

Oxygen,    -±1:7 

Nitrogen,    15,  Ash  -40  lbs. 

Oats  is  composed  of : 

,       Carbon 507 

Hydrogen,    64 

Oxygen,   367 

Nitrogen,    22, Ash401bs. 

Wheat  is  composed  of: 

Carbon, 461 

Hydrogen,    °^ 

Oxygen,    434 

Nitrogen,    23> Ash  24  lbs. 

The  constituents  of  animal  bodies  are  quite  different,  though  the 
same  elements  are  usually  found.  Thus  in  lean  beef  blood,  white 
of  eggs,  there  is  found: 

Carbon,    55  Per  cent- 

Hydrogen,    ' 

Nitrogen,    16 

Oxygen,    : . .  22 

The  propriety,  therefore,  of  calling  these  four  elements  or- 
ganic is  not  improper;  it  is  true,  however,  that  inorganic  mat- 
ter is  always  present.  It  seems  to  be  necessary  wherewith  to 
form  a  species  of  skeleton,  especially  in  such  bodies  as  hay,  oats, 
and  wheat.  In  animal  bodies,  as  hair  and  wool,  sulphur  is  an  im- 
portant element,  as  well  as  phosphorus.  In  the  solid  structures, 
as  bone,  phosphorus,  an  element  of  the  mineral  kingdom,  is 
always  present  in  the  largest  proportion. 

All  good  soils  have  their  organic  parts.  When,  therefore,  the 
organic  constituent  of  a  soil  is  referred  to,  we  are  necessarily  re- 


22  XORTH-CAROLISA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

minded  of  the  fact  that  it  cons^ts  of  these  four  elements,  carbon, 
_en,  hyd  nitrogen,  or  that  it  may  he  resolved  into 

It  is  i    t  to  be  coi  :.  that  there  are  numerous 

g  to  the   organic  kingdoms  in   which  nitrogen  is 

r  sugar,  and  the  essential 

.  -    Sclphub  is  a  well  known  substance,    of  a  yellow   color, 

and  a  faint,  peculiar  odor.     It  burns  with  a  pale  blue  flame,  giving 

off  at  the  same  time  a  pungent  suffocating  vapor,  which  coi 

oxygen  and  Bulphurin  combination.     <  >ne  pound  of  sulphur  will 

make  three  pounds  vt'  sulphuric  acid,  or  oil  o:  S  r  is 

sent  in  many  substances.     Mustard  seed  contains  it  in  a  Is 
proportion j  it  is  also  alwj  sent  in  eggs,  and  which  in  coi  -  - 

ace  blacken-  -  in  wheat  it  is  ]  irticula: 

gluten  ;  also  in  lean  meat,  and  in  hair  and  wool,  in  which  it  forms 
nearly  one-twentieth  of  their  weight.     From   its   constancy  in  the 
■table  and  animal  kingdoms,  it  might  be  inferred  that  its  appli- 
cation to  the  soil  would  be  attended  with  favorable  results, 
however,   a   striking  example,  illustrating  numerous   other  c. 
that  in  a  simple  condition  it  is  not  at  all  fitted  to  fulfil  the  office  of 
a  fertilizer,  although  it  is  not  entirely  insoluble  in  water.     It   I 
be  as  officially  in  its  simple  stale  for  t;.  M  of 

protectii  _        gel  the  attack  of  in-  -  cab- 

_   - 

But  the  sulphur  of  organic   bodies,  as  hair,  wool,  must 
is  derived  from  salts  which  contain  it;  g        im  furni-     -       j  and 
other  Bolphal  s  salts)  e  ite  of 

ammonia,  etc.     In  this  fact  we  find  an  illustration  of  the  power  of 
organic  to  appropriate    elements   which   are  locked  r. 

chemical  combinations.     Nothing  is  created  in  the 
it  is  only  possible  for  it  to  decon-  I  appropriate  such  bodies 

as  they  require  in  growth,  and  each  organ  performs  an  ind<. 
dent  office,  and  takes  only  that  which   its  constitution  demands. 
Thus  the  chaff  of  wheat  differs  in  composition  from  the  enclosed 
in  :  and  the  hair  differs  in   composition  from   the  skin,   upon 
which  it  is  supported. 

a  yellowish,  waxy  substance,  extremely 
inflammable,  and  even  c  -  -  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  but 
does  not  burst  into  a  flame  exec:  rature  is  slightly  ele- 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  23 

vated.  Friction  upon  a  rough  board  sets  it  on  fire.  The  common 
Inciter  match  is  a  good  illustration  of  the  fa  -t.  and  the  vapor  given 
off  in  the  act  of  combustion  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  phos- 
phorus. 

It  is  generally  diffused  in  the  organic  kingdoms  ;  in  certain  parts, 
as  hones,  it  is  far  more  abundant  than  sulphur  in  other  tissues.  It 
is  contained  in  the  substance  of  brain.  Wherever  a  compound 
Word,  as  phosphate  of  lime,  phosphate  of  soda,  etc.  occurs,  they 
will  at  once  suggest  to  the  mind  of  the  farmer  the  combustible 
substance,  phosphorus,  or  it  may  be  the  lucifer  match ;  but  as  in 
the  case  of  sulphur,  the  simple  body  ph  s  connot  be  em- 

ployed directly  as  a  fertilizer.  Combinations  of  it  must  first  be 
formed  with  oxygen,  and  then  the  acid  thus  formed  must  combine 
:i  with  bodies  which  are  called  bases,  as  lime  and  potash. 
These  form  the  base  with  which  a  salt  is  the  final  result.  In  the 
condition  of  a  salt  then,  which  is  a  body  composed  of  an  acid  and 
a  base,  both  sulphur  and  phosphorus  are  brought  into  a  condition 
in  which  they  may  be  employed  as  fertilizers.  The  composition  of 
the  salt  is  indicated  by  it;  name.  Sulphate  of  lime,  phosphate  of 
lime,  nitrate  of  lime,  the  latter  indicating  the  presence  of  / 
and  by  going  back  a  step,  it  will  be  understood  that  nitric  acid  is 
implied,  a  compound  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen. 

.  The  simple  minerals  from  which  soils  are  mainly  derived, 
are  felspar,  hornblende  and  trap  mica  serpentine,  talc,  carbonate 
of  lime.  Their  composition  which  has  been  given  shows  what  ele- 
ments they  respectively  furnish  for  the  soil.  Silex,  which  we  find 
in  the  condition  of  sand,  is  a  common  product  even  of  serpentine. 
But  of  the  others  we  find  felspar  furnishes  potash  and  soda,  and  one 
kind  of  felspar  furnishes  lime.  Serpentine  and  talc  abounds  in 
magnesia,  and  so,  also,  certain  kinds  of  limestone,  particularly  those 
called  dolomites.  Hornblende  furnishes  lime  and  but  a  trace  of 
potash  or  soda.  Hornblende  is,  however,  generally  of  a  dark  green 
color,  a  color  which  is  mainly  due  to  iron,  and  hence  soils  derived 
from  hornblende  and  trap,  which  is  also  dark  colored,  are  generally 
red,  for  the  reason  that  the  iron  when  set  free  from  its  combina- 
tions, takes  more  oxygen  and  forms  thereby  a  red  peroxide  of  iron. 
When  we  find  a  soil  derived  thus  from  hornblende,  and  knowing 
also  the  composition  of  the  mineral,  we  safely  infer  that  the  soil 
will  contain  a  sufficiency  of  lime.     A  felspar  soil  is  often  gray,  but 


i'-i  NOBTH-CAEOLIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SrEVfcV. 

when  iron  is  present  in  one  or  more  of  the  elemei.  tnite,  it 

will  chaDge  to  a  red  which  indicates  a  better  soil  than  the  gray. 
Granite  soils  are  often  very  silicious.  in  which  case  they  are  coarse 
and  poor  or  n  a  in  consequence  of  the  great  excess  of  quartz  in 
the  granite.   The  granite  soils    f  North-Carolina,  De- 

rally  very  good,  or  are  less  meagre  than  in  many  other  parts  of  the 
United  State-.  Where  felspar  and  mica  predominate  over  the 
quartz  element  in  granite,  the  soil  resembles  an  hornblende  soil  in 
color,  and  in  composition  we  may  expect  a  larger  per  centage  of 
potf.- 

Hence  we  obtain  approximately  several  important  facts  relative 
to  the  composition  of  a  soil  when  we  have  ascertained  its  orL 
It  will  appear  also,  that  this  information  may  be  obtained  with 
greater  exactitude  in  the  Southern  than  in  the  Northern  or  Western 
States,  where  the  soil  has  been  transported  to  a  distance  from  its 
parent  bed. 

...    It  has  been  stated  that  the  original  source  of  nutriment  for 
the  e  and  animal  kingdoms  may  be  traced  back  to  the  rocks 

and  minera1.  '11  required  that  we  also  show  as  correct!; 

-ible  how  the  seemingly  insoluble  debris  of  the  globe's  crust  be- 
comes food,  or  is  fitted  for  its  high  and  important  function.  The 
fact  itself  is  based  on  observation  and  experiment.  For  example, 
the  process  of  disintegration  goes  on  under  our  eye-.  We  see  rucks 
crumbling  to  a  coarse  powder  which  becomes  by  the  continuance 
of  atmospheric  action  still  finer.  If  in  any  stage  the  composition  of 
the  rock  is  determined  by  analysis,  it  is  found  to  consist  of  similar 
ele::  -       "he  debris  may  and  often  do.  .  portion 

of  the  i:  mite  contains  in  its  felspar,  potash  or 

soda ;  both  substances  are  finally  washed  out  by  water,  or  are  per- 
fect m  their  combina-  1  become  soluble  matters 
in  the  soil  under  other  chemical  states:  those  for  example,  which 
are  called  organic  sl  We  are  required  to  look 
upon  a'.  fthe  earth  as  in  .  erv 
particle  is  in  m  thing  at  rest.  Some  compoui  trne, 
are  much  more  stable  than  others.  Quartz  for  ex  when  un- 
mixed with  other  b  But  felpar  and 
mica  are  constantly  undergoing  change.  The  same  may  he  said  of 
hornblende,  trap,  mi  :jtine,  talc,  carb.  of  lime.  etc.  A  double 
change  is  in  pr  g_                                     is  mechanically  divided  ;  and 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  25 

2d.  It  is  changed  chemically.     A  piece  of  felspar,  hornblende,  or 
trap  splits  into  thousands  of  particles.     The  surface   is   thereby 
-Tenth-  increased.     In  this  condition  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  at- 
mosphere acts  upon  its  potash.     This  aids  greatly  in  breaking  up 
the  affinities  between  the  silex  and  alimiine,  and  the  consequence 
is  that  in   the   masses  the  silex   chrystalizes  out;  the  bond  that 
united   ail  the  elements  of  felspar  and  formed  an  homogeneous 
mass  is  broken.     In  the  original  compound  as  felspar,  the  mineral 
was  a  silicate  of  alumine  and  potash,  soda  or  lime,  but  carbonic 
acid  having  combined  with  one  of  the  alkalies  and  formed  a  car- 
bonate instead  of  a  silicate,  both  the  silex  and  alumina  are  set  free, 
and   the  particles  of  silex  will  come  together,  and  those  of  the 
alumine  also.     In   the  first  mineral  we  perceive   the    grains   of 
quartz  or  flint,  and  in  the  latter  the  pure  clay.     Molecular  force,  as 
it  is  called,  brings  together  like  particles.     Under  the  operation  of 
these  molecular  forces,  felspar  will  not  be  reformed,  though  all  the 
elements  are  present  at  one   time;  but  in  process  of  time  all  the 
carbonate  of  potash  is  dissolved  out.     An  ultimate  result  which  is 
quite  obvious  from  inspection  of  beds  of  decomposing  granite  is 
the  finding  of  a  pure  white  bed  of  clay,  called  porcelain  clay,  in- 
termixed with  fragments  of  quartz,  together  with  nodules  of  flint, 
as  they  would  be  called,  and  which  are  often  hollow  and  their  in- 
terior lined  with  fine  crystals  of  quartz.     The  nodules  are  derived 
from  the  silex  of  the  felspar,  which  was  in  combination  with  the 
alumine  and  potash.     In  this  condition  we  see  a  perfect  change  of 
state.     Analogous  changes  are  in  progress  all  the  time. 

From  the  foregoing  it  may  be  seen  that  lime,  potash,  soda, 

x,  etc.,  are  originally  rock  constituents,  which  by  a  process  ot 
decay  become  parts  of  the  soil,  and  thereby  accessible  to  the  roots 

plants.  So  also  sulphur  and  phosphorus  belong  to  the  common 
compounds  of  the  earth's  crust.  The  first  is  extremely  abundant 
in  a  cla-<  of  bodies  called  sulphates  or  sulphides;  combinations  of 
metals  with  sulphur,  as  sulphuret  of  iron,  so  generally  diffused  in 
nature.  It  is  known  to  be  present  by  heating  the  body,  when  the 
peculiar  bluish  flame  appears,  accompanied   with   the  suffocating 

r  of  sulphur.      Phosphorus,  though  less  common,  is  probably 
always  diffused  through  granite,  but  it  is  known  to  be  more  con- 
stant and   more  abundant  in  that  class  of  rocks,  called  trap,  in 
which  also  potash  and  other  alkalies  are  constituents.     Hence,  a- 
o. 


NoKTIMwr.oI.INA    GBOLOOKAL   SURVEY. 

trap,  when  it  decomposes,  famishes  an  aluminous* basil  for  a 
and   ie  at  the  Bame  time  impregnated  with  Bnlphnr,  phosphorus, 

and  the   alkalies,  their  soils   are  eminently  adapted  to  the  wheat 
crop.     The  gluten  of  wheat  requires  sulphur  and  phosphorus 
well  as  potash  in  certain  combinations. 

The  organic  constituents  of  the  soil  exist  also  as  mineral  bodies 
in  the  soils,  and  also  rocks;  oxygen  in  combination  with  all  the 
elements  of  soil,  hydrogen  in  water,  and  nitrogen  in  the  nitrates, 
and  the  atmosphere  diffused  in  the  soil,  where  it  is  an  active  body, 
ever  ready  to  form  ammonia  with  hydrogen  when  water  i-  de- 
composed. 

A  Mihstance  which  is  not  simple  requires  in  this  pli  El 
further  notice,  because  its  office  is  an  important  one  in  the 
ble  economy;  it  is  carbonic  acid.  The  atmosphere  is  regard*  d  as 
source.  It  is,  however,  generate*]  in  the  soil.  Its  solvent  prop- 
erties are  among  its  most  important  properties.  It  is,  notwith- 
standing, a  feeble  acid,  and  a  feeble  solvent,  water  charged  with  it 
lives  rocks,  and  the  indispensable  compound, phosphate  cflime, 
is  dissolved  by  it,  and  being  thereby  brought  into  a  soluble  state 
by  becomes  accessible  to  the  roots  of  plants  when  diff 

in* this  menstruum.     In   the  atmosphere   it  forms   only  one   : 
thousandth  part.     It  is  maintained   that  leaves  absorb  it  from  the 
atmosphere,  and  obtain  thereby  the  carbon  required  to  build  struc- 
tur<  -  .  water  in  the  soil    holds  it  in  solution,  and  from  this 

furnished  in  a  direct  way  to  the  vegetable.     It   is  also 
furnished  to  growing  plants  by  peat,  and  the  changes  which  or* 
ic  matter  undi  in  the  soil;  there  is,  therefore,  an  aerial 

from  which  the  leaves  or  upper  structures  of  plants  obtain 
it,  and  a  sub-aerial  source  from  whence  the  vegetable  gets  ft 
The  latter  are   the   channels  by  which  the  former  i 
it  to  his  growing  crop.     The  organic  part  of  the  plant,  that 
in  which  carbon  is  so  abundant,  is  that  which  is  consumed  in  com- 
bqstion.     The  products  are  all  volatile,  and   hence,  are  dissipated. 
It  is  by  far  the   heaviest  and   most  bulky  part  of  the  vegetable. 
That  which  is  left  after  combustion  is  the  inorganic  part,  and  con- 
ts  of  lime,  silex,  potash,  magnesia,  soda,  iron.  etc. 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  27 


chapter  in. 

The  organic  part  of  a  soil  and  variety  of  names  under  which  it  is  known,  changes 
which  it  undergoes,  and  the  formation  of  new  bod'es  by  the  absorption  of  oxy- 
gen. Fertilizers  in  North-Carolina.  Green  crops.  Mutual  action  of  the  ele- 
ments of  soils  upon  each  other.  Composition  of  one  or  two  of  the  chemical 
products  of  soils  showing  the  source  of  carbon  in  the  plant. 

§  2-k  The  organic  part  of  a  soil  consist  apparently  of  carbona- 
ceous matter,  and  taken  as  a  whole,  it  is  the  brown  or  blackish  part 
and  which  is  consumed  when  ignited.  Its  appearance,  indeed  is 
due  to  a  species  of  combustion  which  is  carried  just  far  enough  to 
char  the  vegetable  matter.  In  warm  climates  it  is  nearly  all  con- 
sumed, while  in  cold  it  constantly  accumulates,  and  forms  at  the 
surface  a  coat  of  blackish  mould.  The  term  organic  applies  to  this 
part  of  the  soil.  On  the  mountains  of  this  State  it  is  often  more 
than  a  foot  thick.  In  the  swamps  of  the  eastern  counties  it  is  often 
ten  feet  thick,  while  in  the  midland  counties  it  is  only  sufficient  to 
give  a  brown  stain  to  the  surface.  It  does  not  seem  to  accumulate 
in  consequence  of  a  slow  combustion,  or  as  it  may  be  termed  decay 
which  takes  place. 

In  common  language,  the  organic  part  is  known  under  a  variety 
of  names,  as  humus,  mould,  vegetable  mould.  It  is,  however,  a 
complex  substance,  and  is  constantly  undergoing  changes  which 
promote  vegetation.  Chemists  have  obtained  several  distinct  sub- 
stances from  it.  It  is  really  a  mixture  of  organic  and  inorganic 
bodies.  A  portion  of  the  organic  matter  is  free,  that  is,  it  is  un- 
combined  with  the  inorganic  part.  Other  parts  are  in  combination 
with  lime,  magnesia,  iron,  potash,  soda,  &c.  The  latter  are  soluble, 
and  also  fertilizing  matters,  and  play  an  important  part  in  vegeta- 
tion. The  cause  of  this  intermixture  of  organic  and  inorganic  mat- 
ter is  to  be  traced  to  its  origin.  Thus,  organic  matter  being  the 
debris  of  the  vegetables  which  had  grown  upon  the  soil,  it  must 
necessarily  contain  also  the  inorganic  part  which  belonged  to  the 
living  vegetables.  From  this  fact  it  may  be  inferred  that  this  mat- 
ter is,  in  the  proper  proportions,  to  be  employed  by  any  subsequent 
crop. 

§  25.  Vegetable  Matter  after  death  passes  through  a  series  of 
chemical  changes,  which  gives  origin  to  the  numerous  compounds 


2S  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURV1-.Y. 

found  in  organic  matter.  These  changes  are  due  mainly  to  the 
absorption  of  oxygen.  The  first  substance  formed  from 
woody  fibre  after  the  death  of  the  plant,  is  ulmic  aeid.  Another 
portion  of  oxygen  changes  ulmic  acid  into  h umie  acid :  and  the 
last  is  changed  into  geic  acid;  on  a  farther  oxydation  it  passes  into 
crenic  add /  and  finally  by  the  same  process  into  apoerenie  aeid. 
In  an  old  soil,  all  these  bodies  exist  simultaneously.  The  most  im- 
portant, or  those  which  are  immediately  active,  are  the  three  la>t, 
geic  acid,  crenic  and  apocrenic  acid.  All  tho  foregoing  bodies  are 
the  products  of  the  decay  of  plants,  when  exposed  in  the  soil  to 
air  and  moisture.  They  cannot  be  distinguished  by  sight,  and  the 
whole  mass  is  simply  a  homogeneous  brown  substance.  But  it  is 
richly  charged  with  the  elements  of  fertility. 

We  may  omit  the  details  respecting  the  chemical  constitution  of 
these  bodies.     It  will  be  sufficient  to  state  in  this  place,  that  they 
are  feeble  acid3  ;  and  yet  possess  considerable  affinity  for  inorganic 
matter,  lime,  magnesia,  ammonia,  potash,  soda,  iron,  etc.;  so  much 
bo  as  to  combine  and  form  with  them  salts,  which  are  at  once  in 
the  proper  state   to  be  received   as  nutriment  into  the  tissue  of 
growing  vegetables.     This  organic  matter,  however,  is  remarkable 
for  its  affinity  for  ammonia;  the  result,  therefore,  is  that  this  im- 
portant substance  may  be  detected  in  vegetable  mould,  though  it 
may  be  chemically  uncombined  with  the  foregoing  acids ;  it  may 
be  present  as  a  mixture,  yet  being  present,  it  Avill  be  disposed  and 
ready  to  combine  with  the  crenic  and  apocrenic  acids,  in  both  of 
which  nitrogen  may  be  always  detected.     Organic  salts,  formed  by 
the  union  of  organic  acids,  with  lime,  magnesia,  potash,  ammonia, 
etc  ,  are  the  proper  food  for  plants;  and  hence,  it  will  be  a  maxim 
with  the  former  to  take  such  measures  as  the  nature  of  those  sub- 
stances require  to  increase  it  upon  all  occasions  which  occur.     The 
greater  the  amount  of  these  salts  in  his  soil,  the  greater  his  crops. 
'.   From  the  foregoing  statements  we  may  deduce  the  follow- 
ing principle,  that  thert  is  a  mutual  action  ofth.  organic  and 
ganic  parts  of  ih>  soil  wpon  each  other,  and  that  to  thi 
tility  is,  in  a  great  measure,  du  . 

In  order  thai  these  mutual  actions  maybe  better  under-loud,  we 
proceed  farther  and  state,  that  those  substances  which  are  called 
Silicates,  have  but  a  .-light  it' any  tendency  to  act  upon  each  other. 
They  are,  however,  gradually  decomposed  by  carbonic  acid,  the 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  29 

effect  of  which  is  to  form  with  the  base  of  the  silicate  a  carbonate. 
Thus  in  the  case  of  granite  and  similar  compounds,  the  felspar  and 
mica  which  are  silicates,  are  slowly  decomposed,  and  the  alkali,  as 
potash,  or  alkaline  earths,  as  lime  and  magnesia,  or  even  iron  and 
manganese  of  the  rock,  lose  their  silica,  or  are  disengaged  there- 
from ;  and  the  carbonic  acid  combines  with  them.  These  being 
soluble  compounds,  are  liable  to  be  washed  out  and  carried  to  the 
sea,  while  the  insoluble  silicate  of  alumina,  or  its  pure  form,  remains 
behind.  The  consequence  of  this  is,  that  the  soil  is  relatively  richer 
in  clay  than  before,  and  the  longer  the  chemical  changes  are  going 
on,  the  larger  the  quantity  of  clay  in  the  soil ;  and  it  is  agreeable 
to  experience  that  soils  become  stiffer  by  cultivation.  By  this  pro- 
cess they  become  less  adapted  in  the  course  of  time  to  certain  crops 
in  consequence  of  this  change  of  constitution.  Large  districts 
which  once  grew  the  peach  luxuriantly,  seem  to  have  lost  in  part  the 
power  or  ability,  or,  at  any  rate,  the  peach  tree  does  not  thrive  so 
well  in  the  oldest  districts  of  New  York  and  New  England,  as  it 
did  in  the  early  period  of  their  settlement.  It  is  not  possible  prob- 
ably to  be  satisfied  fully  with  respect  to  the  cause  why  the  peach 
is  cultivated  with  difficulty,  but  the  fact  that  the  soil  by  cultivation 
becomes  more  close  and  compact,  may  be  remotely  connected  with 
the  change  we  have  stated.  It,  has  been  attributed  to  a  change  of 
climate,  but  it  is  not  true  that  the  climate  has  changed,  and  hence 
we  are  disposed  to  refer  the  change  in  question  to  a  change  in  the 
soil. 

§  2~.  In  North-Carolina  the  natural  supply  of  fertilizers  exists  in 
the  marls  of  the  lower  counties,  together  with  the  organic  matter 
of  the  swamps  and  bogs.  The  two  exist  often  in  juxtaposition. 
Experience  has  proved  that  marl  applied  to  exhausted  lands  is  often 
injurious.  Now  this  exhaustion  extends  to  the  organic  matter, 
though  it  also  exists  in  its  inorganic  also.  But  experience  further 
proves,  that  however  large  a  quantity  ot  the  latter  is  applied,  little 
benefit  is  secured  so  long  as  the  first  deficiency  exists.  We  may 
see  the  reason  why  no  organic  salts  can  be  formed  in  the  absence 
of  organic  matter.  The  inorganic  matter  cannot  find  the  proper 
elements  with  which  to  combine,  and  which  the  constitution  of  the 
vegetable  requires.  The  practical  inference  is,  that  marls  should 
be  composted  with  organic  matter,  as  leaves,  straw,  and  weeds, 
which  are  free  from  seeds,  or  anything  which  has  lived.     Or,  an- 


30  NOKTH-CAEOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

other  plan  may   be  pursued — supply  the  organic  matter  from  a 
green  crop,  as  a  crop  of  pea-,  ploughed  in.     In  certain  parts  "f  the 
State,  clover  or  buck-wheat  may  be  resorted  to.     The  gain  arising 
from  the  latter  practice,  arises  from  the  ability  of  these  crops 
take  from  the  atmosphere  the  organic  element-,  and   deliver  them 
to  the  soil,  a  process  over  which  the  planter  or  farmer  has 
trol,  except  the  institution  of  means.     Under  many  circnmstai 
the  organic  matter  may  be  supplied  more  cheaply  by  sowi 
than  by  composting. 

The  importance  of  organic  matter  in  soils  has  been  sustained  by 
the  experience  of  ages;  but  there  was  a  time  when  this  point  was 
denied  by  the  ablest  Chemists  of  the  age.  It  was  maintained,  that 
the  ash  or  the  inorganic  part  gave  to  the  soil  all  that  was  impor- 
tant, and  hence  certain  practices  were  recommended  which  were 
in  accordance  with  this  theory,  such  as  burning  manures,  burning 
turf  and  the  like.  Happily,  this  question  has  been  set  at  rest,  and 
the  best  Chem'sts  admit  those  views  which  the  experience  of  ages 
has  confirmed  independently  of  chemistry. 

5.  But  the  point  which  bears  more  immediately  npon  the 
principle  respecting  mutual  actions,  comes  in  play  Bnbsequentrj 
the  decomposition  of  the  silicates;  which,  so  far  as  inorganic  mat- 
ter is  concerned,  are  inert;  but  the  lime  and  alkalies  once  freed 
from  their  original  combinations  with  silica,  becomes  fitted  to  act 
at  once  npon  organic  matter,  and  form  with  it  salts.  This  decom- 
position may  take  place  where  no  organic  matter  exists  by  the 
carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere,  but  it  happens  that  organic  coin- 
pounds  furnish  also  carbonic  acid  to  the  soil;  for  it  is  displa 
when  carbonate  of  lime  or  potash  is  acted  upon  by  an  organic  >alr. 
Crenic  acid,  acting  npon  carbonate  of  lime,  sets  free  the  carbonic 
acid,  and  this,  in  its  tarn,  acts  npon  the  silicates  to  decompose  tl 
and  thereby  sets  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earth  also  tree.  There  is 
then  a  double  mutual  action,  as  it  were,  constantly  going  on  in  the 
soil,  by  which  nutriment  is  furnished  to  the  crop.  Some  physiolo- 
gists maintain  that  the  i  vf  <>  living  hody^  as  the  root  of  a 
growing  plant,  effects  decomposition  similar  to  the  action  of  sul- 
phuric acid  in  converting  starch  into  BUgar.  However  this  may 
be  we  are  inclined  to  believe  that  the  root  has  power  to  act  and 
effect  changes  upon  the  elements  of  soil  which  are  unknown  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  chemist;  and  many  substances  which  are  insolu- 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  SI 

ble  by  chemical  agencies,  become  soluble  by  the  action  of  the  roots 
of  vegetables. 

'.  The  foregoing  facts  and  principle  do  not  change  at  all  the 
action  of  the  farmer  ;  they  go  to  sustain  his  practice  in  providing 
fertilizers  by  means  of  composts,  formed  by  mixing  the  organic 
and  inorganic  bodies  together,  and  for  the  purpose  of  giving  them 
time  and  opportunity  to  effect  those  chemical  changes,  of  which 
we  have  spoken.  These  never  fail,  while  fertilizers  in  other  states 
do.  The  foregoing  are  some  of  the  chemical  changes  which  take 
place  in  the  soil,  and  which  are  mostly  due  to  the  presence  of 
organic  matter.  All  the  facts  go  to  prove  the  importance  of 
organic  matter,  and  the  necessity,  therefore,  to  supply  it  when 
from  any  cause  it  is  wanting  or  deficient  in  quantity. 

§  30.  In  addition  to  the  lime  and  other  mineral  bodies  which 
the  organic  salts  furnish  to  plants,  it  is  plain  that  carbon  is  also  one 
of  the  elements  supplied.  To  make  this  plain  we  annex  the  com- 
position of  one  or  two  of  these  organic  bodies.  Humate  of  am- 
monia consists  of: 

Carbon 6475 

Hydrogen, 5.06 

Oxygen 96  99 

Nitrogen, :;.'7 

Hum  ate  of  ammonia,  it  will  be  perceived,  contains  more  than 
half  its  weight  of  carbon,  which  may  be  taken  up  in  the  circulating 
sap. 

llnmic  acid  is  composed  of: 

Carbon 65.80 

Hydrogen 

Oxygen, 96. 89 

It  will  follow,  from  the  foregoing,  that  carbon,  which  forms  the 
largest  part  of  a  vegetable,  is  not  derived  entirely  from  the  atmos- 
phere. The  soil,  through  the  medium  of  the  roots  of  the  plant. 
furnishes  at  least  a  part  of  this  essential  element.  In  certain  pla 
as  wheat,  rye  and  oats,  it  is  very  possible  that  all  the  carbon  is 
derived  from  the  soil;  while  in  beans,  clover,  lucerne,  etc.,  a  1;. 
proportion  may  be  derived  from  the  atmosphere. 


32  KTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The  mechanical  condition  of  soils  differ.      Circulation  of  water  in  the  soil  wfl 

matter.     Capability  of  bearing  drouth.      H  from  the  effects 

of  drouth.     Temperature  of  soils.     Influenced  by  color.     Weight 

i.  The  mechanical  or  physical  conditions  of  soils  differ  a 
ing  to  their  composition,  and  these   physical  differen  not 

be  disregarded.  It  is  well  known  that  a  day  soil  contains  under 
ordinary  circumstances,  more  water  than  a  mixture  of  clay  and 
sand,  and  much  more  than  sand  alone.  This  fact  may  or  may  not 
become  a  serious  injury  to  growing  crops.  It  will  depend  upon 
the  season.  If  it  is  very  wet  serious  injury  may  be  expected,  or  if 
it  is  very  dry  the  crop  will  suffer,  but  not  in  the  same  way.  AH 
surfaces,  whether  composed  of  clay  or  sand,  become  dry  by  the 
evaporation  of  water,  and  the  evaporation  not  only  effects  the  sur- 
face but  extends  to  a  great  depth  ;  water  seems  t<>  rise  up  to  the 
surface  from  beneath  to  supply  the  waste.  In  confirmation  of  this 
view  it  i-  not  uncommon  to  find  a  saline  matter  upon  the  Burihee 
in  dry  weather,  which  has  been  in  solution  in  the  water  brought  to 
the  Bnrface  by  this  process.  In  many  places  in  Wake  county,  X. 
C.  the  naked  soil  in  ditches  is  covered  with  an  incrustation  of  sul- 
phates or  iron  and  alumine.  an  astringent  salt  injurioi 
tion.  This  incrustion  is  formed  only  when  there  >  a  drouth  : 
a  gradual  process.     In  countries  where  a  wl,  -   dry,  the 

Boil  -  whitened  with  nits.     Rains        -         them  and  they 

sink  again   into  the  soil,  though  a   portion  will  be  carried  away  by 
water.     An  effect  of  a  drouth  upon  a  clay  soil  is  to  cause  a  shrink- 
age of  the  mass.     It  will  then  become  ;-till  more  difficult  f 
to  penetrate  it.  and  hence,  when  drouth  occurs  early  in  tie. 
the  crop  is  starved  for  want  of  nutriment,  the   I      te      mnotf 
through  an  impervious  mass.     Bol  sand  .-imply  dries  without  di- 
minishing its  bulk,  but  this  process  takes  place  with  greater  rapidity 
than  upon   clay  soils,  the  latter  being  1  more   retei 

moisture  than  the  former. 

-     of  water  to  the  surface  from  beneath,  is  familiarly 
illustrated  by  the  putting  of  water  int..  the  saucer  of  a  flower  | 
its  rise  to  the  surface  is  well  known.     Flower  pots  are  watered  1 


XORTH-CAROLIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  33 

common  rain  water  or  charged  with  fertilizing  matter  which  is  con- 
veycd  to  the  roots.  In  long  continued  drouths  when  the  water 
rises  from  a  depth  of  4  or  5  feet,  instead  of  carrying  up  matter  com- 
patible with  the  nature  of  the  plant,  the  astringent  salts  take  their 
place,  injurious  effects  to  vegetation  take  place  in  addition  to  those 
which  arise  directly  from  the  want  of  rain.  These  injurious  salts 
are  easily  corrected  by  the  use  of  lime  or  marl.  When  they  reach 
the  neighborhood  of  the  roots  if  lime  is  present,  it  will  decomj  - 
the  salts  and  form  gypsum.  Fruit  trees  which  send  their  roots 
deeply  into  the  soil  are  often  injured  by  the  presence  of  these  salts. 
From  the  foregoing  facts  it  is  evident  that  the  subsoil  should  be 
examined  for  poisonous  salts,  and  when  the  ditches  or  deep  layers  are 
exposed  in  cuttings  for  roads,  and  should  become  partially  incrnsted 
with  astringent  salts,  it  will  be  important  to  institute  means  for 
Correcting  this  condition  of  the  deep  subsoil. 

£  33.  The  foregoing  remarks  apply  to  those  varieties  which  are 
purely  clay  or  sand.  Composition  may  modify  results  materially  ; 
if  for  example  a  soil  whose  composition  retains  a  preponderance  of 
clay  and  yet  has  a  due  admixture  of  organic  matter  and  lime,  its 
ability  to  stand  a  drouth  is  greatly  increased — for  organic  matter 
and  lime  not  only  retain  moisture  strongly,  but  they  affect  the  tex- 
ture favorably,  and  counteract  the  tendency  to  excess  in  shrinkage. 

§  34.  As  drouths  in  North-Carolina  are  much  more  injurious  than 
excess  of  rain,  it  becomes  a  question  of  importance  to  know  how 
t<>  guard  against  their  effects.  The  first  point  to  be  attended  to,  is  I 
drain  deeply.  This  will  affect  gradually  the  texture  of  the  clay  : 
it  will  become  more  porous,  while  its  natural  affinity  for  water  will 
not  lie  diminished  :  that  is,  it  will  be  sufficiently  retentive  while 
the  excess  of  water  will  be  drained  off.  Clay  may  be  regarded  as 
requiring  a  specific  amount  of  water ;  but  at  the  same  time  its  ca- 
pacity for  receiving  and  holding  a  greater  quantity  than  this,  is 
proved  by  experience.  Another  change  may  be  affected  by  the 
free  use  of  organic  matter,  which,  when  mixed  with  the  soil,  makes 
it  porous.  In  the  cultivation  of  not  only  clay  soil-,  but  sandy  ones, 
crops  should  be  planted  as  early  as  possible,  that  the  surface  may 
be  protected  by  the  shade  of  the  growing  crop.  To  be  able  to 
plant  early,  in  clay  Boilfi  especially,  the  water  must  be  disposed  of 
by  drainage.  Two  weeks  may  be  saved  in  many  cases  by  drain- 
age :  that  is,  the  land  will  admit  of  the  plough   two  weeks  earlier 


3i  NORTll-CAliol.lNA    QBOLOOIOAL    SlUVKV. 

in  drained,  than  in  nndrained  lands.  Give  a  crop  of  corn  two 
weeks  more  of  growth  than  another  piece  equally  well  prepared, 
and  tin-  former  will  live  through  an  ordinary  drouth  without  in- 
jury, while  the  latter  will  nol  become  halt'  a  crop. 

§  .".."».  Absorption  of  moisture  from  the  air  takes  place  principally 
during  the  night,  and  nnabsorbative  power  is  less  in  sandy  than 
cjayey  soils.  This  respite  from  heat,  which  eanses  so  much  evapo- 
ration durjng  the  <la_v  is  of  the  highest  importance.  Even  when 
dew  does  not  fall,  soils  take  a  small  quantity  of  water  from  the  at- 
mosphere. A  stiff  clay,  it  is  said,  sometimes  absorbs  one-thirtieth 
part  "fits  own  weight.  Dry  peat  will  also  absorb  nearly  a-  mnchj 
hut  its  power  depends  upon  its  condition;  if  very  fine  it  absorbs 
more  than  clay;  if  coarse,  less.  The  best  condition  of  a  s..il  is  with- 
out doubt  a  mixture  of  clay  and  organic  matter,  where  it  is  neces- 
sary to  guard  against  droughts. 

^  36.  The  surface  temperature  of  soils  differ  according  t<>  their 
composition.  Water  in  all  soils  favors  a  low  temperature  because 
the  evaporation  carries  oft'  heat  in  the  invisible  vapor  which  rises 
from  the  surface.  So  long  a>  an  active  evaporation  goes  on  the 
surface  continues  cold,  hence  in  swamps  and  bogs  where  the  sup- 
ply is  inexhaustible,  very  slight  changes  only  occur  during  the 
summer.  When  the  surface  becomes  dry  it  begins  to  rise,  and  if 
the  air  is  only  60°  or  70°  in  the  shade,  the  soil  will  absorb  and  accu- 
mulate heat  and  may  rise  to  90°  or  100°. 

Color  has  much  effect  upon  temperature.  The  darker  the  color, 
all  things  being  equal,  the  greater  is  the  ahsorhative  power.  The 
correctness  of  the  < imon  opinion  with  respect  to  the  natural  cold- 

ne-s  of  light  colored  clay  Bolls  is  correct. 

§  .".7.  It  i-*  Btated  by  g  ■■  d  authority  that  the  amount  of  evapora- 
tion from  an  acre  of  fresh  ploughed  land  is  equal  to  nine  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds  per  hour  for  the  first  and  second  day-  an<  r  plowing. 
The  rapid  evaporation  diminie  ry  day.     Evaporation  begins 

:i  by  hoeing,  but  the  moist  surface  thus  exposed  lias  other  func- 
tions besides -the  evaporative  one.     Moist  surfaces  are  much  better 

absorbents  of  ammonia  from  the  atmosphero  than  dry  ones,  ami  one  of 
the  most  importani  effects  of  stirring  the  soil  often,  arises  from  it-  in- 
crease in  absorbative  power.     Water  in  the  soil  i*.  disposed  of  by 

forest  leaves  or  by  the  vegetable  kingdom.    A  single  tree  8^  inches  in 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  35 

diameter  and  30  feet  high  expired  from  leaves  in  12  hours  333,072 
grains  of  water. 

§  38.  An  acre  of  woodland  evaporates  31,000  pounds  in  12  hours. 
During  the  summer,  embracing  92  da}rs,  the  whole  amount  of 
evaporation  will  amount  to  2,852,000  pounds.  Forests  and  vege- 
tation generally  largely  aid  the  disposal  of  excessive  water  in  the 
spring.  Water  of  course  accumulates  in  the  soil  during  winter. 
Our  wells  receive  their  supply  and  springs  have  their  sources  of 
water  replenished. 

It  is  true,  however,  that  the  removal  of  forests  presents  a  seem- 
ing anomaly,  for  where  large  tracts  of  country  are  shorn  of  their 
trees  and  forests,  there  the  head-waters  of  our  rivers  fail  or  dimin- 
ish. Evaporation  is  greatest  from  a  shorn  surface,  and  a  country 
is  on  the  road  to  ruin  when  its  woodlands  are  mostly  destroyed  or 
consigned  to  the  axe. 

But  woodlands  require  a  change.  Rotation  is  as  necessary  to 
the  forest  as  to  the  successive  crops  of  the  farmer.  We  see  this 
in  the  death  of  pines  over  large  areas  of  this  State.  The  idea  that 
death  was  caused  wholly  by  insects  is  fallacious.  In  it  we  see,  in 
part  at  least,  a  natural  effort  to  change  the  kind  of  vegetation. 
Oaks  and  hickory  replace  the  pines.  For  hundreds  of  years  pines 
had  been  the  staple  products  of  large  tracts  in  this  State.  Is  it 
therefore  remarkable  that  a  light  soil  containing  the  true  pabu- 
lum of  life  for  the  pine,  should  have  been  nearly  exhausted  and 
the  pine  should  have  thereby  become  weakened  and  more  liable 
to  disease  than  formerly  ? 

§  30.  The  absolute  weight  of  different  soils  is  also  variable.  A 
cubic  foot  of  clay,  with  its  moisture,  weighs  about  115  pounds. 
The  same  quantity  of  damp  sand  J 41 ;  while  peat,  with  its  water, 
weighs  only  about  81  pounds.  The  weight  of  soils  affects  the  labor 
of  tillage.  More  force  is  required  to  lift  a  sandy  soil  than  a  clay. 
But  the  texture  or  compactness  of  an  undrained  clay  soil  more 
than  makes  up  for  its  less  weight. 

In  every  point  of  view  the  farmer  is  encouraged  to  ameliorate 
the  mechanical  condition  of  his  plantation.  The  first  point  requir- 
ing attention  is  its  water  or  drainage,  for  when  a  soil  is  water  soaked, 
good  crops  are  only  to  be  made  in  the  most  favorable  season. 

A  subsoil  of  clay  beneath  sand  is  ameliorated  by  draining,  though 
the   top  may  appear  to  be  sufficiently  dry ;  for  the  clay  may   be 


:TH-CAR0LI2»A    GEOLOGICAL    SI "KVKV. 

rded  as  a  reservoir  of  water,  just  as  the  tilled  saucer  beneath 
the  flower  pot. 

We  may  recognise  in  all  these  facts  two  currents  which 
maybe  found  in  soils:  a  downward  current,  which  disposes  of 
surface  water,  and  an  upward  current,  when  the  surface  water 

ime  exhausted.     This  arrangement  is  a  wise  one,  for  if  there 
were  no  upward  currents  plants  would  perish,  both  for  want  of  nu- 
triment and  water  during  drouths.     This  result  would  be  far  more 
likely  to  happen   in  the  case  of  the  cereals  and  cultivated  cr 
than  in  the  plants  which  grow  naturally  in  the  soil. 


CHAPTER  V. 


Mechanical  treatment  of  soils.  Deep  plowing.  Advantages  of  draining.  Open 
drains.  Plowing.  Objects  attained  >>y  plowing.  Harrowing  Roller.  Im- 
provement of  soils  by  mixture.     Hoeing.     Effects  of  hoeing. 

X>  doubt  the  proper  mechanical  treatment  of  soils 
•   important  part  of  husbandry  and  farming.     By  mechanical 
treatment  we  mean  plowing,  hoeing,  harrowing,  etc.     If  contrasl 

mical  treatment  or  with  the  use  of  manures,  it  will  be 

evident  that  unless  the  mechanical  tr-  the 

■:■  and  ex  F  manuring  will  I  ably  there  is  no 

g  which  is  executed   bo  po<  rly  in  Norths 

the  mechanical  treatment  of  s-.ils.     It  fails  ffective  for  want 

epth.     It  is  tree,  we  believe,  that  climate  should  !• 
when  the  question  of  deep  pi         _    - 

sh"ii!d  be  had  to  climate  will   appear  from   what  has  been  said  in 
the  foregoing  r  with  res 

ed  surfaces.     Under  the  mor  fnl  influ  I  :n's 

-  in  the  Southern  ion   may  whether 

the  plowing  which  in  New-York  is  called  «n  12  to 

14  inches  deep,  might  not  result  in  two  greal  But 

whether  tin-  qu<  -  s  I  in  the  affirmative  or  no*,  it  will 


>~0ETH-CAR0LINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

be  found  true  that  deeper  plowing  than  is  usually  practiced  will  be 
attended  with  greater  Buccess. 

Preparatory  to  plowing  stands  draining j  not  always,  but  fre- 
quently.    An  important  question  to  be  answered  is  whether  any 

given  tract  requires  this  preliminary  treatment.  Observation  may 
readily  return  the  reply.  If  water  stands  upon  the  surface  only  a 
few  hours  after  a  rain,  it  is  probable  draining  will  benefit  the  tract 
where  it  stands.  If  a  bed  of  clay  lies  near  the  surface  it  is  called 
for  even  if  the  top  is  sand.  All  swamps  and  bogs  of  course  require 
it.  In  all  the  eastern  counties  there  is  a  continuous  bed  of  imper- 
vious brick  clay,  which  often  is  not  less  than  one  foot  from  the 
surface,  and  its  materials  are  often  blended  with  the  sand  where  it 
lies  deper.  This  yellowish  white  clay  will  frequently  be  found 
cropping  out  in  ravines  where  its  position  may  be  determined,  and 
having  determined  its  position,  it  will  aid  in  solving  the  question 
of  drainage.  This  bed  of  clay  varies  from  four  to  seven  feet 
thick,  and  is  overlaid,  and  also  underlaid  with  sand.  These  sand 
beds  vary  in  thickness,  and  are  always  above  the  marls,  unless  we 
reckon  among  marls  the  recent  shell  bed  of  the  coast.  In  drain- 
age it  is  unnecessary  to  cut  through  the  brick  clay:  ir  is  sufficient 
to  cut  deeply  into  it,  though  the  drainage  will  be  more  perfect  if 
it  is  cut  through.  Another  indication  of  the  necessity  of  special 
drainage  is  furnished  where  springs  issue  near  the  surface.  These 
are  always  thrown  out  by  an  impervious  stratum.  This  impervious 
stratum  may  be  sought  for  in  ravines,  or  by  boring  with  an  auger 
of  a  suitable  length ;  its  depth  beneath  the  surface  may  thereby 
be  determined. 

ji  -i'2.  Sandy  clays  which  are  sufficiently  cohesive  to  be  formed 
into  balls  by  the  hand  when  moistened,  will  require  drainage.  In 
drainage  we  not  only  have  regard  to  surface  water,  to  draw  that 
off,  but  we  must  cut  into  the  impervious  stratum  sufficiently  deep 
to  take  out  the  water  confined  in  its  upper  layers  or  I  I  her- 

wise  the  soil  will  rest  on  a  bed  always  saturated  with  water,  and 
always  giving  it  off  from  the  surface  in  vapor,  and  hence,  Mill 
maintain  a  surface  too  cool  for  the  growth  of  cotton  or  corn. 

Another  fact  should  be  th'-ught  of  and 
become  more  compact  and  clayey  by  cultivation;  and  though  in 
its  new  state  crops  were  sure  and  certain,  yet,  in  process  of  time, 
a  change  takes  place.     The  greatest  change  is  in  the  subsoil,  which 


3S  RTH-CAftOl  LOGICAL   SUEVirr. 

becomes  partially  consolidated   by  the   infiltration  of  the  oxide  of 
ir<>n  and  carbonate  of  lime.     Free  percolation    -  -  ind  this 

partially  indurated  stratum  should  be  cut  through  to  res 

f  water.     Breaking  it   up  with  a  -      -  not  suf- 

ficient  with   many  pens   ns;  this  pan,  as  it  is  called,  must 
cut.     Experience,  however,  justifies   \       1   no  harm  ever  foil 
Jr. .m  the  practice. 

g  4:;.  Drainage  lias  been   spoken  of  and  recommended  in  the 
preceding  chapter,  but  one  or  two  advantages  should  be  more  d  - 
tinctly  stated.     It  is  the  openness  which  follows,  and  by  which  air 
penetrates  freely  the  strata.     The  advantages,  or  it  should  be  said 
the  necessity  for  oxygen  in   the  soil.  Is  ally  where 

inic  matter  ex  we  have  shown  that  oxygen  must  change 

the  vegetable  fibre  into  hum  Ic  and  oj 

All  these  changes  are  accompanied  with  the  div 
ment  too  of  carbonic  acid.  If  the  vegetable  fibre  is  confined  in 
wet  soils,  it  is  converted  into  a  peat  only,  in  which  state  it  is  not 
fitted  for  vegetable  assimilation.  But  in  soils  air  must  circulate: 
and  when  it  is  too  close  and  compact,  circulation  can  be  effected 
only  by  drain; ._ 

From  the  foregoing,  it  is  plain  drainage  effects  two  objects*. 

B  44.  1.  It  raises  the  temperature  of  the  soil  by  sending  the 
water  in  subterranean  channels  to  distant  parts.  2.  It  opens  the 
texture  of  -oil  and  per/nits  the  free  of  atmospheric  air. 

Both  the  mechanical  and   chemical  wants  of  vegetation  are  pr 
ded  for  by  drainage.     Among  the  advanta  training  one  has 

already  been   follj  stated;  but  still,  let  it  not  I  s   "ten  that 

''•r.  where  soil  is  drained,  and  it  may  and  will 
happen  that  to  an  earlier  planting  a  good  crop  Es  mainly  due.  A 
result  of  this  kind,  together  with  a  larger  crop  for  one 

-.  will  more  than  pay  the  expenditure  incurred  in  the  operation. 

But  when  a  general  system  of  drainage  for  the  country  lias  been 
carried  out,  the  general  health  of  all  its  citizens  will  be  secured. 
Stagnant  pools  will  not  ex:>t :  the  water  of  wells  will  be  improi 
and  the  climate  will  be  measurably  changed.  Nothing  can  be 
more  important  than  the  sanitary  effects  of  good  drainage.  The 
great  source  of  intermittent  fever  is  in  stagnant  waters.  It  is  true 
we  cannot  prevent  the  freshets  which  give  origin  to  miasmata,  but 


NORTH-CAROLINA    (,!■:«  'LOGICAL    SURVEY.  39 

even  here,  drainage  will  have  a  salutary  influence  by  carrying  off 

at  an  earlier  day  the  surplus  waters. 

The  volume  of  this  water  is  replaced  by  air.  Hence  it  is  plain 
that  a  very  important  change  must  necessarily  take  place.  While 
soa  ;ed  with  water,  which  contains  but  little  air,  no  chemical 
changes  take  place  which  produce  fertilizing  matter.  The  changes 
are  preparatory  only,  but  the  peaty  matter  or  peat  itself,  will  re- 
main peat,  or  become  real  coal  forever.  But  draw  off  the  water 
and  replace  it  by  atmospheric  air  with  its  active  principle,  oxygen^ 
arid  a  new  order  of  things  begins. 

§  -t.">.  Drainage  is  not  neglected  in  North-Carolina,  but  its 
tern  is  detective.     Open   drains  are   usually  made;  they  effect  the 
object  less   perfectly  than    til  Ing  when  properly  laid  down. 

The  former  are  obstructed  by  the  growth  of  weeds,  and  the  banks 
are  in  part  closed  to  the  free  exit  of  water.  They  are  also  incon- 
venient, and  hence,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  the  time  is  not  tar  distant 
when  tile  will  lie  used.  These  remarks,  however,  are  applicable 
to  the  uplands,  the  swamps  must  be  drained  by  open  ditches  and 
canals. 

,^  4n\  The  operation  next  in  importance  to  drainage  is  }>h 
By  the  plow  the  surface  is  designed  to  be  pulverized,  should  be 
pulverized,  or  else  the  operation  is  badly  performed.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  surface  must  be  right,  or  else  it  will  be  imperfect,  how- 
ever skilful  the  holder  of  the  plow  may  be.  If  wet,  it  should  not 
be  undertaken.  This  is  a  settled  and  well  known  point,  but  it  is 
not  always  observed,  for  a  large  amount  of  pressing  work  in  the 
spring  may  in  one  sense  compel  a  farmer  to  plow  before  the  s"il  is 
dried.  Plowing  is  an  old  custom,  and  the  experience  of  the  world 
says  that  nations  have  prospered  and  communities  prospered  in  the 
direct  ratio  that  this  operation  approaches  perfection.  We  throw- 
out  of  mind  all  that  u\  done  in  a  new  soil  full  of  roots  and  stumps. 
Great  crops  of  corn  have  been  raised  where  the  plow  could  not 
run.  But  every  old  country  where  roots,  stumps  and  briars  have 
been  disposed  of  and  the  soil  has  found  its  level,  there  the  plow 
must  run.  The  importance  of  plowing  is  fell  everywhere,  is  shown 
by  the  inventions  of  mechanics  and  farmers  to  perfect  the  machine 
and  make  an  instrument  which  is  adapted  to  all  surfaces  and  depths 
to  which  the  machine  may  be  driven  by  cattle  and  the  hand  of 
man.     The  evil  arising  from  plowing  wet  land  is  the  lumpy  condi- 


40  WOETH-CABOUNA   GEOLOGICAL    MJKYKY. 

ti<»n  of  the  furrow  mas?,  and  as  these  dry  they  become  really  indn- 
rated  in  the  sun.  and  the  consequence  frequently  is,  that  such  a 
condition  of  the  soil  remains  for  one  or  two  years. 

her  important  principle  differing  in  kind  from  the  foregoing 
at  furrows  should  not  run  down  hill ;  they  should  encircle  the 
vl  or  hill-side  in  order  to   divert  streams  from  a  direct  descent, 
and  thereby  cut   a  side-hill  ditch   and  finally  lead  to  the  formal 
of  unseemly  gullies.     These,  however,  an  ily  unseemly,  hut 

:ind   especial  care  needs  be  taken  in  working  the 
erlying  the  free-stones  of  tin-  3  The  first  tiling  to  be 

effected  in  plowing  is  good  pulverization,  the  next  is  to  open  the 
soil  to  a  sufficient  depth  for  the  roots  to  spread  themselves,  and  an 
indirect  benefit  is  secured  when  these  two  ends  are  accom 
fhat  of  helping   a  crop   through   a   drought   without   injury.     The 
reader  will   understand  the   mode  in    which  this  conn 
inir  the  principles  already  stated, 
dug  and  the  formation  of  gullies  Is  also  prevented  in  part 
by  deep  plowing.     The  subsoil  plow   is  called  into  requisition  to 
deepen  furrows,  but  not  to  bring  the  broken  substance  to  the  sur- 
face.    By   deep  plowing,  especially  if  aided  by  the  subsoil  plow, 
the  soil   will   absorb   double   the   quantity  of  rain,  and  hence, 
minish  the  amount  which  would  otherwise  escape  in  -  -ver 

the  surface,  and  thereby  carry  off  good  soil,  and  tend  to  the  for- 
mation of  gullies. 

Pulverization,  an  open,  porous  condition  for  roots  to  penetrate, 
depth  for  absorption  of  rain,  together  with  a  perfect  mixture  of  the 
matters  of  the  soil  and  fertilizers,  are  objects  to  be  attained  by 
plowing.     These  are  all  to  be  kept  in  view. 

•  7     :  le  harrow  and  bnsh  become  necessary  to  break  the  Inmpe 
and  form  an  even  surface  for  the  reception  of  seed. 
The  whole  operation  of  seeding  and  providing  for  the  g<  rmina- 
<eed  is  con  by  a   heavy  roller.     Thi-  oer- 

fici  d  are  li  employment,  e$  small 

i  step  upon  a  celery  bed  and  },<•  will  find  that 
double  the  number  of  plants  come   np  where  the   soil  is 
than  wh  r<  mains  loose.     It  rhat 

:  ot  more  frequently  i  I.     Jt  en  bich 

have  escaped  the  harrow,  and  makes  withal  an  even  surfai 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  41 

§  48.  The  mechanical  condition  of  a  soil  can  rarely  be  amelio- 
rated by  mixture.  Those  which  really  require  mixture  are  stiff 
clays  and  loose  sands.  If  a  mixture  can  be  effected  by  the  plow,  it 
will  no  doubt  pay.  But  it  becomes  quite  questionable,  whether  a 
fanner  can  haul  sand  to  mix  with  the  clay,  or  clay  to  mix  with  the 
sand.  The  cost  of  hauling  is  too  great.  A  gardner  may  make  the 
necessary  mixture.  At  any  rate,  before  a  farmer  attempts  to 
change  a  field  of  ten  acres  by  mixing  clay  with  sand,  or  the  re- 
verse, he  had  better  count  the  cost  beforehand.  Now  although  a 
barren  sand  will  not  probably  be  benefitted  by  draining,  yet  the 
texture  of  the  stiffest  clays  will  be;  and  as  clays  are  mixtures  of 
silex  and  alumine,  and  as  they  are  often,  if  not  generally  supplied 
with  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths,  the  most  direct  as  well  as  the 
cheapest  mode  to  cure  a  clay  of  its  stiffness,  will  be  to  remove  the 
water  by  under  drainage. 

As  it  regards  sand,  it  will  be  cheaper  to  employ  calcareous  fer- 
tilizers with  forms  of  muck  than  to  mix  with  it  clay. 

The  theory  of  amendment  by  mixture  is  perfectly  satisfactory; 
but  in  practice,  it  will  be  found  a  losing  business,  where  either 
material  has  to  be  carted  many  rods, 

§  49.  To  recur  once  more  to  the  subsoil  plow  in  connexion  with 
the  cla}Ts  too  stiff  to  cultivate ;  it  has  been  stated,  that  the  subsoil 
plow  should  not  be  used  until  the  land  has  been  well  drained. 
"When  considerable  moisture  exists  in  the  clay,  it  unites  and  be- 
comes solid  and  impervious,  so  that  little  benefit  has  been  expe- 
rienced in  certain  cases  from  subsoiling;  but  when  the  water  has 
been  drained  off  and  the  clays  have  become  loose  and  porous,  the 
masses  raised  by  the  plow  still  remain  in  this  condition,  or  become 
still  more  porous,  so  that  the  beneficial  effects  of  subsoiling  a  stiff 
under  clay  will  not  be  secured  till  after  the  land  has  been  well 
drained. 

§  50.  It  i9  scarcely  necessary  to  speak  of  hoeing  or  the  use  of  the 
cultivator.  They  are  needful  operations  and  no  one  omits  them  ; 
but  why  hoe?  is  it  simply  to  kill  weeds?  Hoeing  kills  weeds  and 
pulverizes  the  soil,  but  it  has  an  effect  which  is  unseen  except  from 
its  effects  which  are  liable  to  be  misinterpreted.  The  good  effects 
of  hoeing  arise  from  the  moist  surface  created,  and  which  absorbs 
ammonia.  That  the  beneficial  effects  do  not  all  arise  from  the  de- 
struction of  weeds  and  pulverization  is  evident  from  the  fact  that 
3 


12  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

the  more  frequently  the  surface  is  stirred   and  a  moist  surface  ex- 
posed, the  more  vigorous  the  growth  of  the  crop.     The  properl     - 
of  ammonia  remove  all  doubts  respecting  tlie  effects  of  hoeh  g 
the  vapor  of  hartshorn  in  a  receiver  or  tumbler  be  placed  over  :. 
sel  of  quicksilver,  and  then  introduce  a  mass  of  m 
with  how  much  rapidity  the  whole  of  the  ammonia  will  -     bed 

by  the  moist  soil.     Ammonia  always  exists  in  the  atm<  -  .  and 

it  is  obtained  in  dry  weather  by  exposing  a  fresh  surface  of  soil  to 
the  atmosphere.     Hoeing  is  a  cheaper  way  of  obtaining  am  in 
than  buying  it  in  guano;  we  get  it  in  dry  weather,  and  it  is  agree- 
able to  the   experience  of  all  good    observers,  that   hoeing  in  dry 
weather  is  followed  with  greater  benefits  than  il  the  weather  is  wet. 
Gardens  are  hoed  more  frequently  than  field  crops,  though  it  i 
be  supposed  that  the  vigorous  growth  in  the  former  is  due  to  a  rich 
soil.     Still,  the    good  effects  of  hoeing  are  too  demonstrable  to  the 
eye  t  •   admit  of  doubt.     Hoeing,  however,  is  laborious,  and   too 
much   time  is   consumed  t<>  admit  of  its  repetition   in   field  cr 
To  supply   the   place  of  the  hoe  the  cultivator  comes  in.  and  no 
doubt  its  more  frequent  employment  in  dry  weather,  not  simp' 
kill  weeds  and  break  sods,  but  to  create  a  moist  surface  which  will 
absorb  ammonia,  and   which  is  now  known   to  be  so  needful  to  all 
crops.     Dry  surface  has  little  or  no  absorbative  power  as  may  be 
shown  by  introducing  a  ball  of  dry  earth  into  a  tumbler,  or  receiver 
of  hartshorn  in  vapor. 


(  IIAPTEK  VI. 


Soil  elements  preserve  the   proportions  very  nearly  a-   they  exist   in  the  parent 
rork.     Weight  of  different  kinds  of  s  -i  important  elements  of  >oil  rep- 

-  of  fertilizer  explained.     Nature 
out  her  nutriment  in  atom  doses,  and  so  does  the  successful  I 

.  It  is  well  established  by  experiment  and  observation,  that 
the  soil  contains,  in  its  ordinary  state,  all  the  elements  the 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  43 

ble  kingdom  needs.  It  is  also  known  that  all  may  be,  and  are 
probably  derived  from  the  solid  rocks  of  the  globe;  and  hence  it 
will  follow  that  the  composition  of  the  soil  will  not  differ  materially 
from  the  parent  rock  from  which  it  is  derived;  and  what  is  partic- 
ularly worthy  of  note  is,  that  the  proportions  of  the  elements  will 
be  found  in  the  soil  as  they  exist  in  the  rock;  and  that  where  an 
element  or  compound  is  in  excess  in  the  rock,  so  it  will  be  found  in 
the  soil,  and  where  the  proportion  is  small  in  the  rock  so  it  will 
necessarily  be  small  in  the  soil.  We  propose  in  this  chapter  to 
state  the  quantities  of  elements  in  soils,  and  it  will  appear  that 
though  many  important  substances  are  extremely  minute  when  put 
in  a  table  of  the  common  form  used  in  chemical  analysis;  yet,  if 
calculated  therefrom  in  absolute  quantities  per  acre,  they  are  very 
large. 

We  have  given  the  weight  of  cubic  feet  of  sandy,  clayey  and 
peaty  soils  ;  these  data  will  give  the  weight  of  a  layer  of  soil  of  the 
area  of  an  acre  and  one  foot  deep.  A  granite  soil  with  its  usual 
state  <A'  moisture  weighs  about  90  lbs  to  >he  square  foot,  and  the 
superficial  square  feet  of  an  acre  weighs  3,520,000  pounds.  If 
granite  is  composed  of  two-fifths  quartz,  two-fifths  felspar  and  one- 
rifth  mica,  its  composition  will  be  represented  by  the  following: 

Silex,    74.84 

Alumina,  ....    12.80 

Potash,  7.48 

Magnesia,    99 

Lime,    37 

Oxide  of  iron,    1.98 

Oxide  of  manganese,    12 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  this  and  all  other  analyses  of'  rocks  and 
soils,  that  silex  and  alumina  constitute  by  far  the-  largest  parts, 
while  those  elements  which  seem  the  most  important  to  the  veget- 
able occur,  or  are  represented  by  fractions,  and  generally  the  frac- 
tions are  much  less  than  in  the  case  selected.  The  potash  given  is  the 
potash  of  the  rock,  and  thus  never  occurs  in  the  soil,  ami  the  frac- 
tion which  should  represent  the  potash  of  a  granite  soil  will  not  ex- 
ceed one-half  of  one  per  cent,  in  consequence  of  its  solubility.  But 
if  it  equals  the  lime,  .37,  the  amount  of  potash  in  one  hundred 
pounds  of  soil  will  be  three-eighths  of  a  pound.     If  the-  per  centage 


44  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

amounts  to  one-half  of  one  per  cent.,  there  will  be  over  twenty 
tons  of  the  substance  in  the  mass  of  soil,  one  foot  thick  and  within 
the  area  <>f  an  acre.  The  small  per  centages,  therefore,  in  an 
analysis,  when  calculated  for  a  field,  become  large  and  important 
figures;  and  even  where  the  Chemist  makes  his  note  as  a  trace, 
and  which  indicates  its  presence,  without  being  able  to  weigh  the 
element,  it  is  still  sufficient  to  meet  the  wants  of  vegetation.  It  is 
still  greater  than  the  farmer  employs  even  when  he  nsea  gypsntn, 
and  much  greater  than  when  guano  is  employed.  The  interesting 
quesdon  then  comes  up,  how  can  the  great  effects  of  guano  be  re- 
conciled with  the  small  quantity  used f  Two  hundred  pounds  of 
guano  to  an  acre,  sown  broadcast  upon  a  wheat  field,  produces 
visible  effects  as  far  as  the  field  can  be  seen  when  growing,  and  is 
known  to  double  the  crop.  How  can  the  great  effects,  then,  be 
accounted  for  when  the  quantity  is  so  small  that  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  detect  it  in  a  pound  of  soil  ? 

We  may  conceive  it  to  be  explained  in  this  way  :  It  is  all  dis- 
solved and  evenly  distributed  in  the  mass  of  soil,  and  is  brought 
directly  to  the  roots  of  the  growing  plant  in  the  right  condition  to 
be  taken  up.  It  is  not  the  absolute  quantity  called  for  by  the  crop, 
it  is  the  state  or  condition  of  solution.  Supposing  four  times  a-  711  uch 
used,  and  hence  the  solution  would  be  four  times  as  strong,  would  it 
produce  quadruple  effects?  certainly  not.  Experience  does  not 
sanction  the  doctrine ;  instead  of  good  effects,  the  crop  would  be 
hurt,  or  if  taken  up  by  the  rootlets  at  all,  it  is  too  strong,  a7id  the 
probability  is  that  much  would  not  be  taken  up,  as  the  strength  or 
suspended  particles  of  nutriment  could  not  be  received  into  the 
vegetable  tissue-  at  all. 

We  account  then  for  the  striking  efforts  of  apparently  homeo- 
pathic doses  of  fertilizers,  on  the  ground  of  their  solutions  being 
adapted  to  the  months  of  the  spongioles  through  which  the  nutri- 
.ment  triust  enter  the  vegetable  organis7n,  and  the  adaptation  in 
this  state  to  the  constitution  of  vegetables.  All  concentrated  doses 
an  rejected.  All  floriculturalists  who  produce  beautiful  flowers, 
employ  ageate  extremely  diluted.  <  Hhers.  who  do  not  understand 
the  business  of  feeding  beautiful  plants,  attempt  to  cram  them 
with  too  much  and  too  rich  solutions;  the  consequence  is,  the 
plants  are  killed  outright,  or  else  become  yellow,  their  leaves  drop, 
the  whole  plant  indicates  suffering. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  45 

It  is  highly  probable  too,  that  a  farmer  might  produce  results  as 
beautiful  as  the  florist,  by  pursuing  like  means;  applying  his  fer- 
tilizers in  a  state  of  extreme  dilution,  in  which  case  it  is  evenly 
distributed  to  roots  and  in  a  state  in  which  it  can  be  taken  up. 
Facts  constantly  occurring  in  the  analysis  of  soils,  favor,  and  even 
sustain  the  doctrine.  For  how  much  soluble  matter  is  there  in 
one  thousand  grains  of  soil  ?  It  is  possible  to  obtain  one  and  one 
and  a  half  per  cent,  consisting  of  12  to  14  substances.  Nature 
seems  to  dole  out  her  treasures;  instead  of  dealing  liberally  as  be- 
fitting her,  she  gives  atoms.  There  are  practical  principles  in  the 
facts  developed.  If  soluble  substances  are  employed,  they  too 
must  be  dealt  out  in  atoms  only.  A  few  atoms  at  a  time  only  are 
found  in  solution  in  the  soil.  The  vegetable  organism  is  only  fitted 
to  receive  atoms;  and  in  this  we  see  adaptations  which  must  bt 
repeated.  It  is  true,  turkeys,  swine  and  men  may  be  crammed 
and  fattened ;  but  this  system  will  not  succeed  in  raising  wheat, 
cotton  or  corn. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


Fertilizers  defined.  Their  necessity.  Mechanical  means  of  improvements  of  soil. 
Effects  of  lime.  Growth  is  the  result  of  change  in  the  constitution  of  the  fer- 
tilizers employed.  Organs  have  each  their  own  special  influence  upon  the 
fertilizing  matter  they  receive.  Provisions  for  sustaining  vegetable  life.  A 
system  of  adaptive  husbandry.  Instances  cited.  Adaptation  of  a  crop  to  the 
Boil.  What  fertilizers  will  ripen  a  crop  at  the  right  time.  The  source  of  fer- 
tilizers. Green  crops.  Peat.  Advantages  of  a  green  crop.  Marine  plants. 
Straw.  Losses  of  farm  yard  manure.  Peat,  how  prepared  for  use.  Composts. 
Fertilizers  of  animal  origin.     Solids  and  fluids. 

§  52.  A  Fertilizer  is  a  substance  which  promotes  the  growth  of 
vegetables.  In  this  definition  is  included  water,  and  a  great  va- 
riety of  bodies  which  would  scarcely  be  ranked  under  the  name  of 
manures.  The  latter  term  is  generally  applied  to  the  excrements 
of  animals,  and  yet,  it  has  a  wide  signification,  so  that  when  we 


4:6  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   6URVET. 

have  really  determined  the  number  of  bodies  which  may  be  clas- 
sified under  it,  we  find  that  its  meaning  is  as  extensive  as  that  of 
fertile  r. 

'■■  The  necessity  which  lias  given  rise  to  the  use  of  this  class 
of  bodies,  is  the  excessive  taxation  of  the  natural  resources  of  soil 
for  the  support  of  much  greater  crops  than  the  soil  would  sponta- 
neously produce,  and  this  taxation  being  prolonged  century  in,  and 
century  out,  the  necessity  now  for  resorting  to  their  use  and  here- 
after, has  become  a  fixed  institution,  established  in  absolute  do- 
minion upon  the  money  and  labor  of  all  who  have  anything  to  do 
in  agriculture  in  earnest.  The  improvement  of  the  soil  by  me- 
chanical means  extends  farther  than  the  simple  movement  of  it  in 
a  certain  way,  turning  it  over  with  the  plow,  breaking  op  the 
compact  matter  at  the  bottom  of  a  furrow,  exposing  fresh  surfaces 
with  the  hoe  or  cultivator;  for  in  all  these  there  are  excited  chem- 
ical actions,  whereby  combinations  promoting  growth  take  place. 
So  also  the  employment  of  chemical  bodies  do  not  end  strictly  in 
chemical  changes;  mechanical  ones  result  from  chemical  actions. 
Witness  the  effect  of  quick  lime  upon  a  clay  soil ;  it  becomes 
porous  and  light,  even  more  so  than  by  the  use  of  the  plow  and 
hoe;  besides,  it  is  a. permanent  change  in  texture  as  well  as  com- 
position. From  the  foregoing  facts,  it  will  be  seen  how  one  system 
of  improvement  connects  itself  with  another,  and  that  the  institu- 
tion of  one  system  of  means  sets  in  motion  those  which  seemingly 
belong  to  an  opposite  kind.  We  repeat  that  mechanical  agencies 
result  in  chemical,  and  chemical  ones  result  also  in  mechanical. 
All  means,  therefore,  for  improving  the  soil  belong  to  double 
systems,  excepting  those  instances  where  a  fertilizer  is  selected 
with  reference  to  a  single  result,  as  is  often  the  case  in  most  of  the 
soils;  as  in  sulphate  of  ammonia,  nitrate  of  potash,  or  phosphate 
of  lime. 

But  still,  fertilizers  improve  soils  by  chemical  agencies,  and  we 
shall  now  consider  them  in  this  ranee  of  their  functions,  leaving 
out  of  view  any  mechanical  results  they  may  produce. 

,'  64.  All  applications  of  substances  designed  to  promote  growth 
do  not  always  act  by  the  results  of  change  in  themselves,  nor  In- 
inducing  chemical  changes  in  others  prior  to  their  introduction  into 
the  organism  of  the  plant.  But  by  far  the  greater  number  of  fer- 
tilizers undergo  a  change  somewhere  before  they  are  assimilated, 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  47 

or  become  incorporated  into  the  vegetable  body.  We  cannot  think 
of  any  thing,  how  much  alike  it  seems  to  the  constitution  of  organ- 
ized matter,  which  must  not  be  changed  in  its  chemical  constitu- 
tion before  it  finds  its  destined  position  in  the  vegetable  structure. 
Water,  it  is  true,  acting  as  the  vehicle  by  which  food  is  conveyed 
inward,  passes  through  and  out  again  by  respiratory  pores  and  un- 
dergoes no  change ;  but,  what  it  transmits,  must  be  changed.  The 
actions  of  organs  have  much  that  is  special ;  each  organ  its  own 
wants,  and  its  own  apparatus  to  supply  them.  The  husk  of  a  ker- 
nel of  grain  demands  its  supply,  and  though  it  gets  a  supply  from 
the  common  circulating  store,  yet  its  organization  elaborates  from 
that  supply,  something  quite  different  from  that  of  the  kernel,  leaf 
or  stalk.  The  changes  indicated  are  regarded  as  chemical,  with 
what,  and  how  much  right,  we  cannot  decide.  There  is  a  vitality 
in  each  and  every  part  and  organ  ;  how  much  is  to  be  attributed 
to  this  principle  has  never  been  agreed  upon  ;  but  it  is  supposed 
by  some  that  this  principle  is  a  force  or  power  controlling  the  move- 
ments in  question ;  yet,  the  changes  in  the  substance  are  like  unto 
chemical  products  taking  place  independently  of  this  subtle  force 
called  vital.  But  the  foregoing  is  a  departure  from  the  track  or 
line  in  which  we  designed  to  move. 

§  55.  But  before  Ave  speak  of  the  fertilizers  we  may  profitably 
look  at  or  consider  the  natural  provisions  for  sustaining  vegetable 
life  when  left  to  the  workings  of  its  own  unaided  machinery.  The 
machinery  consists  of  organs  for  support  and  reception,  discharge 
and  growth.  The  first  are  the  roots,  which  consist  of  a  tapering 
stem  which  sends  off  threads  terminating  in  a  congeries  of  exceed- 
ingly minute  orifices,  which  are  called  xpongioles,  whose  office  is  to 
obtain,  and  we  might  perhaps  say,  select  nutriment.  The  second 
class  of  organs  are  the  leaves.  They  exhale  water,  in  vapor  of 
course,  from  pores  which  are  mainly  located  upon  the  under  side. 
The  water  is  pure,  though  it  has  been  the  carrier  of  food,  as  it  is 
called,  from  which  has  been  manufactured  salts,  sugar,  starch,  ex- 
tract, gum,  woody  fibre,  etc.  The  superfluous  water  escapes  from 
the  surface  of  leaves.  But  leaves,  besides  performing  the  office  of 
exhalation,  perform  that  of  reception,  or  of  absorption.  This 
office,  however,  appears  to  be  an  important  one  in  the  clover  and 
allied  plants;  while  in  the  cereals,  it  is  much  less  so.  The  move- 
ment of  water  (and   when   impregnated   with  foreign   matter,  is 


48  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SUKVKV. 

called  sap,)  is  upward  and  outward,  so  as  to  distribute  it  to  the  new 
growing  organs.  It  passes  into  cells  in  its  upward  progress,  where 
it  is  changed  or  assimilated,  and  becomes  by  its  passage  through 
them,  perhaps  by  the  action  of  its  walls,  uegetalised,  If  we  may 

Coin  a  word  answering  to  animalised.  There  is  motion  in  all  di- 
rections, but  the  currents  tend  upward  and  outward,  so  as  to  reach 
the  extreme  bud  and  leaf.  This  is  a  necessary  result,  because  the 
bud,  leaf,  and  extreme  of  the  branches  seem  to  be  the  source  of 
the  force  by  which  circulation  is  carried  on.  In  the  workings  of 
this  imperfectly  described  machinery,  which  may  be  regarded  as 
belonging  to  a  tree,  we  find  organs  which  are  but  temporary  in 
their  office,  and  which  therefore  require  periodical  renewals. 
These  are  the  leaves,  fruit  and  bark.  The  permanent  organs  are 
the  trunk  with  its  limbs,  and  the  roots.  The  growth  is  both  aerial 
and  sub-terrestial.  The  latter  keeps  pace  with  the  former;  the 
roots  spread  equally  with  the  branches,  and  that  the  roots  may  be 
fed  they  penetrate  outwardly  into  new  feeding  grounds,  which  like 
the  leaves,  bark  and  fruit  in  falling  after  decay,  help  supply  the 
necessary  nutriment.  They  re-supply  in  part,  and  once  again  tra- 
verse the  organism. 

56.  Time,  also,  is  not  to  be  lost  sight  of  in  the  range  of  enqui- 
ries relative  to  fertilizers.  It  may  be,  and  is.  of  great  importance 
to  get  an  early  and  good  stand  ;  the  result  of  the  crop  may  turn 
Upon  this  one  point.  Hence,  what  treatment,  what  fertilizer  will 
best  fulfil  the  end  sought;  for  instance,  in  a  crop  of  tobacco  or  cot- 
ton '.  What  is  wanted  is  an  early,  or  indeed  an  immediate  effect ; 
one  which  will  not  retard  the  germination  of  the  seed,  but  which 
will  act  gently  upon  the  infant  plant.  The  dose,  too,  is  an  impor- 
tant consideration;  a  tea-spoonful  of  broth  is  not  too  much  f<>r  the 
infant,  while  a  table-spoonful,  which  an  adult  stomach  would  man- 
age, would  be  too  much  for  the  former. 

There  is  another  enquiry  in  range  of  the  specialities  we  are  con- 
sidering. What  fertilizer  will  ripen  a  crop  at  the  best  time  and 
manner  I  This  may  not  have  been  thought  of  so  frequently  as 
some  other  questions;  but  the  tobacco  grower's  attention  has  been 
turned  to  it.  This  crop  mast  ripen  evenly  before  frost;  and  as  it 
is  a  leaf  ripening,  not  a  seed,  an  organ  which  has  no  connexion 
■with  the  organs  by  which  the  plant  is  propagated,  but  is  supplied 
'i  cellular  tissue,  which  may  grow  and  develope  itself  indefinitely, 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  49 

and  which,  under  the  influence  of  abundance  of  nutriment,  will 
keep  green  ;  this  organ,  the  leaf,  may  not  ripen  at  the  right  time, 
and  may  ripen  quite  irregularly  and  the  crop  he  half  spoiled.  The 
problem,  then,  for  the  tobacco  grower  to  solve,  is,  what  fertilizer 
will  spend  its  powers  and  exert  its  properties  to  the  best  advantage 
in  order  that  the  leaf  shall  not  grow  too  large,  but  expend  or 
exhaust  its  power  before  frost,  and  thereby  promote  its  ripening  at 
the  right  time  ;  for,  as  long  as  the  leaf  is  encouraged  to  grow  by  the 
fertilizer  employed,  it  will  not  stop  to  ripen.  The  leaf  is  under  a 
different  law  from  the  organs  which  propagate  the  species,  though 
even  these  may  not  put  forth  their  powers  when  the  woody  system 
is  over  stimulated  with  nutriment. 

A  system  of  husbandry  which  is  now  called  for  is  adaptive,  or  to 
use  another  term  of  like  import,  should  be  as  far  as  possible  special; 
by  which  we  mean,  the  use  of  those  means  of  improvement  which 
are  adapted  to  the  soil  crop.  It  is  now  proved  by  experiment,  that 
phosphatic  fertilizers  are  better  adapted  to  the  growth  of  turnips 
than  ammoniacal  ones,  and  that  a  combination  of  ammoniacal  and 
phosphatic  are  best  suited  to  wheat.  These  are  instances  of  adap- 
tive husbandry.  How  many  such  instances  will  be  established 
by  experiment  and  observation  we  cannot  tell.  But  their  discovery 
is  in  the  right  direction  ;  it  is  a  progression  towards  perfection.  So 
also  as  to  the  mode  of  application  ;  abundant  experience  and  obser- 
vation ]  oint  to  the  fact,  that  surface  application  is  the  true  mode  for 
grass  lands.  But  it  may  not  be  the  best  for  corn  lands  ;  it  may  not 
supercede  a  more  immediate  application  of  certain  fertilizers  to  the 
hill  of  corn. 

So  again,  the  adaptation  of  a  crop  to  the  soil  and  to  the  condition 
of  any  particular  kind,  is  an  established  principle.  Clayey  lands 
are  better  for  wheat  than  sandy,  and  sandy  soils  grow  ryo  better 
than  they  do  wheat.  But  observations  in  this  direction  are  older 
than  those  which  are  established  relative  to  the  special  use  of  fer- 
tilizers. The  enquiry  is  and  has  been  in  the  mind  of  every  farmer, 
what  is  this  piece  of  land  adapted  to?  What  kind  of  crop  will  be 
the  most  profitable?  and  the  consequence  of  this  kind  of  enquiry 
lias  been  to  establish  many  important  practical  results  which  are 
now  acted  upon  every  day  by  our  best  farmers.  This  field  of  im- 
provement conies  first  in  the  order  of  time;  and  from  the  nature 


50  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVKY. 

of  tilings,  lias  made  greater  progress  than  that  which  comes  from 
the  special  use  and  adaptations  of  fertilizers. 

§  57.  Fertilizers  belong  to  the  three  kingdoms,  and  it  will  pro- 
mote a  systematic  view  of  them  by  adopting  a  classification  cor- 
responding to  their  origin  or  source. 

The  most  striking  difference  in  these  classe9  is  their  hulk  and 
the  quantity  which  is  to  be  applied.  Those  fertilizers  which  are 
derived  from  the  Vegetable  kingdom  are  bulky  ;  and  hence,  one 
important  result  is  secured,  which  cannot  be  obtained  from  the 
others,  especially  the  mineral  kingdom  ;  they  lighten  the  soil  and 
make  it  more  open  than  the  other  two;  a  result  which  is  due  from 
bulk  alone,  while,  if  porosity  results  from  mineral  fertilizers,  it  is 
in  consequence  of  chemical  changes  in  the  soil.  Mineral  manures 
are  more  special  than  vegetable  or  animal;  which  arises  from  the 
fact  that  they  are  less  complex  in  their  composition,  or  consist  of 
two  or  three  elements  only.  We  might  have  made  another  class, 
inasmuch  as  some  of  the  most  favorite  compounds  are  composed  of 
substances  derived  from  the  three  kingdoms.  These  are  comp 
and  it  might  at  first  sight  be  inferred  that  guano  ought  to  be  classi- 
fied  in  both  the  mineral  and  animal  kingdoms  ;  but  it  is  plain  that 
what  is  strictly  mineral  in  it  is  secondarily  derived  from  the  animal 
kingdom  only  ;  as  it  consists  of  the  excrements  of  bird-,  who  have 
subsisted  mainly  upon  fish  or  other  animal   bodies. 

.^'  ">s.  Vegetable  fertilizers  do  not  fnrnish  exclusively  ve<_refable 
matter,  they  also  yield  up  mineral  matter,  which  has  already  been 
mentioned  under  the  name  inorganic.  It  is  that  which  ha-  been 
taken  up  and  fulfilled  its  functions  in  the  vegetable  organism,  and 
now,  after  its  death,  it  is  again  seperated  by  a  -cries  of  chemical 
actions,  ami  restored  again  to  the  soil.  It  is  probably  Hie  be-!  part 
of  it,  and  sooner  or  more  easily  soluble,  or  more  quickly  prepared 
for  its  reception  into  the  vegetable  organism  than  the  unchangod 
elements  of  soil. 

£  59.  Vegetable  fertilizers  are  matters  which  have  decomposed  J 
their  particles  separated  as  well  mechanically  as  chemically  :  in 
fine,  which  have  passed  through  a  series  of  changes  which  have 
resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  class  of  new  bodies.  The  vegetable 
loses  its  green,  and  is  blackened,  as  if  charred,  but  at  the  same 
time  is  softened  and  becomes  pulpy  ;  the  fibrous  structure  disap- 
pears and  the  organization  is  broken  up.      It  has  become  subject  to 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  51 

chemical  laws.  The  common  term  is  rotten  or  rotted.  All  vege- 
table matters  pass  through  the  same  changes,  whether  matured 
wood,  twigs  or  leaves.  Matured  wood  requires  more  time,  but  ul- 
timately it  will  become  a  mixed  fertilizer,  and  have  a  value  pro- 
portioned to  the  kind  of  inorganic  matter  combined  with  its  quan- 
tity ;  for  observation  and  experiment  proves  that  the  pines,  poplars 
and  willows  have  less  mineral  matters  than  oak,  hickory  or  birch: 
and  certain  parts  have  more  than  others.  The  bark  of  the  oak  is 
richer  in  lime  than  the  wood  ;  the  twigs  and  leaves  are  richer  in 
phosphates  than  the  wood,  and  the  fruits  are  worth  more  for  fer- 
tilizers than  other  parts,  because  they  contain  more  potash  and  phos- 
phates combined.  One  thousand  pounds  of  the  willow  wood  will 
enrich  the  soil  four  and  a  half  per  cent.,  while  one  thousand 
pounds  of  dry  leaves  will  enrich  it  at  the  rate  of  eighty-two  per 
cent.  Leaves  then  would  bear  hauling  much  farther  than  the  saw 
dust  of  willows  or  pines;  hence,  it  will  be  perceived  that  leaves 
must  produce  a  much  greater  effect;  they  are  richer  in  the  money 
elements. 

Fertilizers  belonging  to  the  vegetable  kingdom  are  used  in  a 
green  or  in  a  decomposing  state,  as  in  green  crops,  plowed  under 
and  in  the  condition  of  peat,  or  peaty  matter  formed  in  bogs,  and 
in  a  state  of  partial  decay 

Green  crops  are  fertilizers  of  the  first  order,  being  decomposable 
speedily  in  consequence  of  the  full  charge  of  sap  which  they  con- 
tain when  plowed  under  the  sod.  They  change  into  a  light  black 
mould  and  assume  the  condition  of  a  compost  heap.  A  crop  is 
selected  for  this  purpose  which  grows  rapidly,  has  extensive  roots, 
and  is  supposed  to  obtain  its  stock  of  materials  in  part  from  the  at- 
mosphere This  last  is  considered  a  clear  gain.  The  extended 
roots  concentrate  the  mineral  matter  in  the  plant,  and  if  its  roots 
run  deep,  bring  up  fertilizers  beyond  the  reach  of  the  wheat  plant. 
At  any  rate,  whatever  the  green  crop  contains  is  laid  down  in  a 
layer  some  four  or  five  inches  beneath  the  surface,  and  is  really  a 
magazine  of  food. 

The  red  clover  and  buckwheat  are  employed  most  frequently  in 
the  northern  and  middle  States,  while  the  pea  is  best  adapted  to 
the  latitude  and  climate  of  North  and  South-Carolina,  lint  all  that 
part  of  Xorth-Carolina  which  lies  north  of  the  Central  Railroad, 
may  sow  clover  instead  of  the  pea.     But  the  pea  is  a  richer  plant, 


52  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

especially  if  the  plant  is  mature,  and  its  pods  filled  with  fruit. 
The  pea  lias  long  roots;  we  have  found  them  twelve  fee:  l'»ng. 
Green  manuring  is  not  confined  to  the  plants  named  ;  all  the  clover 
class,  as  lupin,  lucern,  etc.,  borage,  turnips,  and  wild  mustard  are 
sown  in  Europe  for  the  same  purpose. 

'.  The  advantages  accruing  from  green  crops  are  numerous, 
but  they  are  both  mechanical  and  chemical;  the  development  of 
ammonia,  nitric  and  carbonic  acid  within  the  soil  and  which  therefore 
are  in  the  best  condition  to  be  absorbed  by  it,  belong  to  the  hitter. 

It  is  maintained  that  a  green  crop  plowed  in  enriches  the  soil  as 
much  as  the  droppings  of  cattle  from  three  times  the  quantity  of 
green  food  consigned  to  the  soil  by  the  plow.  Another  advantage 
claimed  is,  that  about  three-fourths  of  the  whole  organic  matter  is 
derived  from  the  atmosphere.  This  is  the  most  likely  to  be  true  in 
the  clover  and  bean  family. 

Those  who  reside  near  the  sea  may  obtain  sea-weed,  and  plow 
it  in,  in  the  same  condition  that  it  is  cast  upon  the  shore.  Sea- 
weeds decompose  readily ;  they  yield  both  organic  and  saline 
matter,  and  are  nearly  equal,  for  potatoes,  to  barnyard  manure. 
Sea- weeds  are  a  specific  fertilizer  for  asparagus,  a  sea-shore'  plant. 
The  coast  of  Xorth-Carolina,  however,  does  not  abound  so  much  in 
this  class  of  fertilizers,  as  the  northern  rocky  shores  of  the  Atlantic. 
The  foregoing  fertilizers  are  employed  in  their  wet  state.  The  fol- 
lowing are  spread  upon  the  ground  dry. 

s:  61.  Straw  of  all  kinds  are  used  as  fertilizers.  In  the  condition 
of  straw  or  hay,  which  is  a  plant  dried  in  the  sun.  the  decora | 
tion  is  comparatively  slow,  even  if  buried  in  the  soil.  Mixed  with 
animal  matter  in  heaps,  its  change  is  rapid  ;  fermentation  is  induced 
which  soon  reduces  the  mass  to  a  bulky  consistence.  01  the  libre 
of  the  straw  is  separated  or  broken,  and  admits,  thereby,  of  a  ready 
incorporation  with  the  soil. 

Fertilizers  undergoing  a  series  of  changes  in  the  yards  where 
they  are  formed  are  subject  to  a  considerable  loss  of  weight.  The 
figures  given  by  Johnson  are  the  following.  A  recent  mixture 
weighs,  for  example,  from  4o'  to  50  cwt. 

After  6  weeks,  weighs  LO  to  M     "- 

After  6  weeks,  weighs  38  to  40     " 

After  when  half  rotten,  weighs  SO  to  •'!."»     •• 

And  when  fully  rotten,  weighs  20  to  L'5     " 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  53 

A  loss  of  more  than  one-half  of  its  weight  during  the  time  re- 
quired to  make  what  is  called  short  manure.  But  it  is  not  a  loss 
of  one-half  its  value.  It  may  be  infered  that  the  principal  loss  in 
weight  is  water,  though  ammonia  and  carbonic  acid  also  escape. 
But  an  informed  farmer  would  stop  the  loss  of  valuable  parts  by 
the  use  of  absorbents,  as  plaster,  weak  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron 
sprinkled  over  the  heap  or  mass,  while  fermenting.  By  these 
means,  if  the  loss  in  weight  was  not  entirely  prevented,  it  would 
greatly  diminish  that  which  is  regarded  as  valuable  and  be  confined 
to  the  watery  parts. 

Covering  the  dry  manure  in  the  soil  answers  the  same  purpose. 
Among  the  dry  materials  generally  discarded  by  our  farmers  is  sate 
dud  It  lies  in  great  heaps  around  the  sites  of  old  saw  mills,  and 
has  never,  in  this  State,  been  employed  as  a  manure.  It  is  true 
that  it  generally  consists  of  pine,  still,  on  sandy  lands,  applied  in 
small  and  repeated  doses,  it  will  supply  organic  matter  and  prepare 
the  way  for  a  satisfactory  use  of  marl.  One  hundred  loads  to  the 
acre  is  a  suitable  quantity.  This  should  be  spread  and  ploughed 
in. 

§  62.  The  seeds  of  all  plants  are  richer  fertilizers  than  the  stems 
or  leaves.  Cotton  seed  is  in  great  repute,  indeed  all  that  furnish 
oils  seem  to  be  well  adapted  to  promote  vegetation. 

Rape  seed  (Brassica  napus)  is  equal  to  cotton  seed,  but  is  too 
valuable  for  its  oil  to  be  employed  before  expression.  The  cake 
which  remains  is  still  valuable. 

§  63.  Peat  is  one  of  the  most  common  materials  which  has  been 
employed  as  a  fertilizer,  and  has  received  the  same  sanction  of 
those  who  have  used  it,  and  as  it  is  widely  distributed  it  is  neces- 
sary to  notice  it  in  this  connexion.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  all  composts.  It  may  be  employed  by  itself,  provided  it 
is  brought  by  sufficient  exposure  to  the  air  and  moisture  to  pass 
into  a  pulverulent  state  when  mixed  with  the  soil.  If  lumps  of 
peat,  which  have  dried  in  the  air,  are  buried  in  the  soil,  they  con- 
tinue in  the  condition  of  lumps  as  a  nuisance  for  two  or  three  years, 
but  if  kept  moist  in  a  heap,  and  a  species  of  fermentation  is  excit- 
ed, it  then  pulverises  and  mixes  readily  with  the  soil. 

Peat  is  best  prepared  for  crops  by  composting  it  with  other  sub- 
stances.     Johnson   gives  the  following  formula  as  the  best,  all 


54  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVKY. 

things        -   iered,  especially  with  reference  to  the  cost  of  materials, 
and  the  .Inch  are  produced: 

dust  or  earthy  peat,  (muck.)   4"  bushels. 

Coal  tar, 2"  gallons. 

7  bushels. 

Sulphate  of  soda,  'glaubers  salL=.  i 1  cwt 

Sulphate  of  magnesia,  (ep.  salts,  i   H  cwt. 

inon  salt,    1  i  cwt. 

Quick  lime, 20  bad) 

naterials  are  mixed  and  put  into  a  heap  and  allowed  to 
ferment  three  weeks;  then  turned  and  allowed  again  to  ferment. 
when  the  compost  is  ready  for  use. 

:npound  is  compared  with  guano,  both  as  a  fertiliz 
hay  and  tnrnips. 

.  hay.  per  imperial  acre  : 

PEODrCX.  <^06T. 

Nothing 416  stones. 

<iu;.  7"<2     •• 

Compost,  4"  bushels,    701     '• 

•n  turnips: 

PEODCCi  M 

Farm  yard  manure,  28  yards,    ....   2fi  tons. 

mo.  5  cwt. IS     -  $12 

••u.-hels M 

According  to  the  foregoing  experiments  the  compost  seems  to  be 

juano." 

But  Johnson  remarks  that  the  experiments  need  repeating,  and 

the  nature  of  the  compost  there  is  nothing  improbable 

in  the  re-   Its.     It  will  be  observed  that  the  comp  tins  coal 

tar.  'ice  which,  a  .  we  should  be  very  likely  to  place 

any  else  than  in  a  list  with  fertilizers,  yet  experience  proves 

!ue. 

nation  of  one  hundred  parts  r,  and  from  one  to 

thr.  of  coal  tar.  well   mixed   in  a   mortar,   is  valuable  in 

I    ■;•  certain   purposes  olive  oil  is  add  en   the 

mixture  -  _  cation  to  putrid  sores,  etc.     Tl 

poncipa  .  bat  without  the  olive  oil,  in  place  of  chloride  of 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  55 

lime  to  disinfect  sinks,  privies,  etc.  It  purines  water  in  a  short 
time. 

But  it  is  also  valuable  in  agriculture,  one-half  a  pound  of"  the 
powder  dissolved  in  5  or  6  gallons  of  water  and  sprinkled  on  the 
litter  of  a  stable  will  deprive  a  cubic  yard  of  manure  of  all  odor, 
and  prevent  the  loss  of  fertilizing  matter. 

Coal  tar  has  also  been  applied,  per  se,  to  wheat  stubble  for  the 
benefit  of  a  root  crop  which  was  to  succeed. 

The  use  of  coal  tar  is  mentioned  in  this  place  as  in  many  of  the 
towns  of  ^North-Carolina  it  can  be  obtained  at  the  gas  works.  It 
is  now  wasted.  It  is  expected,  also,  that  the  kerosine  oil  works, 
which  are  about  to  be  established  upon  Deep  river,  will  furnish 
large*  quantities  of  coal  tar  for  market. 

§  0-i.  But  to  return  to  the  consideration  of  peat  and  muck. 
Many  questions  have  been  raised  with  respect  to  their  use,  which 
are  really  superfluous  ;  as  in  what  kinds  of  soils  do  they  produce  the 
best  results,  etc.  Now,  this  substance,  if  properly  prepared,  acts 
beneficially  on  all  kinds  of  soils.  It  may  be  in  a  condition  to 
benefit  no  soil ;  and  hence,  prejudices  will  be  raised,  when  its 
failure  is  our  own  fault.  But  questions  respecting  the  bid  moth  of 
preparing  it  J  or  use,  are  highly  important. 

There  are  many  modes  of  composting,  and  undoubtedly  some 
formula  prescribing  the  ingredients  should  be  adopted ;  and  in 
constructing  a  formula,  regard  must  be  had,  both  to  the  crop  it  is 
intended  for,  and  the  condition  of  the  soil  to  which  it  is  to  be 
applied. 

In  practice,  muck  or  peat  which  by  itself  is  scarcely  soluble,  re- 
quires an  alkali  to  effect  a  solution  of  it  at  least. 

Mr.  Dana,  in  his  Muck  Manual,  gives  a  good  formula  which  can 
be  followed  by  any  person  who  is  inclined  to  try  it.  It  is  com- 
posed of  the  following  proportions  : 

Peat,    50  His. 

Salt, \  busbeL 

Ashe-;,    I      do. 

Water, LOO  gallons. 

The  ashes  and  peat  are  well  mixed,  adding  a  little  Mater  to 
moisten  the  materials.  This  mixture  lies  a  week,  when  the  dis- 
solved salt  or  brine  is  to  be  added  and  well  stirred  in  a  hogshead. 


56  NORTH-CAROLINA    OKOLOUICAL    SIRVKY. 

It  requires  stirring  for  a  week,  when  it  is  fit  for  use.  The  blown 
liquid  which  floats  above  the  peat,  contains  the  whole  organic 
matter  in  the  Balta.    This  is  to  be  applied  to  the  land  it  is  designed 

lor,  in  solution.  In  the  course  ot  lour  or  live  weeks,  however, 
another  substance  is  formed,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  which  is  in- 
jurious to  vegetation.  But  in  the  mean  time,  repeated  additions  of 
water  will  furnish  more  soluble  matter  from  the  peat.     A  decided 

benefit  is  seen  upon  corn,  onions,  grass,  barley,  etc.  A  compost 
of  the^e  materials  applied  dry  will  be  attained  witli  less  trouble, 
atid  though  its  effects  may  not  be  exhibited  so  soon,  yet  they  will 
last  longer.  In  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  respecting  the 
powers  of  the  roots  of  vegetables  to  select  or  obtain  nutrim 
the  necessity  of  obtaining  a  soluble  condition  of  peat  before  its  ap- 
plication, is  not  well  settled ;  for  it  seems  that  the  roots  do  act  upon 
insoluble  matters,  and  appropriate  them  to  the  use  of  the  plant. 
By  tin's  phraseology,  it  is  not  meant  that  roots  do  take  up  insoluble 
material,  but  that  they  have  a  power  of  imparting  solubility  which 
water  by  its  own  action  has  not. 

f;  >'<'>.  fertilisers  of  Animal  Origin. — It  will  be  superflr, 
enumerate  all  the  kinds  which  are  referred  to  the  animal  kingdom. 
It  is  sufficient  to  observe  that  everything  has  been  or  may  be  em- 
ploy ed  for  manures  which  has  lived.  All  parts,  all  organs,  hair, 
wool,  skin,  flesh  and  bone,  help  make  up  the  list.  To  the  foregoing 
we  may  add  the  animal  liquids,  blood,  and  the  excrements  both 
solid  and  liquid.  As  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  they  posse-- 
ent  values. 

A  knowledge  of  their  composition  furnishes  a  reason  why  they 
are  ell  as  how  they  act. 

Bone  is  composed  of: 

Phosphate  of  lime 

- 

Soda  and  common  salt,    

Carbonate  of  lime 

Fluoride  of  calcium,      -'iOO 

•  Jelatirx- ■ 

100.00 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  57 

In  adding  dry  bone  pulverized  there  is  added  thirty-three  per 
cent,  of  organic  matter  in  gelatine. 

Bones  are  employed  in  a  dry  state  after  being  ground  or  crushed. 
They  of  eonrse  act  slowly  in  this  condition,  but  with  excellent  re- 
sults. The  most  popular  mode  of  employing  bone,  however,  is  as 
a  super-phosphate,  as  it  is  called.  This  substance  is  prepared  by 
mixing  one  half  of  its  weight  or  its  whole  weight,  which  is  better, 
with  sulphuric  acid,  (oil  of  vitriol.)  previously  diluted  with  three 
times  its  bulk  of  water.  The  materials  require  repeated  stirring: 
When  the  solution  is  effected,  a  pasty  substance  is  obtained.  Two 
modes  of  applying  it  are  recommended.  The  first  in  substance,  in 
the  condition  of  a  powder.  This  is  obtained  by  mixing  with  char- 
coal powder,  dry  peat,  saw-dust  or  a  tine  vegetable  soil.  If  it  is 
wished  to  drill  in  this  fertilizer  with  the  seed  for  a  crop,  as  wheat, 
the  powdered  state  as  above  may  be  resorted  to,  or  if  it  is  designed 
to  use  a  solution,  it  is  necessary  to  add  forty  or  fifty  times  its  qnan- 
tity  of  water,  when  it  may  be  applied  to  the  crop  with  a  water 
cart.  The  latter  mode  brings  out  results  much  more  speedily,  and 
as  farmers  are  anxious  to  see  immediate  effects,  the  hitter  may 
afford  more  encouragement  to  use  those  fertilizers  which  belong 
to  the  first  class. 

66.  The  comparative  results  as  determined  by  experiments  of 
the  two  forms  of  bones,  the  crushed  and  dissolved,  should  be  given 
in  this  connexion.  Thus,  while  16  bushels  of  crushed  bones  gave 
ten  tons  and  three  hundred  pounds  per  acre,  two  bushels  of  super- 
phosphate gave  nine  tons  and  twelve  hundred  pound.- ;  the  latter 
approximating  very  closely  upon  the  former.  But  this  statement 
taken  literally,  does  not  reveal  to  us  the  state  of  the  case,  for  the- 
latter  lias  cost  something  for  its  preparation,  but  the  difference  in, 
the  loDg  run  will  be  found  to  be  much  less,  inasmuch  as  the  pow- 
dered preparation  will  continue  to  fertilize  the  soil  for  the  next  10 
without  additional  expense  'y  and  yet  the  following  practice 
we  would  recommend,  viz :  for  all  cultivated  crops,  as  turnips,, 
corn,  oats,  etc.,  to  use  the  super-phosphate  on  the  score  of  speody 
action  and  immediate  results :  for  long  continued  use.  as  for  pas- 
ture? and  hay,  the  ground  bones.  The  powder  will  be  slowly  dis- 
solved by  the  aid  of  carbonic  acid  and  furnish  thereby  ;v  constant 
supply  of  food  for  years  in  succession.  So  also,  as  a  fertilizer  for 
vines  and  fruit  trees,  the  bone  in  substance  answers  a  better  pur- 
4 


5S  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

pose  than  the  super-phosphate.  It  is  no  object  to  over  immure  a 
vine  or  tree;  what  is  wanted  is  a  steady  and  constant  supply. 
When  a  great  growth  of  vine  and  limbs  is  obtained  by  great  doses 
of  fertilizers,  the  wood  is  not  perfected,  and  the  tendency  will  be 
to  develope  imperfectly  consolidated  or  unripe  wood  rather  than 
fruit;  there  will  be  an  over-burthen  of  the  latter.  Even  uncrttslted 
bmies  buried  among  the  roots  of  a  vine  produce  the  besl  of  results. 
In  that  way,  the  bones  are,  as  it  were,  penetrated  by  thousands  of 
spongioles,  which,  by  a  power  not  well  understood,  supply  from 
these  comparatively  insoluble  bodies,  all  the  nutriment  they  require 
of  this  kind,  for  heavy  crops. 

The  experiments  of  Wohlee  show  that  bones  are  soluble  in  water 
without  the  aid  of  carbonic  acid.  Water  which  has  been  filtered 
through  a  mass  of  bones,  has  always  contained  phosphates  in  solu- 
tion. But  it  appears  that  the  quantity  dissolved  depends  partly 
upon  the  stage  of  putrefaction  which  they  have  reached  ;  and 
hence,  it  is  inferred  that  fresh  bones  kept  wet  will  furnish  this  im- 
portant fertilizer  in  a  mode  cheaper  than  that  which  is  usually  pur- 
sued. 

§  67.  Horn  (horn  core)  is  composed  of: 

Water, 10.81 

Phosphates  of  lime  and  magnesia,    4<i.l4 

Carbonate  of  lime,  T.71 

Gelatine  (organic  matter)   86.84 

100.00 

68.   Liquid   excrements,  as  the  urine  of  different  animals,  in- 
stead of  being  preserved  in  its  liquid  state,  haw  been  of  late 
.ni.  ed  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  gypsum  to  lix  the  volatile  com- 
t pom. ds,  as  the  ammonia,  and  then  dried  to  a  powder;   in  this  state 
i  it  is  applied  to  land.     But  it  is  doubtful  if  it  has  an  advantage  over 
the  mixture  composed  of  peat.      Let  every  one  consult  his  feelings 
in   regard  to  the    preparation  of   these  bodies,  especially   where 
apparatus  is  not  at  hand,  and  he   will   readily  understand  why  it  is 
that  the  preparation  and  even   preservation  of  many  valuable  sub- 
stances is  neglected;  for  much  care  and  work  is  involved   in  the 
process  when  evaporation  and  preparation  of  superphosphates  are 
.talked  about.     But  when  preservation  and  preparations  are  sim- 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  0<) 

pllfied,  it  is  possible  to  persuade  farmers  to  undertake  it.  It  is  not 
so  much  for  want  of  knowledge  that  so  much  is  neglected;  it  is 
because  the  work  is  presented  in  a  shape  too  complicated,  or  re- 
quiring too  much  attention  and  labor.  Guano,  with  all  its  expense, 
has  taken  everywhere,  because  it  is  ready  to  apply.  If  farmers 
had  to  cook  it  before  it  could  be  used,  very  little  would  have  been 
used  in  Xortb-Carolina. 

§  69.  For  these  reasons  it  is  believed  that  very  few  will  resort  to 
the  use  of  tanks  and  distribution  carts  for  the  preservation  and 
■distribution  of  the  liquid  excrements  of  men  and  cattle.  A  muck 
or  peat  yard  with  a  depression  in  the  middle,  which  may  be  made 
the  receptacle  of  offal,  blood,  urine,  etc.,  will  be  found  the  most 
eligible  mode  of  preserving  these  bodies.  It  is  known  that  every 
thing  is  to  go  there,  and  all  that  will  be  required  to  preserve  the 
volatile  matters  and  absorb  offensive  gases,  will  be  to  use  plaster 
-and  peat  intermixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  coal  tar,  which  can 
now  be  procured  in  almost  every  village  of  the  State.  These  im- 
perfect compost  beds  may  be  turned  over  with  the  fork  from  time 
to  time  in  order  to  secure  a  perfect  mixture.  It  should  be  spread 
broadcast,  and  the  harrow  used  to  mix  it  witli  upper  soil. 

§  70.  For  the  preparation  of  the  fluid  substances  of  animals,  a 
compost  with  peat  is  probably  the  best  which  can  be  devised. 
Blood  and  fluid  excrements  mixed  with  charcoal  or  peat,  the  latter 
of  which  is  the  cheapest  and  most  easily  prepared,  form  with  little 
labor  and  expense  an  excellent  compost.  Indeed  the  basis  should 
be  kept  in  heaps  for  the  reception  of  fluid  refuse  matter;  even  the 
soapsuds  of  the  wash  room,  which  are  generally  wasted,  should 
find  a  repository  there.  But  let  the  small  farmer  enumerate  the 
animal  substances  which  might  be  saved  in  the  course  of  a  year. 
The  blood,  hair,  wool,  bristles,  feathers,  skin,  old  leather,  woolen 
rags,  fragments  of  bones,  to  which  we  may  add  entire  carcasses  of 
dead  animals,  even  cats  and  dogs,  will  form  a  formidable  mass 
when  deposited  together  in  the  farmyard.  These,  when  moistened 
or  wet  in  a  heap  with  ammoniated  compounds,  or  even  water,  will 
soften,  undergo  a  partial  fermentation,  and  in  time  become  as  val- 
uable as  guano.  The  absorbant  power  of  peat  and  charcoal  will 
fix  all  the  valuable  gases. 

The  preservation  of  the  foregoing  substances  require  no  cash, 
and  very  little  time,  and  there  is  no  necessity  of  attempting  the 


60  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

regulation  of  the  quantity  by  weight  or  measure.  Woolen  rags  may 
be  deposited  among  the  roots  of  vines  or  fruit  trees;  hair,  bristles, 
old  shoes  and  leather,  etc.,  may  have  the  same  destination.  One 
ton  of  hair,  bristles  and  wool  are  worth  as  much  as  four  or  live  tons 
of  blood.  The  dry  materials  enumerated  are  fitted  to  those  crops 
which  are  to  be  sustained  for  several  years  in  succession,  as  meadow 
land  and  pasturage,  while  the  fluid  and  easily  decomposed  kinds 
are  better  suited  to  the  annual  hoed  crops.  In  this  distribution  we 
obtain  more  speedily  their  money  value.  Nitrogen  is  supposed  to 
be  the  most  important  element  of  animal  bodies.  Thus  dry  blood 
contains  15.50  per  cent.;  dry  skin,  hair  and  horns,  from  16  to  17.50 
per  cent,  of  nitrogen.  Still,  all  these  substances  are  rich  in  phos- 
phates, and  hence,  their  value  is  due  in  part  to  the  latter. 

To  the  planter,  the  importance  of  providing  for  the  preparation 
or  preservation  of  night  soil,  presents  itself  in  a  strong  light ; 
especially,  if  we  can  confide  in  the  conclusions  of  Bousingault. 
According  to  this  distinguished  farmer  and  chemist,  the  liquid  and 
solid  excrements  of  an  adult  individual  amount  on  the  average  to 
1-J-  pounds  daily,  and  that  they  contain  3  per  cent  of  nitrogen. 
According  to  this  calculation,  they  will  amount  in  a  year  to  517 
pounds,  containing  16.41  pounds  nitrogen ;  a  quantity  sufficient  to 
yield  the  nitrogen  of  800  pounds  of  wheat,  or  of  900  pounds  barley. 
The  quantity  is  more  than  sufficient  to  fertilize  an  acre  of  land. 
From  the  foregoing  it  is  not  difficult  to  form  an  estimate  of  what 
is  lost  upon  plantations  stocked  with  one  hundred,  or  any  given 
number  of  laborers;  or  to  place  it  in  another  point  of  view,  how 
much  might  be  gained  by  the  adoption  of  means  which  shall  en- 
force the  preservation  of  excrements,  both  liquid  and  solid. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  61 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

Solid  excrements.     Guano.     Composition  and  comparative  yalJue.     Discrepancies 
stated. 

§  71.  The  solid  excrements  of  animals  form  a  well  known  class 
of  fertilizing  bodies  of  great  value.  Their  value  depends  upon 
the  food  upon  which  the  animals  are  supported.  It  may  consist  of 
matters  little  better  than  ground  hay  intermixed  with  small  por- 
tions of  mucus;  or  if  fed  upon  corn,  it  is  richly  charged  with  am- 
monia, or  perhaps  still  richer,  if  fed  upon  fish  and  animal  substances. 
The  kinds  receive  their  designation  according  to  their  origin. 
Night  soil,  human  excrement,  which  when  dried  with  gypsum  or 
lime,  is  sold  under  the  name  of  jpoudrette.  The  former,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  richness,  loses  more  of  its  value  by  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere,  than  any  other  kind.  Hence  arises  the  necessity  of 
mixing  it  with  absorbants,  such  as  plaster,  charcoal,  peat,  sawdust, 
etc.  To  these  may  be  added  the  sulphuric  acid  or  muriatic  ;  both 
form  with  ammonia  a  valuable  fertilizer.  Muriatic  acid  may  be 
sprinkled  over  foecal  matters  in  the  vault  from  a  copper  watering 
vessel.  The  acid  should  be  diluted  with  two  and  a  half  times  its 
bulk  of  water. 

The  products  of  the  horse,  cow  and  hog  should  be  mixed  together, 
as  in  that  case  the  properties  which  are  wanting  in  one  are  sup- 
plied by  the  other.  Fermentation,  resulting  in  a  prepared  state 
for  use,  will  be  secured  more  safely  than  when  they  are  used  alone. 
Those  of  the  horse,  it  is  well  known,  if  packed  into  heaps,  heats 
and  is  nearly  destroyed.  That  of  hogs  fattening  upon  grain  is 
probably  richer  than  any  other,  but  is  far  less  liable  to  heat  than 
the  former.  It  is  accused  of  imparting  an  unpleasant  taste  to  roots 
when  freely  used,  in  consequence  of  containing  an  unexamined 
volatile  substance. 

§  72.  The  excrement  of  birds  is  richer  in  fertilizing  matter  than 
quadrupeds,  in  consequence  of  mixture.  The  urate  which  exists 
in  the  urine  of  the  latter,  passes  off*  with  the  foecal  in  the  for- 
mer. That  of  pigeons  is  in  repute  in  Flanders,  Spain  and  other 
countries  in  Europe.  In  some  parts  of  Spain  it  is  sold  for  four- 
pence  a  pound,  and  is  used  for  melons,  tomatoes  and  flower  roots. 


62  NOBTH-CAKOLDJA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

Its  valuable  properties  are  no  doubt  due  to  the  grains  upon  "which 
the  birds  feed.  In  Flanders  the  manure  of  one  hundred  birds  is 
worth  twenty  shillings  a  year  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Equally  valuable  are  the  same  products  from  the  domestic  fowl, 
geese  and  ducks,  when  fed  upon  corn.  When  the  domestic  fowl 
is  lodged  in  a  suitable  shed,  the  free  use  of  gypsum  upon  the  floor 
is  indispensable  to  the  preservation  of  tne  volatile  parts.  It  is  ne- 
-ary  to  use  it  with  the  same  care  as  is  observed  in  the  use  of  all 
compounds  which  contain  the  elements  of  ammonia. 

3.  Of  the  solid  animal  fertilizers,  the  most  celebrated  of  this 
class  is  Guano,  now  generally  used  and  is  by  some  regarded  as 
almost  indispensable  for  the  successful  cultivation  of  wheat  and 
tobacco,  etc. 

This  substance  consists  of  the  excrements  of  birds,  (sea  fowl,) 
which  feed  mostly  on  fish  or  animal  matter.  The  accumulation 
and  composition  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  dryness  of  the  atmos- 
phere. There  are  two  varieties  in  market,  the  South-American 
from  the  coast  of  Peru,  and  the  Mexican  from  the  Gulf.  The 
former  is  from  a  rainless  district,  and  hence  retains  its  soluble  mat- 
ter; the  latter  is  from  a  district  subject  to  rains,  and  hence  its  am- 
monia salts  and  other  soluble  matters  are  diminished  to  a  minimum 
quantity.  A  little  reflection  will  enable  a  person  of  information  to 
understand  their  relative  values,  especially  when  it  is  known  that 
the  latter  frequently  contains  from  60  to  80  per  cent,  of  bone  earth, 
and  the  former  50  per  cent,  of  soluble  matters,  and  rich  in  ammo- 
niacal  salts,  and  only  about  23  to  25  per  cent,  of  phosphates  or  b<>ne 
earth.  In  accounting,  however,  for  the  effects  of  guano,  we  should 
not  lose  sight  of  their  complex  composition.  This  fact  is  brought 
out  in  the  following  analysis  : 

TOELKEL 

Urate  of  ammonia,    B.94 

Oxalate  of  ammonia,    1 3.35 

Lime 1' 

Phosphate  of  ammonia, fi.4."> 

"         Lime,    I.M 

"        Ammonia  and  magnesia,  4.19 

Soda,   I 

Muriate  of  soda,    Q.M 

Sulphate  of  soda,   1.19 

Potash,    4.22 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  63 

Muriate  of  ammonia,    6.50 

Water  and  organic  matter,    5.90 

Clay  and  sand,    28.31 

This  elaborate  analysis  is  selected  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the 
complexity  of  composition  of  guano.  The  most  valuable  parts  of 
it,  it  will  be  ceen,  are  the  ammoniacal  sabs  and  phosphatic  salts. 
In  some  varieties  the  guano  is  weakened  by  sand  and  clay ;  it  is 
often  much  less,  rarely  more,  unless  adulterated.  Potash  is  usually 
regarded  as  existing  in  too  small  proportions  to  effect  its  value,  yet 
it  is  found  as  a  salt  in  this  case  to  be  larger  than  usual ;  the  per 
centage  rarely  exceeding  one  per  cent.  It  may  be  expected,  there- 
fore, that  this  deficiency  may  be  observed  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years  of  U6e. 

>J  Ti.  The  length  of  time  during  which  guano  acts  is  estimated 
variously  by  observers,  though  all  agree  that  the  guano  of  the 
rainless  districts  have  a  shorter  life  than  those  which  are  preserved 
upon  a  rainy  coast.  The  reason  is  obvious.  In  this  climate  the 
former  are  expended  in  two  }Tears;  the  latter,  as  they  resemble 
bone  earth,  last  longer, — at  least  twice  as  long. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  guano,  in  this  country,  has  laid  agricul- 
ture under  immense  obligations.  It  has  encouraged,  or,  indeed, 
inaugurated  a  new  system,  and  has  given  that  impetus  to  it  which 
will  never  die  out. 

The  advantages  of  guano  in  the  Southern  States  are  numerous. 
By  its  use  old  fields  are  brought  into  bearing  immediately,  and 
bear  at  once  money  making  crops.  Several  years  are  required  to 
resuscitate  an  old  field  in  the  ordinary  mode  of  procedure.  The 
result,  then,  is  the  saving  of  time.  On  cotton  and  tobacco  its 
influence  is  felt  strongly  in  securing  early  a  good  stand.  Its  influ- 
ence is  continued  down  to  the  right  period  for  ripening,  and  no 
doubt  in  those  cases  where  the  proper  quantity  is  used  it  ceases  to 
grow,  and  the  process  proceeds  regularly,  and  thereby  secures 
uniformity  ;  a  point  of  the  greatest  importance  where  a  high  priced 
tobacco  is  the  object. 

The  quantity  of  guano  per  acre,  which  is  useful,  seems  to  be 
tolerably  well  determined.  Very  few  use  more  than  two  hundred 
pounds  to  the  acre.     Curious,  as  well  as  instructive  experiments 


64  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

are  given    in  Johnson's  elements  of  agriculture  of  the  effects  of 
Quantity  on  a  crop.     Thus: 

QUAirUTX   OF   <.CAKO.  EFF»T   ON   THE  TCKMP   CROP.         OK   THE   AKTEr.   TROT    Of    WHEAT. 

4  cwt.  to  the  acre,  (Scotch.)     18  tons  of  good  turnips.  Good  wheat. 

x  cwt.  to  the  acre.  14  tons  very  indifferent.  Inferior. 

f  Looked,  when  young,  won-      |  Stuble   black,  grain 

derfullv  well,  but  there  dark,  and  not  larg- 

1G  cwt.  to  the  acre.  \  .....   ,    ,,  .    ±,         ,       -  .,  .' 

was  httl,  bull,  m  the  end,  cr     than     small 

produce  10  tons.  rice. 

(riiano  is  accused  of  acting  injuriously  when  its  use  is  protracted. 
The  probable  influence  of  guano,  when  used  for  several  years  on 
the  same  area,  is  to  cause  an  exhaustion  of  those  elements  in  the 
soil  which  the  guano  cannot  supply.  Potash  is  probably  bo  much 
diminished  that  it  ceases  to  furnish  it  to  che  crops.  However  this 
may  be,  it  is  evident  that  its  use  increases  so  largely  the  quantity 
or  weight  that  to  supply  any  element  from  the  soil  alone  would 
diminish  the  stock  or  magazine  in  a  greater  ratio,  and  hence  more 
speedily  than  ordinary  crops.  Hence,  as  the  supply  is  derived 
originally  from  the  rocks,  and  never  can  accummulate  under  these 
circumstances,  though  every  year  adds  its  atoms  to  the  soil,  yet  it 
is  used  faster  by  far  than  it  is  produced  ;  the  consequence  is,  the 
stock  will  be  too  much  diminished  to  supply  the  wants  after  an 
uncertain  period,  and  the  soil  will  actually  become  poor  in  one  or 
more  elements  necessary  to  the  cultivated  plant. 

If  potash  is  deficient  in  a  soil,  and  is  the  result  of  the  excessive 
use  of  guano,  the  addition  of  leached  ashes  will  supply  the  defici- 
ency ;  but  a  mixture  of  well  pulverized  peat  and  ashes  with  guano 
will  best  supply  the  deficiences  of  tin's  fertilizer.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  the  use  of  guano  ought  not  to  be  intermittent.  A.8  we 
have  said,  it  saves  time  in  resuscitating  old  fields.  If,  after  one  or 
two  years,  guano  is  dismissed,  and  the  fertility  is  kept  up  afterwards 
by  vegetable  and  mineral  substances  composted  together,  the  evil 
of  exhaustion  will  be  averted. 

.'  7.").  In  consequence  of  the  high  price  of  guano,  an  article  of  an 
inferior  value  is  often  brought  to  market,  or  else  it  is  adulterated. 
Chemical  changes  also  affect  its  value.  It  is  not  easy  to  form  a 
judgment  by  oecnlar  inspection.  Those  which  are  hrowri  have  un- 
dergone those  changes  which  approximate  a  decomposition,  which 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  65 

discharges  a  large  proportion  of  its  ammonia.  Hence,  the  lighter 
the  color  the  less  change  it  has  undergone,  and  therefore  the  better. 

A  strong  odor  of  ammonia  is  a  good  indication;  if  not  free,  a 
trial  may  be  made  by  mixing  a  spoonful  of  it  with  air-slacked  lime 
in  a  glass  ;  ammonia  fumes  ought  to  be  exhaled  if  good.  Too  much 
water  is  indicated  by  its  mechanical  condition.  Fifty-five  dollars 
per  ton  for  water  is  a  poor  investment.  Guano  then  should  be  dry. 
If  much  sand  is  intermixed  it  may  be  detected  by  mixing  it  with 
water  in  a  tumbler,  giving  a  little  time  for  subsidence,  pour  ofl"  the 
top,  repeat  the  operation  a  few  times,  and  the  quantity  of  sand  will 
remain  at  flie  bottom  of  the  tumbler.  There  is  another  experiment 
which  it  is  easy  to  perform  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the 
quantity  ot  sand,  and  if  weighed,  the  result  maybe  quite  accurate. 
Heat  the  weighed  quantity  to  redness,  when  the  volatile  matters, 
ammonia  and  others  of  that  nature,  will  be  consumed  or  dissipated. 
Dissolve  the  remainder  in  dilute  muriatic  acid  of  the  shops  by  ap- 
plying a  moderate  heat.  The  remainder  will  be  sand  or  other  use- 
less earth.  Elaborate  analyses  are  too  difficult  and  expensive  to 
be  undertaken  for  a  moderate  quantity  of  guano,  but  the  foregoing 
may  be  resorted  to  and  ought  to  be;  for  they  may  account  for  a 
failure,  or  explain  more  satisfactorily  the  results  upon  the  crop, 
whether  remarkably  good,  indifferent  or  bad.  Much,  however, 
must  be  trusted  to  the  character  of  the  merchant. 

;$  76.  The  money  value  of  animal  manures  cannot  be  accurately 
determined  for  many  reasons,  so  much  depends  on  the  season, 
and  circumstances  under  which  they  are  employed.  It  is  only  the 
theoretical  value  which  chemistry  fixes.  This  is  undoubtedly  to 
be  trusted,  but  it  often  happens  that  an  inferior  manure  thus  tested 
baa  a  better  influence  than  one  which  has  the  highest  chemical  or 
theoretical  value.  It  seems  to  be  settled  that  the  value  ot  a  manure 
for  a  given  crop  depends  upon  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  it  contains, 
and  tables  have  been  constructed  which  are  designed  to  express  this 
fact.  It  is  assumed,  however,  that  a  selected  example  is  reprcst  fit- 
ed  by  a  given  number,  it  may  be  1000  or  100.  This  is  the  standard 
with  which  the  others  are  compared,  and  it  may  be  interesting  to 
consult  a  table  constructed  upon  this  principle,  and  also  occasional- 
ly useful.     The  following  is  given  by  Johnson: 


66  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SCBVKT. 

Farm  yard  manure,    100  taken  as  a  standard, 

Solid  excrements  of  the  cow,    125 

"       horse,    

Liquid  excrements  of  the  cow, 91 

"        horse,    16 

Mixed  "  "       cow,    

M  u       horse,    5  i 

"  u       sheep, 

pig 

Dry  flesh 3 

•  Hi's  excreta 

Flemish  liquid  manure,    - 

Liquid  blood 16 

1  »ry         do 4 

Feathers,    8 

Cow  hair,   

Horn  -having? 

Dry  woolen  rag-s 2  i 

There  is  considerable  truth,  no  doubt,  in  the  foregoing  table,  in- 
asmuch as  experience  supports  it  so  frequently,  that  in  the  minds 
of  many  it  may  in  fact  merit  a  high  degree  of  confidence.  But  in 
the  example,  woolen  rags  rank  in  this  scale  as  high  hat 

is.  gf  pounds  of  woolen  rag8  poooooo  as  much  fertilizing  power  ad 
100  pounds  of  farmyard  manure, is  doubtful;  the  practice  of  wast- 
ing them,  however,  should  not  be  tolerated.  According  to  the 
chemistry  of  pig  ivments,  5  pounds  are  worth  as  much  as 

l'i< >  pounds  of  farmyard  manure.  Reliable  experience^  and  all 
that  Johnson*  has  said  of  it  in  another  place,  seems  to  sustain  in 
part  this  view,  but  all  things   considered,  it  is  -is 

ranked  tod  high. 


♦Johnson's  Elements  of  Agriculture,  p.  213 — 1-t. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  67 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Mineral  fertilizers.  Sulphates.  Native  phosphates.  Carbonates.  Nitrates. 
Silicates.  Ashes.  Analysis  of  the  ash  of  the  white-oak.  Composition  of 
peat  ashes.     Management  of  volatile  and  other  fertilizers. 

7.  As  the  name  implies,  mineral  fertilisers  are  derived  from 
the  miueral  kingdom.  They  comprehend  exactly  the  common  ele- 
ments of  soil,  and  differ  from  them  only  in  being  isolated  and  in 
large  quantities.  Marl  does  not  differ  from  the  carbonate  of  lime 
in  the  soil;  phosphate  of  lime  is  a  soil  element,  but  we  procure  it 
in  quantities  and  intermix  it  with  soil,  and  then  call  it  a  fertiliser. 
The  process  of  fertilization  consists  simply  in  resupplying  what  has 
been  removed,  or  adding  it  when  it  is  from  the  start  defective,  or 
entirely  absent.  The  fanner,  in  fertilization,  goes  to  work  and  sup- 
plies from  the  mineral  stores  of  nature  what  to  him  is  wanting  to 
make  his  crops  grow. 

§  78,  This  kingdom  is  rich  in  fertilisers,  the  number  exceeds 
those  of  both  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms. 

A-  a  class,  they  are  composed  of  combinations  of  two  and  some- 
times three  elements,  which,  as  a  whole,  is  termed  a  salt,  and  they 
resolve  themselves  into  two  parts.  i»  base  and  an  acid  :  thus  sul- 
phate of  lime  is  a  salt,  and  consists  of  lime,  which  is  the  base,  and 
sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vitriol.)  which  is  the  acid.  Virtually,  it  seems 
to  be  simply  a  base  and  an  acid  :  still,  lime  is  a  compound  of  oxy- 
gen and  calcium,  and  oil  of  vitriol  of  sulphur  and  oxygen  :  there 
is.  therefore,  three  partners  in  the  concern — <.///;//<.  sulphur  :  ml 
calcium.  Now  in  its  action,  it  is  not  calcium,  but  lame  ;  and 
though  sulphur  seems  to  be  dissolved  in  certain  animal  fluids,  yet 
it  is  generally  the  compound  of  sulphur  and  oil  of  vitriol  which  is 
found  in  the  organic  tissues.  In  the  mind  of  the  farmer  oil  iff 
■vitriol  should  not  be  strongly  persistent:  for,  in  combining  with 
lime,  or  iron,  or  a  base,  this  powerful  substance  loses  its  sour,  caustic 
properties,  and  the  gypsum  formed  is  really  one  of  the  gemtiewtf 
mildest  anil  modest  bodies  in  the  whole  mineral  kingdom,  notwith- 
standing it  contains  that  audacious  consumer  of  all  things,  oil  qf 
vitriol. 

i  79.  But  we  propose  to  consider  somewhat  in  detail  the  mineral 
fertilizers  under  the  heads  they  are  ranked  by  writers  upon  agricul- 


6S  NORTH-CAROLINA.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

tural  chemistry,  and  to  make  such  remarks  upon  them  as  we  may 
deem  useful  to  the  planter. 

It  need  not  be  inferred,  it  appears  to  us.  that  because  a  Bubstanca 
is  classed  with  minerals,  that  its  mode  of  action  differs  mate; 
from  those  derived  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  or  that  they  are 
selected  by  the  r  -  plants  and  taken  up  by  them  in  a  different 
mode.  In  the  vegetable  and  animal  economy,  they  must  be  ie- 
garded  as  necess  -  :id  cannot  be  dispensed  with,  though  in 
quantiry  they  are  necessary  unly  in  small  pro) 

v  ■.  are  no  donbt  taken  up  into  the  vegetable  onaaaV 

'sm.  and  if  decomposed  by  the  roots  or  other  agencies  in  the  soil  with- 
out  •       -       bur  which  exists  in   may  plants,  could  not  bo  - 
torily  accounted   for.     Being  taken  up  as  sulphates,  the  plant  has 

i  decompose  them   and   appropriate   the  sulphur  and  the 
base  of  the  salt 

31-  "  gypsum.     This  substance   is  feebly 

soluble  in  water.     In  i:>  purest   crystalline  condition,  it  is  trai  - 
rent,  and  iaealle  :  when    massive  it  is  white  or  gray,  and 

often  granular,  or  else  compact  when  it  forms  the  common  gypsum 
of  agriculture,  and  which  may  be  distinguished  from  carbonate  of 
lime  or  marble  by  its  softness,  and  not  effervescing  with  acids.     It 
»fi     -       as  to  be  scratched  by  the  finger  nail. 

It  occurs  abundantly  in   nature,  but  is   never  found   associ;. 
with  primary  rocks,  as  granite,  mica  slate,  _  :c.      Tin-  - 

be  recollected.     Then    is  no  plaster  in  North-Carolina  unless  it  is 

sd  with  the  sandstones  of  Orang  tham  or  Moore.     The 

agalmatolite,  resembling   -  ne,  has  been   mistake  j  in- 

deed, tru     -  a    r'teii   mistaken  for  it     Gypsum  is  usually, 

anied  with  Bait   B]        _  salt,  ami  the  only  indie;. 

thai  g  n   may  occur  in  this  state   are  the  :  inc 

this  formation. 

reac   ecific  action  on  the  clovers  and] 
of  this  natural  <-r<ler.  though  its  activity  is  -   me  species.thaa 

others.  The  white  clover  springs  up  under  the  influence  of  ashes 
and  marls,  the  red  under  that  of  gypeam.  Applied  directly  to 
many  crops,  and  it  i*  difficult  to  see  that  it  has  benefitted  them. 
This  is  the  case  with  wheat  X  i  ne  at  present  applies  it  to  his 
cr.'p  of  wheat  directly,  but  it  i>  first  used  to  grow  a  crop  of  cloven 
This,  after  being  fed  ofl'  in  part  by  stock,  is  plowed  in  ami  the  wheat 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  69 

then  sowed.  It  is  thought  by  many  farmers  in  the  wheat  growing 
districts  of  New  York,  that  the  system  of  clover,  gypsum  and  wheat, 
with  alternate  rests,  is  the  true  system  of  rotation,  and  following  it 
the  lands  will  remain  as  fertile  as  they  ever  were.  This  view,  how- 
ever, it  is  difficult  to  reconcile  with  the  fact  that  several  elements 
are  removed  with  every  bushel  of  wheat  sold,  which  gypsum  can- 
not supply;  the  natural  result,  insolvency,  ought  to  follow,  as  the 
supply  of  food  is  limited. 

Gypsum  has  a  tine  effect  upon  the  Irish  potatoe.  It  is  sown 
broadcast  upon  the  leaves  or  foilage  when  it  is  hoed  the  first  time. 
Grass  lands  are  also  improved  by  it.  Gypsum  appears  to  be  useful 
to  wheat  in  this  way  ;  the  grain  is  first  soaked  over  night,  and 
when  wet  is  rolled  in  plaster  which  adheres  to  it;  when  it  is  sown, 
it  is  covered  with  a  coat  of  gppsum.  In  this  mode  of  use,  it  seems 
to  aid  in  bringing  it  forward,  or  in  promoting  an  early  germination. 
A  remarkable  fact  with  respect  to  the  use  of  it  in  the  gypsum  coun- 
try of  New  York,  is,  that  it  acts  as  decidedly  upon  farms  where 
gypsum  exists  in  beds,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  State. 

In  New  York,  gypsum  has  been  applied  with  benefit  to  all  crops 
but  not  by  every  individual.  It  is  said  that  upon  the  soil  of  Lon«- 
Eaand  it  is  of  no  use,  and  it  is  accounted  for  on  the  ground  that  the 
soil  is  already  supplied,  or  that  the  sea  spray  furnishes  enough  for 
every  crop;  certain  it  is  that  where  the  soil  has -|  per  cent,  it  is 
useless  to  add  more.  The  failure  of  gypsum  is  generally  due  to 
the  fact  that  there  is  enough  in  the  soil,  if  so,  it  may  be  determined 
by  analysis. 

§  82.  The  good  effects  of  gypsum  has  been  explained  in  several 
ways.  One  theorist  has  maintained  that  it  is  simply  a  stimulant 
to  plants,  or  a  condiment.  This  view  is  overhung  with  doubts. 
The  most  rational  theory  seems  to  be  that  it  furnishes  both  sulphur 
and  lime,  or  is  indeed  food.  Those  plants  whose  growth  is  strik- 
ingly promoted  by  its  use  contain  notable  proportions  of  both  sul- 
phur and  lime.  Clover,  for  example,  is  one;  mustard  is  another. 
T  have  already  stated  that  rape  seed,  which  is  a  mustard  plant, 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  the  former. 

The  importance  of  gypsum,  or,  to  be  more  general,  the  sulphates, 
will  be  best  appreciated  when  it  is  stated  that  the  most  important 
constituents  of  our  bodies  contain  and  require  sulphur. 


70  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

Thus  those  parts  of  the  blood  which  are  known  as  fil>rin  and 
serum,  as  well  as  the  egg  of  fowls,  contain  sulphur.  This  is  >trik- 
ingly  manifest  when  they  are  in  a  state  of  decomposition,  as  they 
all  give  off  compounds  which  exhale  the  offensive  odor  of  a  sulphur 
compound,  well  known  in  the  rotten  egg; — so  also  they  all  blacken 
silver.  Now  the  bodies  named  above  are  all  of  anima!  origin,  but 
the  sulphur  is  not  disengaged  by  the  animal  forces.  It  is  obtained 
ready  formed  in  the  roots  and  seeds,  the  cereals  and  leguminous 
plants,  such  as  peas,  beans  and  wheat. 

To  account  for  the  origin  of  sulphur  in  animal  organisms,  it  is 
necessarv  to  go  back  to  the  soils,  to  those  salts,  such  as  gypsuhi, 
sulphate  of  ammonia,  etc.,  which  contain  sulphur  in  combination. 
To  the  vegetable  organism  is  assigned  the  business  of  separating 
this  substance  from  its  combinations,  and  form  the  roots  and  seeds 
spoken  of:  the  animal  that  feeds  upon  them  obtains,  without  labor. 
the  sulphur,  separated  and  united  with  such  compounds  as  we  find 
in  the  blood,  fibrin  and  serum.  The  vegetable  kingdom  thereby 
becomes  a  great  labor-saving  machine  to  the  animal,  as  all  its  heavy 
and  complicated  duties  are  performed  by  it  in  preparing  food  tor 
animals.  It  is  not  necessary  that  we  should  be  able  to  account  lor 
changes  effected  by  the  vegetable  before  we  can  admit  the  for< 
ing  views.  Experiment  assures  us  of  the  facts  in  the  case.  Teed 
a  clover  plant  or  a  mustard  with  gypsum  and  the  sulphur  will  be 
found  in  both. 

sj  s::.  Gypsum  is  applied  at  the  rate  of  from  2  to  3  tons  per  acre 
broadcast.     "When   used   for   indian  corn  it  is  applied   around  the 
hill,  and  it  is  regarded  as  an  eminent  absorber  of  water  as  well 
trmmonia. 

.s;  v4.  When  gypsum   has  been  used   for  many  years  npon   the 
same  ground   it  ceases  to  produce  an   increase  of  the  same  i 
The  ground  is  then  said  to   be  plaster  ndk.     It  occurs  only  with 
those  lands  where  it  exists  in  soil  in  consequence  of 

its  free  application   for  a  succession  of  years.     The   remedy  is 
suspend  its  use  ami  substitute  wood  ashes. 

s;  v;,.  Sulphate  of  ammonia. — We  place  this  salt  in  juxtaposition 
with  gypsum,  the  object  will  be  seen  in  the  character  of  the  subjoined 
remarks.  A-  ;t-  name  implies,  it  i>  composed  of  sulphuric  acid 
and  ammonia.  We  Bee  nothing  «'l  it  in  the  soil  or  elsewhere,  unless 
we  take  special  pains  to  procure  or  make  it.     Sulphate  of  ammonia 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  71 

is  manufactured  from  the  ammoniacal  liquor  of  gas  works  from  the 
coal  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gas.  If  sulphuric  acid  is  added  to 
this  liquor,  the  sulphate  will  be  formed,  and  some  coals  yield  a 
liquid  which  gives  14  oz.  of  sulphate  to  the  gallon.  Sulphate  of 
ammonia  is  much  more  valuable  than  sulphate  of  lime,  as  it  con- 
tains two  important  elements,  sulphur  and  nitrogen.  The  nitrogen 
being  much  more  valuable  than  the  lime.  Besides,  the  animal  and 
vegetable  sulphur  compounds,  fibrin,  serum,  white  of  eggs,  casein 
etc.,  contain  and  require  both  sulphur  and  nitrogen.  Here  in  the 
sulphate  of  ammonia  they  exist,  and  in  a  salt  highly  soluble.  The 
simple  chemical  change  required  Iry  the  plant  is  to  separate  the 
elements  of  water,  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  when  the  sulphur  and 
nitrogen  are  in  a  condition  to  pass  into  the  compositon  of  its  or- 
ganism. 

This  salt  will  probably  be  found  in  the  markets  of  this  State,  see- 
ing that  many  of  the  principal  villages  have  gas  works  in  their 
suburbs,  and  may  therefore  furnish  the  ammoniacal  liquid  which 
may  be  converted  into  the  sulphate,  or  it  may  be  used  directly,  after 
being  greatly  diluted. 

Bat  sulphate  of  ammonia  may  be  secured  by  all  persons  who 
keep  a  stable.  This  is  effected  by  means  of  gypsum.  If  this  sub- 
stance is  sprinkled  often  over  the  floors  of  stables,  as  it  should  be, 
it  absorbs  the  ammonia  exhaled  from  excrement  of  the  animals. 
The  ammonia  is  mostly  in  the  condition  of  a  carbonate.  When  the 
gypsum  is  used  in  a  quantity  sufficient  to  absorb  all  the  escaping 
ammonia,  a  large  amount  of  the  sulphate  will  be  ultimately  formed 
among  the  excrements.  The  gypsum  is  decomposed  by  it,  and  car- 
bonate of  lime  is  the  result  as  it  regards  the  sulphate  ot  lime,  and 
the  sulphuric  acid  goes  over  to  the  ammonia  and  forms  sulphate  of 
ammonia.  The  advantages  of  this  change  are,  the  ammonia  be- 
comes fixed,  it  is  no  longer  a  volatile  compound,  and  there  is  really 
no  loss  attending  any  of  the  chemical  ones  involved  in  the  pro- 
cesses. 

The  sulphate  of  ammonia,  however,  is  quite  soluble,  and  should 
not  be  exposed  to  rains  out  of  doors  until  it  is  applied  to  the  soil 
where  it  is  wanted. 

From  the  foregoing  we  learn  several  important  uses  to  which 
gypsum  may  be  put.  1,  As  an  absorbent  of  injurious  and  offen- 
sive odor.      2.  The  formation  of  an  important  salt — important, 


MBTU-CAKOLIXA    GEOLOGI'  EY. 

because  it  contains  the  elements  of  blood  and  muscle.     3.  It  pre- 
vents -rive  chemical  cl      _   -   which  ammonia  effects 

:ar.    The  lime  of  the  n 
intv  nitric  aci  suits 

in   the   :  :    :he  plastering.      I'   - 

ammonia. 
ive   economy,    therefore,    of    snj  with 

ent  to  require  comment. 

sts  ii     England,  ready  i  per 

ton.     About  one-half  cwt.  is  applied  to  the  acre.     It  is  applied 
lid  inactive  vegetable  mat!  it  may  I 

-   animal  a:  _   table  mat 

-•     _        -  -.  which  it  revives 

?. 

ant  fertilizers. 

:    -       .     _  .    _  of 

activity,  and  is  not  e  It  is  used  successfully  u 

;  -  [ts         •'"'.'•'  per  aci 

• 

. 
ended  v.  sfactory  results.     .''    .       ia  is 

an  important  element  in  all  the  grains:  and  hence,  win  •     nth 

-ulpliate  is  s  Qnd  to  be  us 

y. 

ingent  salt,  and  n 

.  crop.     It   is  a  in  small 

s,  or  to  frui  It 

imp  en  to  the  _  .  _  .    r  to 

unhealthy  individuals.     In   the*  action  is  similar  to 

human  frame  and  constitution.     It  has  been  used  in  a 

an  acid  sul- 
phate of  iron  are  known  in  this  £  :ity, 
ther  in                              near  Wei  I  m.     A  Bpoonfhl  applied  to 
To  prepare  it  for  use  mix  with  marl.     It  is 
ted  into  gypsum. 

sea  occurs  in   a  lignite  b<  ^ng 

s,   and   trunk-  -.     The   organic  matter  has 

i   in  process  of  time  with  sulphate   of  iron.     This,  in   its 

torn,  or  when  air  has  ac>  a  and  furnishes  the 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  73 

salt  in  question,  and  where  abundant,  is  important,  provided  marl 
beds  are  accessible. 

88.  Native  phosphate  of  lime. — This  mineral  exists  in  large 
quantities  in  New  Jersey  and  Xew  York.  The  most  abundant 
source  of  it  is  in  Essex  county.  Xew  York,  in  connexion  or  asso- 
ciated with  magnetic  iron,  where  it  forms  in  some  part  of  the  vein 
from  one-sixth  to  one-half  its  weight.  It  seems  to  be  inexhaustible, 
[t  may  be  separated  from  the  iron  by  washing,  or  by  magnets; 
both  methods  have  been  pursued.  It  exists  frequently  also,  in  pri- 
mary limestones,  associated  with  hornblende,  mica,  felspar,  etc. 
The  great  source  of  phosphate  of  lime  in  the  soils  is  probably  the 
granites  and  other  allied  rocks.  It  is  present  in  lavas  and  other 
igneous  rocks.  But  it  is  in  minute  particles,  and  rarely  when  it 
exists  in  granite  and  other  compounds  is  it  visible,  and  is  only 
ascertained  to  be  present  by  the  most  careful  analysis  of  the  rock. 
Other  sources  of  the  native  phosphate  of  lime  are  the  sediments 
which  contain  fossils.  Most,  if  not  all  the  fossiliferous  limestones, 
the  marls  of  the  secondary  and  tertiary  divisions  of  rocks,  furnish 
it  in  per  centages  varying  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  per  cent.  In 
the  use  of  limestones  and  marls,  therefore,  as  fertilizers,  we  obtain 
this  important  compound  as  phosphates. 

'late  of  lime,  or  as  it  exists  in  soils,  is  quite  insolu- 
ble in  pure  water;  but  for  its  solution  carbonic  acid  is  depended) 
upon  in  an  uncultivated  soil.  When,  however,  the  planter  em- 
ploys common  salt,  or  salt  of  ammonia  as  fertilizers,  he  provide* 
in  part  for  the  solution  of  phosphate  of  lime.  In  sulphate  of  am- 
monia, phosphate  of  lime  dissolves  as  readily  as  gypsum  in  water. 
In  North-Carolina  the  principal  source  of  it  is  in  the  marl 
region.  AVe  have  never  found  it  in  the  primary  rocks  nor  associa- 
ted with  any  of  its  iron  ores,  as  in  Xew  i'ork  and  Xew  Jersey,  nor 
in  the  primary  limestones  of  the  mountain  belt.  The  marls  all 
contain  it  a*  an  organic  product,  for  in  every  living  being  it  is 
found  both  in  their  hard  and  soft  parts.  It  is  principally  in  the 
r  that  it  exists  in  the  marls.  The  value  of  the  marls  are  in- 
creased  esence,  and  the  striking  eflects  of  its  use  may  of- 

ten be  attributed  to  small  quantities  of  phosphate  of  lime.  There 
are  frequently  small,  round,  hard  bodies  in  marl  beds,  qalled  fj  ro- 
ute*, which  are  often  in  sufficient  quantities  to  pay  for  -election  to 
be  employed  in  converting,  them  into  super-phosphates  by  sulphu- 
5. 


74  N'-KTH  t  AK'.I.INA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

ric  acid.  They  contain  about  5<>  per  cent,  of  phosphate  of  lime. 
They  are  hard,  and  bnt  slightly  acted  npon  by  water  and  the  at- 
mosphere, and  will  therefore  remain  like  rocks,  unchanged,  and  of 
course  benefit  the  soil  bat  slightly.  By  the  u.-e  of  an  equal  weight 
of  sulphuric  acid  they  may  he  converted  into  a  valuable  fertilizer. 
They  would  require,  however,  to  be  broken  into  small  pieces  by  a 
hammer  and  frequently  stirred.  A  portion  would  remain  in  pow- 
der, in  the  form  of  gypsum.  It  may  be  treated  like  the  ordinary 
Snper-pliosphate  of  lime  made  from  bone-.  Snper-phospha 
lime  is  worth  about  thirty-live  dollars  per  ton. 

The  practice  of  burning   bones  for   the  purpose  of  pulverizing 
them  easily  is  not  advisable;  it  is  of  course  attended  with  ihf 
of  all  the  organic   matter,  and  as   we  believe  with   effects  greatly 
diininisl 

. — -The  carbonates  are  the  most  common  of  min- 
erals. At  the  head  of  the  list  stands  carbonate  of  lime,  known  as 
limestone  or  marble.  Limestone  may  be  known  by  ite  effervescing 
with  a<ids.  Ir  cannot  be  scratched  by  the  nail,  but  readily  by  ;. 
knife.  It>  color?  are  numerous — white,  black,  brown,  flesh-colored. 
•  getber  with  Bhades  and  tints  produced  by  the  oxidea  of  ti- 
er a  mixture  of  earth.  "When  pure  it  is  white  and  usually  granular, 
but  many  limestones  of  a  palaeozoic  and  mesozoic  age  are  com; 

The  limestones   which  are  regarded   pure  are  composed  of  lion 
.  :,s>  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime.     Its  chemical  constitution  is  : 

■  borne  acid,    

Lime,  

.tin  limestones  contain  also  magnesia,  which  are  best  known 
nnder  the  name  of  dolomites.     A  dolomite  i  of: 

i  ;irbonatc  of  magnesia,    

rbonatc  of  lime ">4.'J 

When  in  addition  to  the  magnesia  limestones  Contain  2"  per  cent 
of  ferruginous  clay,  they  form  hydraulic  limestones,  which  furnish 
a  material,  when  burned,  having  the  property  of  becoming  hard  or 
rl  under  water. 

The  term  marble  applies  to  lit  which  take  a  polish.     Oth- 

er limestones  are  designated  by  the  terms  argilaceous  and  ferrngin- 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  75 

ous  or  magnesian,  according  to  the  name  of  the  substance  which  is 
mixed  with  the  rock. 

Limestone  is  nearly  insoluble  in  pure  water,  1  gallon  dissolving 
only  2  grains,  but  when  water  is  charged  with  carbonic  acid  it  dis- 
solves freely. 

Limestone,  when  ground  finely,  might  be  applied  to  soils  as  a 
fertilizer,  but  its  solution  is  slow  to  act.  In  the  form  and  condition 
of  marl,  it  is  much  more  efficient. 

Quicklime  is  sometimes  important ;  it  is  best  adapted  to  stiff  clay 
soils,  and  is  applied  for  the  purpose  of  making  them  open  and  po- 
rous. It  has  also  a  chemical  action  which  undoubtedly  lies  at  the 
foundation  of  its  mechanical  effects,  that  of  attacking  the  clay  and 
liberating  potash  or  the  alkalies. 

Erroneous  opinions  have  been  entertained  with  respect  to  the 
action  of  quicklime  on  animal  and  vegetable  matter.  According 
to  Dr.  John  Davy,  quicklime,  instead  of  promoting  fermentation,  ar- 
rests it  in  vegetable  matters,  as  peat  for  example,  and  as  it  regards 
its  action  upon  animal  bodies,  it  only  attacks  the  cuticle,  nails  and 
hair,  exerting  no  destructive  influence  upon  the  other  tissues. 

Mixed  with  peat  and  vegetable  organic  matter,  it  confers  a  ne- 
cessary solubility,  or  rather,  the  probable  action  is  the  formation  of 
an  organic  salt  of  lime,  which  is  soluble.  This  view  is  sustained 
by  the  fact  that  in  the  absence  of  organic  matter,  lime  exerts  no 
perceptible  effects.  Quicklime  should  not  be  mixed  with  stable 
manure,  unless  there  is  added  at  the  same  time  gijpsum.  to  absorb 
the  ammonia  which  the  lime  will  be  instrumental  in  discharging. 
Peat,  in  a  state  of  fineness,  may  be  employed  in  the  absence  of 
gypsum,  as  its  absorbent  powers  are  equally  great. 

The  deficiency  of  limestone  in  this  State  is  notorious.  The  moun- 
tains and  the  region  of  the  Yadkin  are  tolerably  well  provided  for. 
The  midland  counties,  which  take  in  a  belt  over  one  hundred  miles 
wide,  are  destitute  of  it.  The  lower  counties  supply  carbonate  of 
lime  for  agriculture  in  their  marl  beds,  and  might  also  quicklime 
for  building,  white-washing,  etc.  The  banks  of  the  Neuse,  20  miles 
above  Newbern,  are  well  stocked  with  consolidated  marl,  well  adap- 
ted in  composition  for  quicklime. 

For  more  than  a  century,  burnt  lime  has  been  used  in  England 
for  the  benefit  of  the  soil.  It  may  be  shown  that  potters  and  brick 
clay,  which  are  stiff  and  unyielding,  contain  potash  and  other  alka- 


NORTII-CAROLIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

lie?.  Now,  do  plowing,  hoeing,  or  mechanical  operation  can  hasten 
verv  materially  the  liberation  of  these  important  elements.  No 
mechanical  means  effect  materially  its  condition  ;  chemically,  they 
arL.  too  alow.  If  we  resort  to  the  nse  of  quicklime,  in  the  fall  spread- 
ing it  over  the  plowed  Held,  and  allow  it  to  act  through  the  winter, 
the  potash  will  he  liberated  and  the  whole  field  become  porous. 

That  form  of  carbonate  of  lime  which  is  known  as  marl, 
acts  more  efficiently  as  a  fertilizer  than  the  ordinary  air  slacked 
lime.  It  is  not  simply  a  salt  of  lime  alone,  but  a  mixture  of  fine 
carbonate  of  lime,  phosphate  of  lime,  magnesia,  iron,  and  some  or- 
ganic matter.  Marl  appears  to  be  in  a  more  favorable  condition 
than  pure  lime  for  an  easy  solution. 

This  substance,  though  it  appears  inert  to  the  eye,  still  has  to  be 
applied  under  the  guidance  of  a  few  rules.  It  cannot  be  freely 
used  on  poor  soils;  those,  we  mean,  which  are  destitute  of  organic 
matter.  It  being  an  absorbent  of  water,  it  is  prone  to  act  injuri- 
ously upon  a  crop  in  dry  weather,  or  to  burn  it.  If  on  the  contra- 
ry, the  quantity  applied  is  proportionate  to  the  organic  matter,  it 
will  form  soluble  combinations  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  crop. 

There  is  no  poisonous  matter  in  the  marl  usually,  and  the  proba- 
bility is  that  when  in  large  doses,  as  600  bushels  to  the  acre,  it  de- 
prives the  plant  of  water,  being  in  itself  one  of  the  strongest  ab- 
sorbents of  moisture  known.  "Where  sulphate  of  iron  and  alumina 
are  present,  this  astringent  salt  being  a  poison,  the  plant  is  killed 
by  its  chemical  action  upon  its  tissues.  As  marl  is  applied  to  the 
surface  and  rarely  buried  by  the  plow  deeply,  it  Oceapii  ion 

which  commands  all  the  moisture  in  a  dry  time. 

To  forestall  the  evils  of  a  large  application,  it  may  be  comj 
with  peat,  or  any  organic  matter;  it  should  always  be  prepared  in 
this  way.  1  Jut  when  an  over  dose  has  been  applied,  the  most  direct 
mode  of  neutralizing  its  bad  effects,  is  to  plow  it  in  deeply.  It  will 
then  become  mixed  with  a  large  quantity  of  soil,  and  all  the  or- 
ganic matter  of  it.  It  will  probably  be  changed  into  a  fertilizing 
A>  need  in  common  eases  in  thi>  State  with  the  ordinary 
depth  of  plowing,  a  large  body  of  it  matt  effect  unfavorably  the 
whole  surface,  for  there  is  only  a  few  inches  of  soil  for  it  to  act 
upon. 

§  \)2.  The  marls  of  North-Carolina  are  not  rich  in  lime,  bi: 
remarkable  effects  are  obtained  by  their  use.     The  following  shows 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  77 

the  composition  of  a  marl  upon  the  plantation  of  Col.  Clark,  of 
Edgecombe: 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    6.800 

Carbonate  of  lime,    16.100 

Magnesia,    0.436 

Potash,    0.616 

Soda,    1.988 

Sulphuric  acid,    0.200 

Soluble  silica,    0.440 

Chlorine,   0.030 

Phosphoric  acid,   0.200 

Sand,    72.600 

The  complex  nature  of  this  marl  is  exhibited  in  this  analysis;  it 
shows  that  it  is  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  vegetable  in  furnishing 
as  large  a  list  of  those  elements  which  the  ashes  of  plants  usually 
contain. 

An  eocene  marl  from  the  plantation  of  Benj.  Biddle,  Esq.,  of 
Craven  county,  gave: 

Sand,    9.60 

Carbonate  of  lime,    85.00 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,  containing  phosphoric 

acid 4.40 

Magnesia,    trace. 

Those  marls  which  are  thus  rich  in  lime,  are  more  liable  to  be 
used  in  excess. 

§  93.  The  action  of  the  carbonates  upon  vegetation  is  usually 
attributed  to  the  organic  salts  which  are  generated  in  the  soil,  as 
the  crenates  and  apocrenates  of  lime,  etc.;  but  in  the  formation 
of  these  salts  it  may  happen  that  carbonic  acid  is  set  free,  and  in 
this  condition  becomes  also  a  contributor  of  matter  to  the  growing 
plant.  The  carbon  of  the  carbonic  acid  will  be  retained  in  the 
plant,  and  the  oxygen  set  free. 

The  action  of  marls,  as  a  class  of  carbonates,  upon  soils  is  more 
favorable  in  the  long  run  than  lime,  except  where  quick  lime  upon 
clays  is  required.  The  use  of  lime  for  many  years  has  induced 
complaints,  whether  justly  or  unjustly,  is  not  perhaps  fully  settled; 
but  it  is  charged  with  exhausting  the  soil,  and  like  guano,  ot  which 


78  NOBTH-CABOLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

we  have  spoken,  the  charge  seems  to  be  reasonable  enough  and  to 
rest  on  the  same  grounds. 

If  the  charge  is  Bnstained,  we  can  readily  see  by  comparing  the 
composition  of  marl  with  common  lime,  that  the  former  supplies  a 
much  greater  number  of  fertilizing  elements  than  the  latter; 
indeed,  it  is  probable  that  marls,  like  ashes,  contain  the  most 
needful  elements ;  and  hence,  the  annual  application  of  marl  is 
not  likely  to  cause  an  exhaustion  of  the  soil,  because  of  the  con- 
stant additions  made  by  its  nse.  It  rather  ought  to  grow  better 
yearly ;  for  the  cotton  crop  does  not  require,  or  does  not  remove 
as  many  pounds  of  inorganic  matter  as  there  are  applied.  This 
subject,  however,  we  have  not  heard  spoken  of,  and  we  have  never 
heard  of  injurious  effects  of  marl  which  could  by  any  means  be 
attributed  to  exhaustion,  and  we  are  confident  from  the  nature  of 
the  facts  bearing  upon  the  subject,  that  where  especially  a  compost 
«  made  of  the  marl,  it  will  continue  for  long  periods  to  produce 
good  effects. 

Marl  seems  well  adapted  to  all  those  crops  where  the  product 
sought  is  made  up  of  cellular  tissue,  as  the  lint  of  cottor,  the  lint 
of  flax  and  hemp,  the  fruit,  such  as  the  apple,  because  lime  is  the 
basis  of  cellular  tissue.  The  phosphoric  salts  are  required  in  the 
cereals,  the  parts  sought  for  must  be  rich  in  sulphur  and  phos- 
phorus. These  last  are  contained  in  stems,  lint,  bark,  etc.,  in  much 
less  proportions. 

.'  94.  Carbonates  of  potash  and  soda. — The  first  was  anciently 
called  the  vegetable,  and  the  latter  the  mineral  alkali.  Both,  how- 
ever, are  derived  from  the  mineral  kingdom,  but  they  are  derived 
for  commercial  purposes  from  the  ashes  of  vegetables. 

Pearlash  is  a  carbonate  of  ]  otash ;  it  is  the  common  -ul  stance 
used  in  biscuit  making,  or  short  cake,  though  the  bi-carbonate  has 
displaced  the  old  or  common  carbonate.  Neither  of  these  substan- 
liave  been  used  extensively  in  field  agriculture.  The  latter 
has  become  a  favorite  fertilizer  for  strawberries.  Their  composi- 
tion and  the' fact  of  their  occurrence  in  the  ash  of  all  plants,  proves 
their  adaptation  to  crops.  Their  cost,  however,  for  general  and 
extensive  use,  is  the  only  draw-back  to  their  application  to  corn, 
wheat,  potatoes,  etc. 

".   Carhuhutt    of  ammonia  is  a  white  salt,  with  the  pungent 
odor  of  hartshorn.     It  exists  in  the  ammoniacal  liquids  already  no- 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL,   SURVEY.  79 

ticed,  and  is  given  off  in  stables  in  an  impure  state,  or  mixed  with 
the  effluvia  of  animal  matters.  It  is  an  active  fertilizer.  Its  true 
value,  as  in  the  case  of  other  compounds  of  ammonia,  is  due  to  its 
ability  to  furnish  nitrogen  to  vegetation. 

As  it  regards  the  compounds  or  salts  of  ammonia  for  wheat  and 
other  corn  crops,  it  seems  to  be  established  that  the}-  are  essential 
to  the  increase  of  grain,  beyond  the  natural  produce  of  a  soil,  aided 
by  phosphatic  fertilizers.  The  experiments  of  Mr.  Lawes,  of  Hert- 
fordshire, England,  gave  the  following  results: 


APPLICATION  PEP.  IMPERIAL  ACRE.  PRODUCE. 

In  grain.  In  straw. 


1844.  Super-phosphate  of  lime,  560  lbs.,  \  ,fi  h|1_hpl_  -,  112  lb<, 
Silicate  of  potash,              220,          \  lb  Dusnels-  M^» 

1845.  Sulphate  of  ammonia, )          ,   .       .      01 ,    ,  .  n/,e  . 
!>,'..                ,          '>    eachicwt.,  31i  do.,  4,266  do., 
Muriate             do.,        )                            ,  . 

1846.  Sulphate  of  ammonia,  2  cwt.,  27       do.,  2,244  do. 


The  increase  by  the  salts  of  ammonia  upon  the  former  crop  ma- 
nured by  super-phosphate  of  lime  and  silicate  of  potash,  is  a  striking 
result,  and  shows  that  the  soil  in  order  to  reach  its  capacity  for  a 
crop  of  cereals,  requires,  besides  the  phosphates,  those  fertilizers 
which  can  furnish  nitrogen.  It  does  not  prove  that  phosphates  can 
be  dispensed  with,  but  only  that  unless  nitrogenous  bodies  are  ad- 
ded the  crop  will  be  less. 

§  96  — Nitrates. — The  union  of  nitric  acid  with  a  base,  as  potash 
and  soda,  constitute  nitrates,  a  remarkable  class  of  bodies.  They 
are  all  soluble  and  easily  decomposed.  When  thrown  upon  glow- 
ing coals  they  deflagrate,  or  burn  energetically  with  flashes  of 
flame  and  scintillation. 

Nitrate  of  potash,  saltpetre,  niter. — Its  manufacture  illustrates 
its  formation  in  the  soil.  If  the  refuse  of  old  buildings,  its  mortar, 
animal  refuse,  ashes,  &c.,  are  mixed  in  a  heap  and  exposed  to  the 
air  and  watered  occasionally,  especially  with  putrid  urine,  they 
become  charged  with  nitrates  of  potash  and  soda.  "Whenever, 
then,  the  circumstances  are  favorable,  these  salts  will  be  formed; 
the  animal  matter  furnishing  the  nitrogen  which  unites  as  it  is  de- 
veloped  with  oxygen.  The  elements  of  the  nitrates  are  found 
under  houses,  in  caves,  or  wherever  organic  matter  is  mixed  with 
earth  protected  from  rains. 


80  NORTli-CABOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SUBYKY. 

Both  nitrates  of  potash  an«l  soda  are  highly  esteemed  in  agricul- 
ture, thoogh   the  high  price  of  saltpetre   debars   it   from  general 
use.     fa  action   upon  young  crops,  when  applied  to  them  at  the 
rate  of  one  cwt.  per  acre,  is   highly   favorable.     Tree.-,  the  BU{ 
cane  and  the  grasses  become  fresh  and  green,  and  when  combined 
with  the  phosphates  is  one  of  the  most  important  fertilizers,  .. 
contain-  in  combination,  the   most   important  elements  which  the 
crop  demands — nitrogen,  phosphoric   acid  and  potash.     Nitrs 
increase  the  foliage  of  plants:  and  hence,  for  grass,  or  meadows, 
they  are  particularly  and  immediately  serviceable. 

Tl  .  sometimes  called  soda-saltpetre,  is  a  native 

net  of  Peru  and  Chili,  being  formed  in  the  earth  in  those  sec- 
tions where  rain  rarely  falls. 

.^  97.  Chlorides. — The  compounds  consist  of  chlorine  and  a  I 
as  sodium,  uniting  directly,  or  without  the  previous  union  of  the 
base,  with  oxygen.  The  most  common,  and  to  the  agriculturist  the 
•  important,  is  soft,  or  the  common  table  salt.  It  is  a  native 
production  in  many  countries,  occurring  in  solid  beds,  which  have 
to  be  quarried  like  rock.  The  bed  near  Cracow.  Poland,  is  sup- 
posed to  extend  500  miles,  and  is  1,200  feet  thick.  Salt  springs 
are  common,  but  the  ocean  is  the  great  reservoir  of  salt.  It  con- 
tains about  four  ounces  to  the  gallon  of  water.  Salt  has  been  and 
is  variously  estimated  as  a  fertilizer.  It  strengthens  the  straw  of 
the  cereals,  and  is  supposed  to  increase  the  weight  of  the  grain. 
It  is  more  important  in  land,  or  at  a  distance  from  the  sea,  than 
upon  the  shores. 

-     •  'hlorid  <*/  ammonia. — Sal  ammoniac  of  the  shops.     Mu- 
riate of  ammonia.    This  well  known  salt  has  proved  by  experi- 
ment, to  exercise  a  beneficial  influence  npon  crops.     It  is,  1 
too  •  -■  in  its  pore  state,  to  be  economically  employed  it: 

ricultun.  A  tolution  for  steeping  seed  corn  is  recommended ;  it 
ha-tens  germination,  ami  i<  Bupposed  also  to  add  to  the  luxuriance 
of  the  crop. 

s  -  Pure  silica,  or  pure  flint  is  strictly  an  acid,  but 

it  is  s.»  insoluble  thai  under  common  cirenmsta  real  charac- 

ter is  disguised.      Put   put  finely   ground   flints   in!<>  a   solution  of 
;-!i  and    the  silica  unites  with  the   potash,  and    forms   a  soluble 
f  poUuh.     Silicates,  then,  are  bodies  constituted  like  other 
salts,  liaring  a  base  united  with  soluble   flint.     The   silica   may  be 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  SI 

separated  from  its  combination  by  the  addition  of  an  acid,  and  the 
silica  will  form  by  itself  a  gelatinous  mass,  which  is  a  silicic  acid 
with  waii  r.  If  tins  gelatinous  mass  is  dried,  the  silica  becomes 
gritty  and  is  really  now  what  is  called  quartz,  and  is  no  longer 
soluble. 

Now  in  the  soil  there  is  always  a  small  quantity  of  soluble  quartz, 
and  certain  plants  must  have  it  in  order  to  give  strength  to  their 
stems.  All  the  cereals  and  grasses  are  furnished  with  this  substance, 
which  is  mainly  deposited  upon  the  outside  :  which  both  protects 
and  strengthen  the  straw.  ]t  is  not  properly  a  nutriment,  but  in 
the  organization  of  the  grass  tribes  it  is  an  essential  element ; 
wherever  the  soil  is  deficient  in  soluble  silica,  the  straw  of  the 
cram  is  weak.  The  celebrated  German  Chemist,  Liebig,  proposed 
the  use  of  special  manures,  consisting  of  silicates  mostly,  as  a 
fertilizer  for  wheat,  rye,  oats,  turnips.  Arc.  His  special  manures. 
however,  have  failed  to  meet  the  expectations  of  his  friends.  They 
failed  on  the  ground  that  mineral  substance  alone,  and  by  itself,  is 
insufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of  vegetation.  The  failure  lias  an 
important  bearing  on  our  practical  views,  showing  clearly  enough 
that  organic  matter  is  essential  to  plants.  It  does  not  prove  that 
what  Liebig  proposed  was  useless  and  unnecessary,  but  that  he  did 
not  go  far  enough  ;  he  fell  short  of  a  sound  theory  by  excluding 
from  his  potent  fertilizers  vegetable  ?natta\  from  which  the  organic 
acids  are  formed. 

The  silicates  of  rocks  are  not  wholly  insoluble,  they  are  attacked 
by  water  and  carbonic  acid,  and  by  their  joint  action  are  dissolved. 
It  is  by  their  action  that  the  soil  is  furnished  with  soluble  silicas. 
That  such  a  result  is  possible  is  shown  by  the  action  of  rains  and 
carbonic  acid  upon  window  glass,  while  a  silicate  which  become^ 
gradually  opake,  especially  in  stables,  where  carbonic  acid  escapes. 
Distilled  water  alone  dissolves  glass.  The  tumblers  used  in  carbon- 
ated spring  water  are  coroded  by  carbonic  acid 

Straw  furnishes  silicates,  when  spread  over  the  surface  of  fields. 
but,  if  burnt,  the  silica  becomes  insoluble.  Hence,  straw  should 
be  applied  without  change.  Its  organic  matter  is  als<>  put  to  use. 
Straw  spread   upon  meadows  for  grass  is  an  excellent  application. 

|  100-  Ashes  contain  a  large  number  of  fertilizing  elements;  in- 
deed it  may  be  presumed  that  whatever  an  ash  contains  performs 
something  in  the  economy  of  the  vegetable  which  yields  it. 


v-  NoKTH-CAKOLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

The  ash  of  .»•  is  the  kelp  of  commerce.     It  contains  pot- 

ash, soda,  lime,  silica,  sulphur,  chlorine,  iodine,  etc.  The  existence 
of  these  elements  in  marine  plants  throws  li^ht  on  their  action  upon 
vegetation. 

V.       .   ishce  c     tain,  among  other  things,  .  or  carbonate 

of  potash.  The  composition  of  ashes  depends  upon  the  tree  and 
the  part  burned;  the  bark  furnishes  an  ash  whose  composition  dif- 
fers from  that  of  the  wood  or  the  leaves. 

The  ash  of  the  hark  and  wood  of  the  white  oak  contains  the  fol- 
lowing substances: 

8APWOOD.      BAEK.      BKAS1 

Potash, 13.41       0.86       9.68 

Soda 0.52       169       6.88 

Sodium 2.78       0.08       « 

Chlorine 4.24       0.19       ".47 

Sulphuric  acid 0.12       0.08 

Plant  of  peroxide  of  iron,  lime  and 

lesia :;2.25  L&10     l 

Carbonic  acid 8.96  89.80     tf.S 

Lime 30.85  54.89     4:;. 21 

Magnesia 0.36       0.20       0.85 

-  1 0.81       0.86 

-  labia  silica 0.89        .86 

gaoic  matter 5.70       1.16       7.1" 

The  tree  furnishing  the  ash  grew  upon  a  clay  soil  rich  in  lime. 
It  wid  be  observed  that  the  bark  is  much  richer  in  lime  than  the 
wood,  while  the  wood  is  richer  in  phosphates;  and  the  Holiest  part 
<»f  the  wood  is  that  of  the  outside.  The  same  result  is  shown  in  the 
distribution  of  potash;  the  outside  wood  contains  more  than  the 
heart  wood,  and  i  i  the  bark  it  is  reduced  to  a  minimum  quantity, 
only  0.26  per  cent.  These  are  leading  facts  in  the  distribution  of 
the  elements  of  growth  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  we  may  feel 
assured  that  it  is  not  an  accident  that  they  are  thna  distributed. 
It  is  probable. that  lime  distributed  to  the  outside  is  best  adapted 
to  the  protection  of  the  vegetable  ti<>ue<.  The  newest  parts,  asthe 
oatSlde  wood;  derives  a  part  of  it>  elements  from  the  inside,  espe- 
cially the  phusphates,  which  are  no  doubt  transferred  by  the  circu- 
lation. The  law  which  has  been  already  expressed,  holds  good  in 
all  the   correct  analyses  of  the  parti  of  trees:  their  distribution  is 


NORTH-CAKOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  83 

upward  and  outward,  tending  continually  to  the  new  parts  which 
are  being  developed. 

§  101.  The  ashes  of  peat  differ  in  composition  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  plant  from  which  peat  is  formed.  There  will  also  be 
changes  in  the  composition  of  peat  which  is  old,  when  compared 
with  a  now  growth  of  it. 

The  following  analysis  by  Johnson,  shows  the  general  composi- 
tion of  peat  ashes : 

Chloride  of  sodium,  0.41 

Phosphate  of  lime, 2.46 

Sulphate  of  lime, 18.66 

"           magnesia,    ....  l.GS 

Carbonate  and  silicate  of  magnesia,    6.32 

"                    '♦            potash  and  soda,    5.32 

"                    "            alumina,    11.63 

Oxide  of  iron,   9.18 

Silica,     15.55 

Insoluble  matter,  sand,  &c, 7.94 

Carb.  acid,  coal,  etc., 10.85 

100.00 

In  this  sample  the  gypsum  is  much  greater  than  usual,  and  the 
silicate  of  alumina  is  foreign  matter,  as  alumnia  is  never  a  true  ash 
product. 

§  102.  On  reviewing  the  general  principles  which  are  set  forth 
in  the  preceding  account  of  fertilizers,  we  may  understand  that  it 
is  not  sufficient  to  apply  to  the  soil  fertilizers  in  their  simple  state, 
and  at  random,  provided  the  planter  determines  to  derive  from 
them  the  greatest  benefit.  We  are  unable  to  increase  their  power, 
but  their  elements  of  fertility  may  be  preserved  or  prolonged  by  a 
suitable  management,  which  in  reality  would  be  equivalent  to  an 
increase  of  power.  The  most  active  and  valuable  ones  require  the 
most  particular  attention.  Guano,  for  example,  requires  careful 
manipulation,  and  when  it  is  once  determined  how  this  volatile 
compound  is  to  be  treated,  it  furnishes  a  rule  for  others  whose  com- 
position is  closely  related  to  it. 

Of  the  different  fertilizers,  we  may  arrange  them  into  four 
orders. 


84  NORTII-CAROLI>'A    GEOLOGICAL   6URVKY. 

In  the  tir?t,  we  may  place  those  which  contain  a  notable  per 
centaire  of  ammonia,  in  such  a  state  of  combination  that  it  is  freely 
exhaled,  or  exists  in  a  volatile  condition. 

In  the  Bccond,  those  which  by  chemical  changes  form  ammonia, 
ami  which  aif  :ne  volatile. 

In  the  third,  we  may  place  the  fixed  salts:  and 

In  the  fourth,  those  compounds  which  consist  of  carbonaceous 
matters,  and  possess  also  the  character  of  comparative  stability 
under  ordinary  conditions.  The  latter  order  is  well  adapted  to  a 
general  u>e  with  the  preceding,  either  as  an  absorbent  of  tlie  vol- 
atile matter,  especially  ammonia,  or  with  the  salts,  with  which  they 
form  combinations  consisting  of  an    organic  acid   and  a   mineral 

The  probability  is  that  the  best  results  are  secured  by  mixing 
our  organic  with  the  inorganic  in  every  instance.  By  adopting 
this  course,  the  time  when  soils  will  begin  to  exhibit  signs  of  ex- 
haustion will  be  far  in  the  future,  or  certainly  postponed  in- 
definitely. 


CHAPTER  X. 


The  quantity  >>r  ratio  of  the  inorganic  elements  in  a  plant  may  be  increased  by 
cultivation.     Source  of  nitrogen.     Specific  action  of  certain  manures,  particu- 
larly Baits.      Kami  yard  manure  never  imiss.      Use  of  pi 
manure  sometimes  fails,  as  gypsum: 

;.  Wiule  it  is  well  established  that  the  organs  of  plants 
possess  each  their  own  component,  inorganic  elements,  it  is  equally 
well  proved  that  their  quantity  may  be  increased  or  diminished  by 
BUHdee  of  cultivation.  The  organs  -till  maintain  their  differei 
in  respect  to  the  ratio  of  the  component  elements  under  any  system 
of  culture. 

A-   an    illustration  of  the   changes  which    may  be   produced    by 
mod. -   of  cultivation,  we    may  cite  wheat.     If,  for  example,  it  is 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  S5 

manured  with  the  ejects  of  the  cow,  it  furnishes  a  smaller  propor- 
tion of  gluten  than  if  manured  with  fertilisers  richer  in  ammoni*. 
When  manured  as  above,  the  berry  contained  11.95  parts  of  gluten 

and  62.34  of  starch.  When  manured  with  human  urine,  which  is 
rich  in  the  elements  of  ammonia,  it  yielded  35.1  of  gluten  :  nearly 
three  times  as  much  as  in  the  former  case.  Gluten  determines  the 
weight  ot'  the  grain,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  its  use.  T.ie  flow 
which  is  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  maccaroni,  must  be  rich 
in  gluten.  Certain  soils  produce,  without  fertilizers,  a  heavy  wheat 
rich  in  gluten.  This  is  a  fact  with  the  wheat  of  Stanly  county  X.  C. 
which  weighs  6S  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  probably  the  heaviest  wheat 
ever  sent  to  market. 

§  l"i.  The  important  principle  contained  in  the  foregoinc  facts 
have  a  practical  bearing;  they  determine  the  practicability  of  rais- 
ing a  crop  adapted  to  a  particular  use,  independent  of  the  influence 
of  climate,  and  hence  of  increasing  its  value. 

In  relation  to  the  subject  of  ammonia,  much  thought  has  been 
given,  and  many  experiments  made  to  settle  the  question  of  its 
source.  As  nitrogen  forms  a  large  proportion  of  the  atmosphere 
it  was  natural  to  infer  that  the  atmosphere  might  furnish  this  ele- 
ment directly  to  the  leaves  or  to  some  other  part  of  the  plant 
This  view  has  not  been  adopted,  and  it  is  moreover  well  settled 
that  ammonia  exists  in  the  air  in  small  quantities  and  is  dissolved  in 
rain  water;  it  is  also  contained  in  fresh  fallen  snow,  but  notwith- 
standing its  presence  in  the  atmosphere,  it  is  essential  to  its  recep- 
tion in  the  plant  to  combine  it  with  an  organic  acid,  which  nature 
effects  in  the  soil,  which  contains  organic  matter,  in  the  condition 
of  acids,  as  the  cerenie  and  apocrenic. 

Certain  other  saline  manures  exercise  a  specific  action  upon 
crops.  Those  of  ammonia  are,  perhaps,  the  most  general  in  their 
effects ;  all  crops  continue  to  grow  longer  under  the  influence  of 
these  salts,  or  continue  in  a  ^rowing  state  until  late  in  the  season. 
Nitrate  of  soda  has  a  similar  effect.  AVith  respect  to  their  applica- 
tion to  certain  crops,  which  we  wish  to  have  ripened  within  a  cer- 
tain period,  as  tpbaccOy  for  example,  they  would  not  be  adapted  to 
it;  it  would  cause  the  plant  to  continue  growing  until  frost;  it 
would  be  in  the  unripened  state,  or  only  ripened  in  part ;  and  hence 
the  tobacco  would  command  only  an  inferior  price  m  marker. 


80  ::th-carolina  geological  mryi.y. 

• 

£  1".">.  Certain  -alts  promote  the  growth  in  perfection  of  particu- 
lar parts  Tims  when  the  straw  of  wheat  or  ry< 
weak,  theory  would  load  t<>  the  use  of  the  soluble  silicates  of  lime 
or  potash,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  eilex  where  it  is  required. 
The  practice  is  attended  with  good  results.  When  the  ear  is  not 
well  tilled,  the  phosphates  are  resorted  to,  as  it  is  here  that  this  >alt 
is  deposited  in  ti  _  uantity.  The  leave-  ine  are 
developed  by  carbonate  of  potash;  and  the  phosphates  again 
develope  or  go  to  the  fruit. 

Other  fertilizers  seem  to  be  adapted  in  certain  conditions  at  least 
to  all   crops.     Farm-yard   manure  never  comes  amiss,  provided  it 
een  subjected  to  bucIi  physical   and  chemical  changes  which 
the  crop  requires.     It  is  not   always  proper  to  apply  it  fresh  or  in 
the  con<  g  manure.     Gypsum  is  specially  adapted  to  the 

growth  <>t' red  clover,  and  ashes  and  marl  will  bring  up  white  clover 
in  places  where  it  had  not  been  known  to  grow  perhaps  at  all. 

Phosphate  of  magnesia  has  been  praised  for  potatoes,  and  the 
super-ph  f  lime  is  the  best  dressing  for  turnips. 

Bui  even  the  foregoing  well  authenticated  facts  are  somewhat 
local;  for  certain  reasons  not  well  ascertained,  some  of  the  striking 
effects  of  these  special  results,  do  not  occur  in  another  section  of  the 
country,  or  at  least  are  far  from  b  ing60  striking  It  is  never  pos- 
sible to  predict  the  effects  of  gypsum  on  crops,  though  its  proper* 
ties  mnst  1  everywhere;  that  is.  must  always  act  as  an 

absorbent  of  ammonia  and  water,  but  still  it  is  said  to  fail  at  times 
[n  i    glai  '    •  '  particularly  praised,  while  in 

country  th<  re  are  only  a  few  districts  where  it  is  not  attended 
with  bei  thecrop.     Natural  fertilizers,  however.  -and 

al<»ne  in  their  failures.     Those   manufactured  for  a   particular  end 
are  found  :••  fail  frequently.     Failures  no  doubt  occur  by  a  misap- 
plication of  the  substance;  it  may  be  given  in   esc 
a  destroyer.     It  may  fail  from  an  unfavorable  .  and  may  also 

fail  from  adulteration  or  for  want  of  a  natural  purity  in  composi- 
tion as  a  great  excess  of  inert  and  valueless  substance  with  which 
it  is  intermixed. 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  57 


CHAPTER  XI. 

On  the  periodical  increase  of  the  corn  plant.  The  white  flint,  together  with  the 
increase  of  leaves  and  other  organs.  The  proportions  of  the  inorganic  elements 
in  the  several  parts  of  their  composition.  The  quantity  of  inorganic  matter 
in  an  acre  of  corn  and  in  each  of  its  parts.  Remarks  upon  the  statistics  of 
composition. 

§  106.  The  changes  which  a  plant  undergoes  during  its  period 
of  growth  are  worthy  of  attention.     For  the  purpose  ot  illustrating 

the  development  of  vegetable  organs,  we  have  selected  the  Indian 
corn  or  maize ;  and  as  the  growth  of  the  foliage  exhibits  the  views 
we  wish  to  bring  out,  we  have  tabulated  the  weekly  increase  of 
the  leaves  in  weight,  and  the  amount  of  water  they  contain,  together 
with  the  quantity  of  ash  the  whole  weight  furnishes.  The  obser- 
vations begin  in  July  and  are  continued  until  August  11 : 

AUGTST  4.       AUOrST  11. 

•28H'  1642 

2179  1227 

B8L97         36.59 

This  table  shows  the  rapid  increase  of  weight  in  the  leaves  from 
July  IS  to  August  4,  after  which  the  leaves  rapidly  lose  their 
weight,  by  supplying,  no  doubt,  nutriment  to  the  corn,  which  is 
then  tilling  up.  There  is  in  most  organs  a  growth  which 
attains  its  maximum  at  a  certain  period,  when  it  seems  to  retro- 
grade. This  view,  however,  applies  only  to  the  subsidiary  organs 
All  the  energies  of  a  plant  are  Concentrated  on  the  production  and 
perfection  of  seed.  The  stalks  of  corn  increase  in  about  the  same 
ratio  as  the  leaves. 

-r^LKS.              time:  JVLY&  jcly  12.        jcly  IS.  July  24.  aim;.  4.  auo.  11. 

Weight  in  giains,      100  1084  3041  5219  +o'.»7 

Water,                          92  987  2871  4686 

Ash,                                 94  8  16.82  29. 4S  51.2:. 

.5  lo7.  The  stalk  attains  its  maximum  growth  between  by  the 
4th  and  before  the  11th  of  August,  and  begins  to  yield  up  its  nu- 
triment to  the  ear,  which  is  rapidly  forming.     By  the  23d  of  the 


time  : 

JULY  5. 

JULY  ia 

JCLY  IS. 

JCLY  29. 

Weight  in  grains. 

367 

698 

886 

2294 

Water, 

304 

568 

869 

1835 

Ash, 

•J. 75 

75  G 

8.32 

41.58 

NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SIKY.Y. 

month,  ■  week  later,  they  weigh  2,237  only.  In  the  selection  of 
specimens,  if  was  attempted  to  employ  such  u  were  equally  ad- 
vanccl  Mid  of  equal  size,  as  possible. 

<j  108.  The  increase  in  weight  «>f  the  white  flint  corn  during  pe- 
riods of  one  week  and  during  the  period  embraced  in  tl  ing 
.  will  he  expressed  in  the  following  tables  and  remarks. 

( »n  the  28th  of  June  the  corn  was  IS  inches  high,  and  had  increas- 
ed in  height  during  the  preceding  week  7£  inc. 

weight  of  each  plant,    S 

Increase  in  weight 68. 

July  5th,  hight  26  inches;  increase  in  hight,  S  inches  : 

W<  igM  of  one  plant .--.. 

•t  weight  ilurin^  the  week 152J 

ige  increase  of  one  plant  per  day, 21.7 

Jaly  12th,  hight  of  plants  35  inches;  increase  9  inches  : 

Weight  of  one  plant B61.8     grs., 

[ncrease  pn-  week 482.7 

-lay 61.83     - 

July  19th,  hight  4:1  inches;  increase  in  hight  6  inches  : 

Average  weight  of  each  plant "7" 

I  iring  the  week 177. 

r  'lay 35.31 

Jelv  2r)th,  hight  4'.'  inches;  increase  in  hight  ♦'>.  or  one  inch  per 

'■it  of  each  plant 2 

•  k 1181.6 

!     ■     se  per  day 170.29     " 

per  hour 

Angus  is  9  inch' 

\\  .-lit  of  each  plant 

ght   per  week 1868. 

Average  pi  r  day 181. 

•  ige  per  hour, 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  89 

August  9th,  hight  65  inches  ;  increase  during  the  week  7  inches  : 

Average  weight  of  each  plant, 38.27  grs.. 

Increase  during  the  week,   280.          " 

Increase  per  day,    11.92     " 

Increase  per  hour,    .49     " 

August  16th,  average  hight  72  inches;  increase  7  inches: 

Average   weight  of  each  plant,    0780       grs., 

Increase  of  weight  during  the  week, 2953         " 

Increase  per  day,    430         " 

Increase  per  hour, 18.16    " 

August  23rd,  average  increase  in  hight  of  plants  for  the  week 
.76  inches;  increase  in  hight  during  the  week  4  inches: 

Average  weight  of  each  plant,    8170.       grs., 

Increase  in  weight,    1389.         " 

Average  per  day,    198.         " 

"     per  hour,    8.27     *' 

August  30th,  average  hight  7S  inches;  increase  in  hight  during 
the  week  2  inches: 

Average  weight  of  each  plant,    10.580  grs., 

Increase  during  the  week,  2.409     *' 

Increase  per  day 344     " 

"      per  hour,    14.34       " 

September  6,  average  hight  of  each  plant,  7S  inches.  No  in- 
crease in  hight  for  the  week  : 

Average  weight  of  each  plant,  12.917  grs.. 

Increase  during  the  week, 2136. 

Increase  of  weight  per  day,    305. 

Increase  of  weight  per  hour,    12.72 

On  comparing  the  parts  of  the  plant  with  each  other  at  this 
stage  of  growth,  we  find  they  hold  the  following  proportions  to 
each  other: 

6 


IfORTII-'  iABOLINA    GEOLOGICAL    8CRVKY. 


Tassel,  147.!'*  grs.,     2.2f>  per  cent. 

Upper  part  of  the  stalk 1128.8  ••       0.68 

Lover  part  of  the  stalk,   8084.  "       1.18 

-       itlis 12:".  ••         1.42 

r.»7»>.  "        Let. 

tai   Btalks 1217.  "         .48 

Hoskl 2484.  -        1.65 

Kernels !»26.  «           .488        " 

Cob 1255.  ••          .354       M 

The  composition  of  the  ash  of  the  leaves  and  sheathe  at   thi* 
stage  of  growth  is  as  follows : 

LEATEJ  8UF.ATIT*  A!CD  nr«K.». 

Potash 10.15 

Soda, 22.1.3 

Lime 3.38  1.96 

Magnesia,   2.38  2. "2 

Eat  thy  and  alkaline  phosphates 14.50  13.80 

Carbonic  acid,   :;."><>  4.14 

Silicic  acid 3"i.27  38.1" 

Sulphuric  acid 5.84  6.86 

Chlorine 1.63  4.34 

At  a  later  period,  that  of  October  18th,  when  the  corn  was  ripe, 
the  learefl  and  sheaths  were  composed  of: 

LJATEi.  SUM 

Potash,  8.33  T.48 

8.52  12.44 

lime 4.51  2.13 

Magnesia 0.86  0.7'.* 

Phosphates,   6.85 

Silicic  a'-i'l 51.2") 

4.05  trace. 

Sulphuric  acid,    488  1 2.27 

.Chlorine     2.66  2.96 


|  L09    The  stalks  of  the  period  were  composed  of: 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  91 

STALKS. 

Potash,    16.21 

Soda,    24.09 

Lime, 2.84 

Magnesia,    0.93 

Phosphates, 16.15 

Silicic  acid,    12.85 

Carbonic  acid,    1.85 

Sulphuric  acid 10.73 

Chlorine,  10.95 

The  phosphates  of  the  leaves  of  the  October's  growth  are  less 
than  in  thoee  of  September  6.  The  amount  of  the  alkalies  have 
apparently  diminished,  though  it  is  possible  that  comparisons  may 
be  fallacious,  seeing  that  the  results  are  obtained  from  the  analysis 
of  different  plants,  growing  also  on  different  hills,  and  may  prove 
to  be  due  to  other  causes  than  those  connected  with  the  distribution 
of  inorganic  matter  by  the  influence  of  the  organs.  Our  theory  is, 
with  respect  to  the  distribution  of  the  inorganic  matter,  that  the 
leaves  furnish  to  the  grain  a  part  of  their  store,  or  that  it  is  trans- 
ferred from  the  leaf  to  the  grain. 

The  husks  are  composed  of: 

iicbks. 

Potash,    3.51 

Soda,    9.82 

Lime,   0.45 

Magnesia,    0.07 

Phosphates,    26.25 

Silicic  acid,    47.65 

Sulphuric  acid,    6.67 

Chlorine,  5.56 

Carbonic  acid,    trace. 

For  feeding  stock,  horses,  cows,  etc.,  the  advantages  of  one  organ 
over  the  other  are  not  very  great,  so  far  as  the  inorganic  matter  is 
concerned.  The  silicic  acid  or  silica  is  the  greatest  in  the  husks, 
which  may  be  regarded  as  the  useless  part ;  but  it  happens  that 
the  plioxj'ha'es  are  greater  in  the  husks  than  the  leaves  at  this 
stage  ;  but  again,  the  potash  and  soda  are  greatest  in  the  leaves. 

In  the  sheath  and  leaves,  taken  at  the  same  date,  Sept.  6,  there 
are  but  slight  differences  in  composition  in  the  two  organs,  leaf 
and  husks.  A  comparison  of  the  composition  of  the  leaves  and 
the  grain  of  the  white  flint  corn  of  August  22 1 


N«ii:TH-<  Alii.I.INA    (, I  "LOGICAL    SIRVKY. 

LiAvrs.  w*. 

-:, 12.76  28.92 

Soda 8.51  22.59 

Lime,    6.09  0.16 

Magnesia,   1.25  2.41 

Alkaline  and  earthy  phosphates,    19.25 

Silica 50.55  0.60 

Sulphuric  acid,    L18  4.38 

Chlorine,    8^76  9.40 

The  alkaline  and  earthy  phosphates,  potash  and  soda,  exist  in 
large  proportions  in  the  grain,  while  the  silica  is  rod  need  to  a 
minimum,  and  is  confined  to  the  cuticle. 

;  11".  Analysis  of  the  grain  and  cob  of  the  8  rowed  yellow  corn 
of  the  same  ear : 

URAIV.  COB. 

Potash,   27.35  37.85 

Soda,  5.79  1.83 

Lime,    trace.  0.24 

Magnesia trace.  8x68 

Earthy  and  alkaline  phosphates,    62.76  86.67 

Chlorine 4.10  2.96 

Sulphuric  acid,    3.48  9.20 

Slier,    1.78  10.70 

Per  centage  of  ash, 62  .40 

As  it  regards  the  value  of  the  cob  for  nutriment  bo  far  aa  its  in- 
organic matter  is  concerned,  it  is  plain  that  it  has  a  certain  value 
and  should  not  be  lost.  Cob  ashes  are  known  to  be  rich  in  the  al- 
kalies even  when  guided  only  by  taste;  but  at  this  stage  the  potash 
amonnta  to  '•>'  per  cent,  and  the  phosphates  to  36  per  cent,  and  the 
.silica  to  only  ten  per  cent.  Bat  the  per  centage  of  ash  is  small  in 
the  -cob.  scarcely  amounting  in  any  case  to  more  than  one-half  of 
one  per  cent. 

§  111.  The  hnskfl  of  this  variety  of  corn  and  which  belong  to  the 
tame  Btage  <>f  growth,  are  composed  of: 

Potash 2  I.n:. 

Soda 2. n4 

lai  b.  of  lime,   0,27 

Magnesia,     0.28 

Phos.  of  lime,  magnesia  and  iro*i,    , . 2D.43 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  93 

Chlorine, 1.11 

Sulphuric  acid,   11.11 

Silica,     32.13 

From  observation  and  experiment  it  appears  highly  probable, 
that  the  S  rowed  yellow  corn  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  for  feed- 
ing ]  roperties.     Its  parts  are  all  of  them  rich  in  inorganic  matter. 

§  1 12.  Upon  an  acre  of  corn  we  raise  about  18,700  plants.  These 
plants  will  contain  466.80  lbs.  of  inorganic  matter.  This  inorganic 
matter  will  be  distributed  to  the  parts  of  plants  in  the  following 
amounts: 

Tassels,    64.239  grs., 

Stalks 525.525  " 

Sheaths, 594.962  " 

Leaves,    1.195.845  " 

Silks,    25.284  " 

Husks,     434.091  " 

Cobs,    264.600  " 

Grain,    480.690  " 

3.585.036  grs., =7468.82  oz.=466.801bs. 
Of  this  quantity  the  leaves  and  sheaths  will  contain  of: 

LEAVES.  SHEATHS 

Silica,    82.681  pounds,  39.667  pounds, 

Earthy  phosphates, 29.273  "  7.546  " 

Lime,    9.400  "  1.581  " 

Magnesia,    1.910  "  0.589  " 

Potash,    19.704  "  5.571  " 

Soda,   13.142  u  ','.262  " 

Chlorine,    15.072  u  2.202  " 

Sulphuric  acid,    6.461  "  8.928  '* 

The  weight  of  the  inorganic  matter  of  the  grain  and  cob  will  be : 

GRAIN.  COB. 

Silica,     S.y.iO  4.678 

Earthy  and  alkaline  phosphates,    22.187  8.229 

Lime,   0.187  0.103 

Magnesia,    1.606  0.309 

Potash,     14.950  12.315 

Soda,    14.118  _'.n34 


04  :lH-CAK'iI.INA    GEOLOGICAL    SIKYI.Y. 

CUeniM 0.309        0.04."> 

Sulphuric  acid,    2.740         0.118 

The  stalks  of  one  acre  will  contain  : 

Silica 8.1 

Earthy  phosphates,   1  <  • 

Lime 1.926 

Magnesia 0.640 

Pota*h 11.087 

Soda 17.094 

Chlorine 7.491 

Sulphuric  acid, 7.:>J 

64791  pounds. 

§  113.  The  several  amounts  of  the  inorganic  elements  will  stand 
as  follow  - : 

LBS.   OZ.    DECIMAL   PARTS   OF    AS    OrNCr 

Silica ±78.12.496 

Earthy  phosphates,  etc 93.  3.'.'s4 

Lime 18.    9  - 

gnesia,  5.  0.1 

Potash 66.  2.944 

Soda 61.15.184 

Chlorine 28.    ' 

Sulphuric  acid,    29.11.696 

m.16.1 

§  114.  The  foregoing  statistics  of  the  corn  or  maize  elements 
show  thai  it  is  an  exhausting  crop.  This  is  agreeable  to  the  opin- 
ions of  the  best  informed  farmers. 

The  maize  crop  is  remarkable  for  bearing  high   culture  without 

danger  of  ai  ve  growth  of  stalk  or  leaves.     In  this  respect 

it  is  quite  different  from  wheat  or  oats.    The  rich  lands  of  the 

tern  counties  of  North-Carolina  produce  great  crope  of  maize. 

but  when  wheat  is  put  upon  them,  the  crop  consists  of  etrasr  instead 

of  grain,  which  is  even  of  a  p •  quality,  so  far  as  it  is  produced 

in,  the  foregoing  statistics  show  the  actual  amount  which 
each  part  contains,  and  what  it  removes  from  the  soil.     An  infer 


NORTH-CAROLINA.    GEOLOGICAL    BUBVEY.  »0 

ence  from  all  these  facts  is,  that  it  is  not  sufficient  to  supply  the 
phosphates  upon  an  exhausted  soil  to  restore  it  to  fertility  :  the 
quantity  of  potash,  soda,  etc.,  which  may  be  and  probably  is  com- 
bined in  part  with  silica,  shows  that  the  soluble  silicates  will  be 
required  in  the  list  of  fertilizers.  Plants  require  foliage  element^ 
as  well  as  [train  or  seed  dements  j  for  undoubtedly  the  perfection 
of  the  seed  is  dependent,  in  a  great  measure,  upon  the  perfection 
of  the  foliage.  This  precedes,  or  is  developed  first,  and  when  we 
rind  it  green  and  luxuriant,  we  predict  a  line  crop  of  grain. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


Value  of  foliage  for  animal  consumption  depenoV  upon  the  quantity  of  two  differ- 
ent classes  of  bodies:  heat  producing  and  flesh  producing  bodies.  These  two 
classes  arc  the  proximate  organic  bodies,  and  are  ready  formed  in  the  vegetable 
organs.  Proximate  composition  illustrated  by  two  varieties  of  maize.  Their 
comparative  value.  Analysis  of  several  other  varieties  of  maize  for  the  pur- 
pose of  illustrating  difference  of  composition  as  well  as  their  different  values. 
Composition  of  timothy,  etc 

§  115.  The  true  value  of  foliage  is  determined  from  the  quantity 
of  the  proximate  elements  of  certain  organic  products  developed  or 
produced  in  the  organs  and  seeds  of  many  plants,  particularly  those 
which  are  in  common  use  for  feeding  animals.  Of  these  elements 
starch,  sugar,  gum.  dextrine,  gluten,  legmnen.  casein,  albumen, 
are  the  most  important.  The  list  is  naturally  divisible  into  two 
classes.  The  four  first  form  a  class  which  have  been  called  respira- 
tory elements,  and  furnish  the  body  with  heat  and  fat;  they  are 
destitute  of  of  nitrogen.  The  remainder,  of  which  gluten  stands  at 
the  head,  are  the  flesh  and  strength  producing  elements,  and  are 
known  to  contain  nitrogen,  and  hence  are  sometimes  called  mtro- 
<i>ic  nts.     The  first  class  meet  a  special  want  in  the  animal 

economy,  that  of  supplying  it  with  heat,  and  when  they  are  taken 
in  larger  quantities  than  the  system  requires,  they  accumulate 
around  certain  parts  in  the  form  of  fat. 


.\>kni  <  AK'oMNA    GEOLOGICAL    BUftfEl. 

It  is  evident  that  as  the  economy  of  the  animal  system  requires 
not  only  heat  bat  Btrength  and  muscle  or  flesh,  and  as  these  are 
furnished  from  plants  in  the  first  place,  that  any  given  plant  is  val- 
uable fur  food  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  which  these  twoelas 

lements  are  contained  in  the  vegetable  or  which  it  can  furnish. 
In  order  to  determine  the  value  of  a  plant,  then,  these  different 
aees  and  individuals  of  the  class  are  separated  or  isolated  from 
their  natural  combinations,  or  in  other  words  they  are  analyzed. 
As  an  example  we  may  take  the  composition  of  maize,  which  will 
show  the  proximate  composition  of  the  grain.  Its  ultimate  analy- 
-  8  would  be,  resolve  the  proximate  bodies  into  the  elements,  car- 
bon, oxygen,  dydrogen  and  nitrogen.  The  proximate  elements 
exi>t  ready  formed  in  the  yraiu,  leaf  or  §tem^  and  they  are  separa- 
ted from  the  tibre  or  cellular  tissue  by  water,  aleohol,  ether,  weak 
alkaline,  solutions,  etc.  The  grain,  then,  in  its  proximate  elements 
of  ready  funned  bodies,  contains: 

S   BOWED    WniTE   FUST.  WHITE   KEN1CCKT    DEXT  CO*>. 

Starch 57.47 

Oil,   - 

Dextrine  or  gum 4.01 

Sugar  and  extractive 18.81 

Albumen -2.-2T  4.44 

it 0.39  0.80 

filuten ".72 

Fibre 

Water 11.48  18  I 

The  heat  producing  bodies  in  the  two  varieties  an-  : 

FL1XT.         KENTCi'KT    ■  OXS. 

Starch 57.47  5".'.<:2 

8.56  0.M 

4.01  3.08 

Sugar 18.81  13.80 

i  i  fat  producing  bodies. 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  97 

While  the  flesh  producing  are  in  the 

KLIST   COT.N.  RHTUCR   COEN. 

Albumen,    2.27  4.44 

Casein 0.88 

Gluten 1.67  0.72 

4.33  5.96 

In  the  Kentucky  corn  the  flesh  producing  bodies  exceed  those  in 
Flint  corn. 

To  give  another  analysis  of  corn  for  the  purpose  of  showing  a 
still  greater  difference  in  the  varieties  often  cultivated,  we  select 
the  small  blue  corn  used  for  parching.     It  contains: 

Starch 42. -36 

Oil.    5.30 

Sugar  and  extractive,    15.32 

Gum,    7.52 

Albumen,     5.00 

Casein, 2.04 

Gluten,    4.73 

Fibre,*    •••  8.56 

Soluble  in  fibre  by  potash,    8.55 

The  tine  parching  properties  of  this  corn  are  due  to  the  large 
quantity  of  oil  present  in  the  grain.  Another  variety  of  pop  corn. 
the  lady  finger,  contains  nearly  T  per  cent,  of  oil. 

The  sweet  corn  is  still  more  remarkable  in  its  composition,  thus 
it  contains: 

Starch,    11.00 

Oil 3.60 

Sugar,    6.62 

Dextrine  or  gum, 24.82 

Extract,    8.00 


*  Fibre  is  the  hard  stringy  part  of  vegetables ;  it  is  wood  or  the  fibre  of  flax  ; 
cotton  lint  is  the  purest  form  of  fibre  ;  bruise  or  beat  wood  or  straw  or  grain,  dis- 
solve out  by  water,  ether,  alcohol  and  a  weak  solution  of  pearlash  all  that  can  be 
and  the  part  remaining   is  fibre;  it  exists  in  the  excrements  of  cattle  and  ha 
and  forms  much  of  their  bulk. 


N"Uni-CAU"UNA   OSOIjOOIOAL  sukvkt. 

Cilutcn 4     _ 

Albumen 14 

•  in 

Fibre 11.  -2  4 

Water II    - 

The  Btarch  in  this  variety  is  reduced  to  a  minimum  quantity,  and 
the  gum  or  dextrine  i>  increased  to  the  maximum  known  in  maize. 
The  gOm,  no  doubt,  replaces  in  part  the  starch,  and  it  is  tin's  ele- 
ment which  causes  the  great  shrinkage  in  the  kernel,  from  which 
■re  should  very  naturally  infer  that  the  corn  was  gathered  in  an 
unripe  condition.  This,  however,  is  not  the  fact,  lint  the  sweet 
corn  i-  eminent  for  it-  tiesh  producing  elements  when  it  is  seen  to 
contain  14  per  cent,  of  albumen  and  5  per  cent.  of  casein. 

§  116-  The  value  of  the  corn  leaf,  or  fodder,  as  it   is  cav. 
more  accurately  ascertained  by  submitting  it  to  an  organic  proxi- 
mate  analysis.     When  thus  treated  timothy  and  corn  leaf  arc  found 
tu  be  composed  of: 

TIMOTnT.  CORN    LEAF. 

Fibre 68.14  60.00 

Wax ■_  -  undetermined. 

Sugar  extract  and  dextrine, 8.20  10.00 

Albamen 1.89  0.82 

Casein 2.84  1.60 

Water,   l-2.:;.«  10.17 

The  insoluble  fibre  mak.-s  the  hulk  of  the  leaf,  and  serves  in  the 
animal  economy  to  till  up  space,  or  give  a  proper  degree  of  tension 
to  Inc  membranes.     The  albumen  and  casein   are  nearly  a-  la 
in  corn  leaf  a-  in  the  best  of  grasses.     The  red  top,  a  favorite  hay, 
imposed  of: 

Rbw || 

Was i \ 

Resin,   

Extract  and  tugar b.oo 

Albumen,    ]  4'i 

•in 1   - 

Water 10.00 


NOKTH-CAROLLXA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  99 

§  117.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  insoluble  matter,  or  fibre,  in 
the  three  kinds  in  the  above  examples,  timothy,  red  top  and  corn 
leaf,  are  really  the  same,  or  nearly  so.  All  the  other  bodies,  classed 
as  nuiritivi  and  fat  producing,  make  up  the  remainder.  They  dif- 
fer in  quantity  in  these  individual  specimens,  yet.  it  is  probable, 
that  for  feeding  stock,  as  they  generally  grow,  sometimes  on  rich 
and  sometimes  on  poor  soil,  they  cannot  differ  essentially.  One. 
in  its  general  run,  will  support  as  much  stock  as  the  other,  for  it 
will  he  observed  that  cultivation,  or  no  cultivation,  changes  the 
character  of  the  crop.  If,  however,  we  compare  the  foregoing 
compositions  with  another  species,  which  grows  naturally  on  a  cold 
wet  soil  we  shall  perceive  a  great  difference. 

For  example,  a  carex  (a  swamp  grass)  collected  just  before  it 
was  to  blossom  was  found  to  be  composed  of: 

Fibre B6.90 

Wax i 

Albumen 2.84 

Casein , trace. 

Resin 0.47 

Extract  and  sugar ,; 

The  greatest  part  of  this  grass  is  unnutritious  fibre,  still  it  is  not 
deficient  in  albumen,  bat  both  classes  of  bodies  are  reduced  to  a 
low  per  cent  age.  We  find  less  than  15  per  cent,  of  the  heat  and 
fiesh  producing  bodies  combined. 

Composition  of  the  common  garden  pea.  rice  and  wheat,  so  far 
as  their  proximate  organic  elements  are  concerned  : 

PEA. 

Water 14 

Starch 42 

S    _■  if  and  gum 6 

Nitrogenous  substances,    24 

Oil 2 

Woody  fibre 9 

Ash 3 

LOO 

Rice  contains  a  larger  amount  of  stalk  than  wheat  or  corn,  but 
in  nitrogenous  substances  it  is  less  than  one-half  of  that  in  wheat, 
and  in  the  pea  they  exceed  the  rice  more  than  three  times. 


IICE. 

WHEAT. 

13 

IS 

' 

42 

4 

'.i 

7 

HI 

1 

.-> 

4 

ti 

1 

.•> 

•:th-cakoi.ina  geological  suit 


I  AFTER  XIII. 

\  >n   of  tuberous  plants   with   respect  to  their  nutritive  elenu: 
potat  Street  |  Their  nutritive  va.  red. 

|  118.  Tlie  family   of  vegetables  which  rank  next   in  nutritive 
value  to  the  cereals  are  the  tuber  bearing  plants,  potatoes,  a 
potatoes,  turnips,  etc.     They  owe  their  value  mostly  to  the  presence 
of  the  same  heat  and   flesh  producing  graina     The 

inorganic  elements  are  the  same  as  in  the  cereals  and    gi  .--  »,  but 
their  proportions  differ  somewhat  from  them.     Th 
cer  potatoe,  which  is.  in  general  repute,  is  composed  of: 

■nan  potatoz. 

Silica,    . 

karthy  and  alkaline  phosphate?,  consisting  of  lime, 

magnesia  ami  iron i 

Lime t.U5 

Magnesia 

Potash 14.J 

B    b 

Sulphuric   acid tj.25 

Carbonic  acid irace. 

A  curious  fact  which  we  brought  out  in  the  analysis  of  the  pota- 
-  is  the  difference  in  the  proportion  of  both  water  and  ash  of  the 

ends,  and  he-ides  the  rose  end.  if  planted,  will  form  potatoes  earlier 
than  the  heel  end.     They  are  com]    - 

■m 
Water 8     -  70.17 

Diy  matter ]• 

Ash |    n 

§  1\{K  The  proximate  organic  tnaljsis  of  the  tuber  of  tlie  mercer 
-    j  more  information,  as  it  rega     j  its  1    ■•■    as  qualities.     It 
contains : 

3     rch ;i.71 

Rbw ;..-- 

Gluten 0.J 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  1,01 

Fatty  matter,    

Albumen ' 

Ca-ein O-50 

Dextrine,     "■ '  - 

Sugar  and  extract 

The  water  of  the  potatoe  amounts  to  about  So  per  cent.  The 
starch  is  less  in  this  sample  of  mercer  than  in  the  early  June,  which 
contains  13.37  per  cent.  As  it  regards  flesh  producing  bodies  all 
the  potatoes  rank  low. 

^  120.  The  following  analysis  of  the  sweet  potatoe  will  enable 
the  reader  to  compare  it  with  the  Irish  as  an  article  of  food,  partic- 
ularly with  regard  to  its  flesh  producing  qualities.  The  ash  is  com- 
posed of: 

Silica. 1S5 

Earthy  and  alkaline  phosphate? 8*10 

Carbonate  of  lime 0.60 

Magnesia 

Potash,    4'A36 

Soda 50a 

Sulphuric  acid ■•»■ 

Chlorine *■•■ 

Carbonic  acid 15. ,  -2 

The  tuber  contains: 

Water c 

Drv  matter,  :?'      a 

Ash 109 

g  121.  The  proximate  organic  analysis  gave: 

SWEET    POTATOE.  TCENir5. 

Starch,   '       '  7 

Sugar  and  extract,    5.8  - 

Dextrine,    

Fibre 1-85  - 

Matter  dissolved  by  potash -.10  ~] 

Albumen,    6.8  H 

twin 108J 

A  body  that  resembles  balsam -  -  *  oil. 

Water,    ^6.56 


|02  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

The  e  analyses  serve  to  confirm  or  rather  to  agree  with  the 

common  opinion,  that  the  sweet  potatoes  rank  considerably  higher 
in  the  scale  of  nutriment  than  the  Irisli ;  they  furnish  more  of  the 

producing  bodies;  they  contain  less  water.  Both  are  rich  in 
potash.  The  per  centage  of  ash  appears  low,  but  in  both  it  is  ex- 
treinelv  fnsible  and  difficult  to  obtain  in  a  pure  condition  fur  weigh- 
ing as  it  is  very  liable  to  be  caustic.  The  ash  of  the  leaves  and 
stems  is  composed  of: 

Silica 81.60 

rthy  phosphates K 

Carbonate  of  lime 15 

Magnesia none. 

Potash 18.51 

Soda !'.4f, 

Sulphuric  acid, 

Chlorine -J."'.' 

P<  r  cent  of  ash  in  leaves,    i' 

"  stems,   

The  sweet  potatoe  compared  with  the  turnip  used  so  largely  for 
fattening  stock  in  England,  is  far  superior  in  every  point  of  view. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


(Tomposilion  of  the  ash  of  fruit  trees;  as  the  peach,  apple,  pear,  Catawba  grape 
•  carbon  or  pure  charcoal   which  some  of  the  hard  woods   give  bv 
ignition  in  closely  covered  crucibles. 

§122.  Persons  who  cultivate  fruit  trees  may  wish  to  know  the 
composition  of  the  inorganic  matter  or  ash  which  the  different 
parts  furnish.  The  following  analysis  will  fulfil  in  part,  at  least, 
their  wishes.  The  peach  being  a  very  important  fruit  tree  in  this 
State,  :ted  from  among  many  which  have  been  made.     The 

ash  of  the  parts  of  the  peach  is  composed  as  follows : 


NORTII-CAKOLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY, 


105 


BARK. 

Potash,    2.20 

Soda,    

Chlorine  of  sodium,    0.04 

Sulphuric  acid 4.1!) 

Lime, 42.17 

Magnesia,    2.10 

Phosphate  peroxide  of  iron,  0.40 

Phosphate  of  lime,    0.79 

Phosphate  of  magnesia,    .  .  .  0.51 

Silica,     4.13 

Coal,    


TTOOP. 

LEAVES. 

7.11 

12.41 

11.18 

0.10 

0.30 

1.51 

12.12 

22.20 

14.77 

0.40 

8.00 

0.32 

2.47 

20.1!) 

10.44 

1.34 

3.15 

1.05 

0.42 

4.48 

In  the  tbresroimr  analysis  the  carbonic  acid  was  undetermined. 
It  appears  from  the  analysis  that  sulphates,  gypsum  probably,  will 
have  good  effects  upon  the  peach  tree.  The  leaves  in  another 
analysis  made  in  July,  gave: 

PEACII  LEAVES. 

Potash 14.28 

Soda 21.22 

Lime 10.22 

Magnesia,     5.90 

Phosphate,    11.60  ' 

Sulphuric  acid,   4.42 

Chlorine,   5.12 

Carbonic  acid,    14.80 


The  pits  of  a  peach  are  rich  in  lime,  phosphate  of  lime  and  silica. 
Lime  must  hold  an  important  place  as  a  fertilizer  for  the  peach 
tree,  provided  we  attempt  to  fulfil  the  indications  furnished  by  the 
composition  of  leaves,  wood  and  bark.  The  alkalies,  potash  anil 
soda,  are  also  to  be  supplied.  Ashes,  however,  will  supply  all  its 
wants. 

§  123.  Composition  of  the  leaves  of  the  pear  and  apple  tree. at 
the  time  when  the  flowers  had  just  fallen: 

APPLE  THEE  LEAVES.      PEAK  TUEE  LEAVES. 

Potash, 27.17  l*.'-'5 

Soda,     11.83  16.19 

Lime,    3.38  4.71 

Magnesia, 2.74  4.50 

Chlorine,      0.79  undetermined. 

Phosphates,   26.00  25.05 


N.-iHIi-CAUnUNA    GEOLOGICAL   BCBYKY. 

Sulphuric  add,    ln.12  undetermined 

Silica 4.66  1.76 

Carbonic  m  id 56  1 1.66 

Botli  tlie  apple  and  pear  leaves  are   rich    in  alkalies  as  well  as 

Whether  an  analysis  in  September  would  furnish 

similar  res    ts  ia  doubtful,  as  it   is   believed   that   there   may  he  a 

•  thes         lies  to  the  maturing  fruit. 

8  1  -J4.  Analysis  of  the  ash  of  the  leaves  of  the  Catawba  grape, 

gathered  June  2d  : 

tab 18 

-    hi B 

l:«c i 

Magnesia 1.74 

Phosphates 82.96 

Sulphuric  acid —  - ' ' - • 

Silka M 

Chlorine, 0.74 

Carbonic  acid :''"~> 

Ash  of  the  wood 0.08 

At  this  period  of  the  year  the  leaf  is  rich  in  phosphates  and 
alkalies.  It  is  well  known  that  bones  and  alkalies  are  among  the 
best  fertilizers  for  the  vine. 

125.  The  ash  of  wood,  it  is  shown,  differs  in  the  proportions  vt' 
organic  matters.     They  differ  also,  in   quantity  of  carbon  or  char- 
coal the  wood  furni<hes.     Thus.  beech    wood    gives  17.16  per  cent, 
hareoal.     Deducting  its  ash,  it  leaves    16.94  as  pure  charcoal. 
The   iron    wood    gives    L6.21.      Deducting   ash,    it    leaves    1 ."».'.' 1. 

The  broad  leaved  laurel  gives  only  7.30 :  and  deducting  ash,  ,; 
The  wood  is  very  compa  it. 

The  chestnut  gi     -    1.75;  ash  9.27. 

The  white  elm  gives  15.84  per  cent  of  eoal,  minus  ash ;  leaves 
16.04. 

The  black  lurch  gives  16.01  charcoal,  minus  ash.  equals  15.96. 

Th<-  pear  tree  has  9.79  per  cent.  of  coai,  an«l  the  apple  K>.nu : 
abstracting  the  ash  of  the  latter,  it  is  reduced  to  15.70, 

From  th<  ng,  it  appears  that   the  quantity  of  cai'h 

coal  which  the  hard  woods  furnish,  rarely  exceeds  17  per  cent.,  and 
Inced  bv  extracting  the  ash. 


XORTH-C-LROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  105 


CHAPTER  XV. 

Nitrogenous  fertilizers  most  suitable  for  the  cereals.  Correlation  of  means  and 
ends  which  meet  in  fertilizers.  The  final  end  of  nitrogenous  bodies.  The 
power  to  store  up  or  consume  fertilizers  modified  by  age,  exercise  and  tempera- 
ture. Error  in  cattle  husbandry.  Crops  containing  the  largest  amount  of 
nutriment.  Weights  of  crops,  etc  Indian  corn  and  turnips.  Sweet  potatoes. 
The  produce  of  an  acre  of  cabbage,  etc  Cultivation  of  fruit  trees — trimming 
and  protection. 

^  126.  As  those  substances  are  the  most  suitable  for  fertilizers, 
especially  for  the  cereals,  which  contain  the  most  nitrogen,  so,  those 
containing  this  element  are  the  most  suitable  food  for  animals;  and 
as  none  of  the  cereals  can  be  grown  without  tiiis  element,  so  ani- 
mals cannot  be  sustained  unless  it  forms  a  part  of  their  food.  There 
is,  therefore,  a  correlation  of  means  and  ends  existing  in  the  estab- 
lished order  of  things  between  what  plants  and  animals  require  for 
sustenance.  In  the  first  case,  it  would  seem  that  the  nitrogenous 
compounds  are  secondary  necessities,  while  in  the  latter  they  are 
primary,  or  have  immediate  reference  to  the  characteristics  of  the 
class  of  beings  by  whom  they  are  required.  They  are  more  essen- 
tially the  force  creating  elements,  and  are  designed  to  be  expended 
for  this  purpose,  and  never  to  accumulate  beyond  the  creation  of 
the  parts  which  are  the  seat  of  the  force,  while  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom  they  accumulate  and  are  not  consumed  in  the  performance 
of  any  of  its  functions.  Gluten,  a  nitrogenous  element,  and  starch, 
a  heat  producing  element,  accumulate  in  the  grain.  There  they 
remain  until  on  being  received  into  the  animal  structure;  the  lat- 
ter is  expended  in  developing  heat,  the  former  in  motion  or  exer- 
cise of  the  muscular  organs. 

>;  127.  The  tinal  end,  then,  of  furnishing  nitrogenous  bodies  to 
growing  vegetables,  is  to  supply  necessities  which  the  nature  and 
construction  of  animals  demand ;  and  herein  is  a  broad  distinction 
between  the  two  kingdoms — accumulation  in  one,  waste  in  the  other, 
or  a  consumption  of  its  own  organs  in  animals,  requiring  therefore 
constant  renewal  to  supply  the  place  of  the  wasted  tissues  which 
have  been  expended  in  the  development  of  force. 

In  the  animal  economy  the  heat  producing  bodies,  starch,  gum, 
0lj|  and  sugar,  cannot  be  substituted  for  the  flesh  and  force  produc- 
7 


106  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    BUKTKT. 

ing  bodies,  gluten,  albumen  and  fibrin  or  casein ;  their  functions 
being  totally  different  A  dog  cannot  live  on  pure  starch  or  sugar ; 
neither  could  his  lite  be  sustained  on  pure  fibrin.  There  is  always 
a  mixture  of  these  bodies  in  all  kinds  of  food  as  prepared  by  the 
organic  bod! 

"Wheat.  Indian  corn,  rye,  etc.,  have  been  shown  to  consist  of  a 
number  of  elements  belonging  to  each  of  the  class  whose  functions 
in  the  animal  economy  have  been  stated.  Any  of  the  cereals  will 
sustain  life,  as  they  furnish  both  heat  and  flesh.  Rice  contains  less 
of  the  flesh  producing  elements  than  wheat.  Indian  corn  by  itself 
is  probably  the  best  life  sustaining  body  of  this  class. 

§  12S.  The  ability  or  power  of  the  animal  machine  to  consume 
and  store  up  elements  is  modified  by  exercise  and  age.  The  grow- 
ing animal  only  accumulates  as  it  is  necessary  ;  it  is  a  law  that  the 
young  should  attain  the  size  of  the  species ;  so  in  passing  from  the 
embryo  to  the  adult  state,  consumption  falls  short  of  accumulation, 
when  the  adult  s'tate  is  attained  accumulation  is  no  longer  necessary, 
and  the  amount  of  food  taken  has  to  be  adjusted  to  the  preservation 
of  the  balance  between  the  food  eaten  and  the  forces  which  con- 
sume it.  Exercise  increases  consumption,  a  tact  established  by 
numerous  experiments  made  with  healthy  animals.  This  is  an  im- 
portant consideration  when  applied  to  the  fattening  of  animals. 
"When  they  are  allowed  to  run  at  large  and  exercise  at  will,  or  even 
subjected  to  such  an  amount  of  exercise  as  may  be  required  to 
feed,  the  accumulation  of  fat  is  slower,  and  the  quantity  of  food  is 
It  --.  which  is  necessary  to  reach  that  state  of  obesity  required  for  the 
stall ;  a  larger  amount  of  food  is  necessarily  consumed  than  is  essen- 
tial to  it  when  the  animal  is  still  and  performs  no  more  exercise 
than  health  demands. 

In  illustration  of  the  foregoing  statement,  it  has  been  determined 
l»y  experiment  that  where  20  sheep  were  allowed  to  run  at  large 
in  an  open  field,  they  consumed  19  lbs.  of  turnips  each  day  for  3 
successive  winter  months;  they  gained  during  the  time  of  trial  512 
pounds.  Twenty  other  sheep  kept  for  the  same  time  in  a  shed, 
and  upon  an  average  consumed  15  pounds  of  turnips  per  day,  and 
increased  in  weight  790  pounds.  In  addition  to  the  turnips  both 
flocks  were  fed  half  a  pound  of  linseed  cake  and  half  a  pint  of  bar- 
ley, but  from  inclination  the  enclosed  flock  consumed  one-third  less 
linseed  cake  than  the  out  door  flock.  The  increase  in  the  confined 
flock  was  greater,  and  also  the  consumption  of  food  less. 


NOJBTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  107 

Protection  from  cold  weather  is  another  way  of  increasing  weight 
by  the  use  of  less  food.  Those  elements  which  are  burnt  in  the 
system  for  the  purpose  of  developing  heat,  must  be  provided  in 
larger  quantities  and  proportionate  to  the  severity  of  the  cold  to 
which  they  are  exposed.  The  starch,  oil,  sugar,  etc.,  is  consumed 
for  the  generation  of  heat,  which  would  be  deposited  in  fat  if  the 
medium  in  which  they  are  placed  were  warmed  or  was  protected 
from  extreme  severities. 

The  natural  adjustment,  then,  of  food  to  the  wants  of  the  system 
is  influenced  by  age,  exercise  and  temperature.  The  two  latter 
may  be  controlled  by  means  both  simple  and  cheap,  so  that  both 
food  is  saved  and  accumulations  of  fat  deposited. 

§  129.  The  great  error  in  this  State  in  cattle  husbandry  is,  the 
practice  of  compelling  animals  to  shirk  for  themselves  both  winter 
and  summer.  So  effectually  do  they  consume  all  they  eat  in  win- 
ter to  keep  themselves  warm,  that  when  spring  comes  they  are 
more  than  spring  poor,  and  two  months  is  required  to  get  them  up 
to  a  living  condition  ;  and  it  is  rare  that  a  fat  animal  is  found  or 
made  during  summer  and  autumn. 

There  is,  then,  no  doubt  that  shelter  and  food  is  required  in  North- 
Carolina  as  well  as  in  New  York,  though  the  climate  is  miuh  more 
favorable  here  for  every  purpose  than  in  the  north.  The  natural 
food  which  is  mostly  the  produce  of  old  fields  and  the  wood  and 
swamp  ranges,  is  far  less  nutritious  than  the  cultivated  vegetables ; 
more  exercise  is  required  to  get  it,  and  hence  a  greater  amount  of 
expenditure  of  force  is  necessary.  This,  coupled  with  the  fact  of  a 
less  nutritions  food  and  exposure,  accounts  tor  the  small  size  of  the 
stock  of  the  Southern  States. 

§  130.  It  is  an  interesting  enquiry,  what  crop  or  production  con- 
tains in  itself,  the  largest  amount  of  nutriment  or  life-sustaining 
elements?  In  a  question  of  this  kind,  it  should  be  understood  that 
it  is  not  simj  ly  albumen  or  gluten,  the  flesh  producing  bodies,  which 
are  involved  in  the  question,  or  the  quantity  of  heat  producing 
bodies  as  starch,  sugar  and  gum  ;  for  neither  class  of  bodies  is  in 
reality  life  sustaining  by  itself,  but  it  relates  to,  or  means  to  inquire, 
what  crop  per  acre  contains  that  combination  of  the  heat  and  flesh 
producing  bodies  in  the  greatest  quantity  ?  A  good  old  Alalthusian 
would  regard  this  as  a  question  of  the  deepest  import,  and  would 
call  to  his  aid  the  power  of  arithmetic  and  of  the  statistics  of  crops 
to  solve  the  question. 


108  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

tain  a  close   approximate  solution  of  this  ques 
it  is  nee  several   weights  of  the  crops  which  an 

acre  yield?  under  good  culture.  An  acre  should  yield,  for  example. 
25  bushels  of  wheat,  though  large  territories  mag 
than  15  bushels;  hut  an  acre  which  will  yield  '2.r»  bushels  of  wheat 
will  yield  60  bushels  of  corn — it  is  always  competent  to  do  this: 
hut  the  reverse  of  this  is  not  true,  for  swamp  lands  will  readily  pro- 
duce the  Indian  corn,  but  not  more  than  half  the  amount  of  wheat" 
and  of  a  poor  quality. 

If  Indian  coin  is  compared  with  the  turnip,  which  is  regarded  in 
.'and  as  furnishing  the  greatest  amount  of  life  preserving  ele- 
ments, it  will  appear  that  in  this  respect  it  exceeds  our  favorite 
crop.     1  lined  that  a  crop  of  turnips  yield  per  acr. 

pounds,  but  only  one-ninth  of  this  is  nutriment,  the  rest  is  water; 
there  is.  therefore,  out  of  tne  07,000  pounds  only  ^.444  of  dry  mat- 
ter. The  heat  producing  elements  only  equal  6,290  pounds,  and 
the  flesh  producing  bodies  amount  to  1,000  pounds.  The  grain  of 
Indian  corn  contains  in   an  acre   2,780  poun  ch.  oil,  Arc. 

which  belong  to  the  heat  producing  bodies,  while  the  flesh  produ- 
cing amount  !•■  B40  pounds.  If  the  grain  only  is  taken  into  the 
unt,  turnips  rank  higher  than  corn  in  their  life  sustaining  pow- 
er. But  it  may  thus  be  that  though  turnips  outweigh  Indian  corn, 
it  is  not  clear  that  in  actual  service  this  crop  could  by  itself  be  em- 
ployed fur  the  human  family;  it  answers  a  good  purp  -  -  e  of 
our  dishes,  and    s      san    sh   to  a  tnrki  F;  no  one 

would  like  the  process  of  being  fattened  exclusively  upon  turnips. 
'an  corn  being  susceptible  of  all  kinds  of  treatment  by  the 
cook,  «ach  one  r>f  which  is.  generally  relished,  it  is  highly  probable 
that  it   should    be  placed   highest  in   the   scale   as  a   li:  .ing 

132.  Of  the  root  crops,  though  turnips  in  England  are  prefer- 
to  all  others  for  fattening  cattle,  yet  they  must  rank   far  b. 

The   dry  matter  in   t:  itoe  amounts 

r  cent.     It  contain-   l!»  per  cent,  of  starch,  •"•  per  cent,  of 

•.  and  nearly  1  per  cent  of  dextrine  or  gum.     Its  heat  produ- 

araount  I      :       ■  r  cent,  at   least.     It 
nearly    7  per   cent,  of  flesh    forming   bodies.     A 

gli   per  acre  about  30,         -         Is.     The 
quantity   of  starch,  -uirar.  Arc.  will   amount    t<    7,62J    pounds,  and 


>*0RTH-CAK0LLXA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  109 

the  weight  of  the  flesh  producing  elements  amount  to  2,100  pounds. 
The  life  sustaining  elements,  therefore,  in  the  sweet  potatoes  exceed 
those  of  the  turnip,  and  would  be  preferred  bj  far  to  them  ;  and  if 
the  human  family  was  reduced  to  the  alternative  of  subsisting  upon 
a  single  product,  the  sweet  potatoe  would  do,  because,  like  Indian 
corn,  it  may  be  cooked  in  various  modes  and  made  to  suit  the  pal- 
ate, which  is  by  no  means  to  be  lost  sight  of.  But  the  turnip  has 
too  much  water,  is  too  insipid  for  daily  use  by  itself,  and  could  not 
be  employed  alone  as  a  life  sustaining  substance,  notwithstanding 
its  rank.  It  takes  rank  because  of  the  immense  weight  of  a  crop 
upon  an  acre.  Taken  pound  for  pound  and  it  ranks  low  in  the  scale 
of  nutrients.  A  person  would  have  to  consume  3  pounds  of  turnips 
to  obtain  the  nutrient  matter  of  one  pound  of  the  sweet  potatoe,  if 
our  estimate  is  founded  upon  the  quantity  of  dry  matter  which  they 
respectively  contain.  In  the  Indian  corn  there  is  about  14  per 
Cvmt.  water  ;  by  the  most  thorough  drying  it  amounts  to  16.  The 
remainder  is  important  as  a  nutrient,  taking  the  word  in  its  broad- 
est signification. 

We  are  aware  that  Johnson's  doctrine  is  somewhat  different.  He 
maintains  in  his  scale  of  heat  producing  elements  that  the  turnip 
will  support  eight  times  as  many  men  upon  the  same  acre  as  wheat. 
On  the  other  hand,  when  they  are  estimated  for  flesh  forming  qual- 
ities, turnips  will  support  four  times  as  many  men  as  wheat,  Indian 
corn,  or  barley. 

Cal>bage,  however,  it  is  admitted,  ranks  higher  than  turnips  in 
its  rle'sh  forming  elements.  The  Irish  and  the  negro  population 
seem  to  understand  this;  the  former  particularly,  purchase  in  mar- 
ket a  cabbage,  if  it  is  to  be  found. 

;;  133.  The  produce  of  an  acre  of  cabbage  amounts  to  21.2  tons 
if  their  heads  average  10  pounds  each.  Of  this  quantity  2»0.2  tons 
is  water  and  4  is  dry  cabbage,  of  which  a  ton  will  contain  324 
pounds  of  nitrogenous  matter.  A  ton  contains  IS  pounds  of  inor- 
ganic matter,  but  if  the  substance  is  perfectly  dry,  it  contains  153.9 
pounds.  The  problem  to  be  solved,  however,  is  not  the  power  of 
the  different  kinds  of  substances  to  sustain  life  by  their  actual 
amounts  of  heat  or  fle^h  producing  elements  which  they  contain- 
It  does  not  seem  to  be  intended  that  either  man  or  beast  should 
subsist  upon  one  kind  of  food.  The  appetite  is  never  satistied  with 
one  or  two  things  even, — it  seeks  variety;  and  when  variety  is  at- 


110  ;TH-CAROLIXA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

tainable,  the  strength  for  labor  and  the  enjoyment  of  health  attains 
its  maximum  power. 

Ton  cabbage  are  important  articles  in  the  list  of  nutri- 

ments: and   although  they  may  contain   more  nitrogenous  matter 
than  wheat  <«r  corn,  yet  f  as  would  make  them  their  exclu- 

at  and  drink,  unless  driven   by  n<  do;  and  if 

neoess  upelled  men  to  take  them,  the  power  to  work  and  en- 

dure fatigue   would   be   diminished,  while   Indian   corn,  wheat,  or 
eve:.  -.  though  they  contain  less  nitrogenous  matter, 

would  supply  the  wants  of  the  system  much  better. 

134.  It  ia  maintained,  and  the  fact  should  be  noticed  in  this 
connexion,  that  root  crops,  particularly  the  turnip,  are  to  be  spe- 
cially recommended  for  cultivation  as   they  impoverish   the  land 
:.  however,  at  the  facts.    A  good  turnip  crop  weighs 
to  the  aci  '•  pounds,  and  its  inorganic  matter  or  salts  amount 

to  4"  Is  to  the  acre,  while  wheat  has  only  about  60  pounds 

in  the  '2~>  bushels.  Cabbage  takes  awav  about  600  according  to 
Johnson,  but  this  is  rather  to  little  for  dry  cabbage;  it  amounts  to 
.34  pounds.  Gri  en  cabbage  contains  only  IS  pounds  to  the  ton. 
When  we  consider,  then,  the  great  weight  of  a  good  crop  of  turnips 
it  will  be  admitted,  we  believe,  that  they  are  really 
more  exhausting  than  the  cereals.  It  makes  no  difference  in  the 
final  results  if  it  is  proved  that  the  root  crop  derive  a  1;  re  of 

their  nutriment  from  them  ;  they  must  obtain  inorganic  matter  from 
the  soil  in  due  proportion,  and  experiment  proves  that  they  rem 
more  from  the  Boil  than  other  crop;..     Thi-  with  a  yiew 

to  d  g  of  roots.     They  have  their  place  in  feed- 

inter  and   spring  when  the  green  -  an- 

>uld  not  be  selected  for  cultivation  on  the 
erroneous  doctrine  that  they  do  n<»t  impoverish  the  Boil,  or  to 
amount  than  the  cereals  and  many  other  crops. 

'ur  icmarks  thus  far  have  related  to  the  cereals  and  those 
hich  are  I  for  the  Bustenance  of  man,  or  rather  the 

character  <.f  the  elements  which  he  constantly  empl 

Wt  ai    ■':.•  te  in  fruits,  which  are  of  vast  im- 

port;, l'iieir  cultivation  ia  every  where,  we  may  Bay,  receiving 

special  .  but  many  work  on   the  old  doctrine  that  a  fruit 

tree  or  vine   will  provide  for   itself,  if  it  is  once  fairly  planted  and 
watered  a  few  times.     It  lives  and  may  be  it  flourishes  a  few  year.-. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  Ill 

but  in  process  of  time  it  ceases  to  grow,  and  its  fruit  fails  in  quan- 
tity and  quality.  In  such  a  result  the  planter  is  very  apt  to  say 
that  the  climate  is  unsuitable  for  its  growth. 

But  let  us  briefly  inculcate  the  true  doctrine  relative  to  trees. 
They  require  fertilizers  as  well  as  the  cereals,  and  most  of  the  fruits 
are  injured  by  heavy  grass  culture,  and  especially  by  corn.  The 
reason  is  they  arc  robbed  of  food.  Roots  extend  much  farther  than 
many  suppose;  hence  the  deep  plowing  at  a  distance  from  the  trunk 
breaks  up  the  rootlets  and  cuts  off  the  channels  through  which  nu- 
triment ordinarily  flows.  Thrifty  and  profitable  trees  are  made  in 
this  way  only,  that  of  supplying  that  variety  of  nutriment  which 
any  farmer  knows  his  wheat  or  corn  requires.  The  mode  which 
should  be  followed  in  applying  it,  is  to  broadcast  it  over  the  sur- 
face, and  which  should  extend  beyond  the  shade  of  the  branches. 
Very  few  rootlets  for  the  support  of  the  tree  are  thrown  out,  ordi- 
narily, near  the  trunk.  It  is  of  little  use  again  to  trench  around 
the  tree  and  deposit  in  the  cut  manure — it  is  far  better  to  give  the 
whole  surface  of  an  orchard  dressings  of  composted  manure.  Such 
a  course  favors  the  development  of  rootlets,  and  the  nutrient  mat- 
ter is  carried  down  to  them  in  that  dilute  condition  which  their 
spongioles  require ;  and  lastly,  trees  require  clean  culture,  the  re- 
moval of  all  Meeds  beneath,  and  suckers  which  sprout  from  the 
base  of  the  trunk. 

§  136.  Many  trim  their  trees  outrageously  by  cutting  the  lowest 
large  branches;  the  consequence  is  the  production  of  a  high,  slim- 
headed  tree  of  little  value.  The  growth  of  the  apple  tree  is  upper- 
ward  and  narrow,  with  only  a  slight  tendency  to  spread  or  expand 
latter  ally.  This  mode  of  trimming  the  tree  increases  the  upward 
growth,  and  hence,  a  very  imperfect  head  is  formed  by  the  lateral 
extension  of  the  side  branches.  Trees  thus  mutilated  alwavs 
remain  .  if  the  word  can  be  applied  to  trees.     Even  peach 

trees  in  North-Carolina  are  deprived  of  their  best  bearing  branches. 
In  addition  to  the  injury  sustained  directly  as  fruit-bearing  trees, 
their  trunks  are  also  exposed  to  the  heat  of  the  sun,  which  blasts 
the  south  or  south-western  sides,  in  consequence  of  being  deprived 
in  part,  at  least,  of  the  shading  which  they  require  from  the 
branches. 

In  regard  to  vines,  we  believe  the  European  mode  of  close  trim- 
ming not  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  our  native  graves.     It 


118  XOKTH-CAEOLIXA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

is  unnatoral,  and  not  really  reqnired  by  our  climate.  It  is  true. 
the  Catawba,  under  the  knife  and  shears    of  foreign    cnltori 

e  survived  thus  far  their  mutil;  *.his   fact    rather 

pre    -  and  natural  recuperative  powers  under 

injury,  than  the  utility  of  the  practice.  Wliat  tlie  human  system 
may  endure  under  physic  is  one  thing:  what  it  requires,  and  is 
nee-  perfect  health  and  developemeir. 

In  our  southern  climate,  protection  from  a  burning  sun  on  the 
side  exposed  from  noon  till  tive.  is  one  of  the  most  important 
points  to  be  attended  to,  and  probably  it  is  equally  necessary  in 
the  growth  of  young  orchards  and  vineries  to  protect  the  r  be 
during  the  heat  and  drouth  of  summer  bv  m  The  object 

lerve  the  water  of  the  soil,  or  prevent  its  excessive  ew. 
ration  by  organic  matters,  which  are  the  most  retentive  of  moisture 
of  all  bodies  which  can  be  employed  for  this  purpose. 


NORTH-CAROLLN'A    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


PART    II. 


AGRICULTURE. 


CONTAINING    DESCRIPTIONS,    WITH    MANY 

ANALYSES.  OF  THE   S< JILS  OF  THE 

SWAMP  LANDS. 


EBEXEZER     EMMONS, 


STATE   GEOLOGIST. 


"KALEIGH-: 

W,    W.     HOLDEX,     PRINTER    TO     THE     STATE. 

1-60. 


PREFACE. 


The  Swamp  lands  of  Xorth  Carolina  seemed  to  require  a  special 
examination  in  consequence  of  their  variable  characters  and  their 
great  extent  of  surface.  Differing  in  all  respects  from  the  uplands 
but  possessing  among  themselves  certain  characters  in  common 
and  at  the  same  time  as  bodies  of  land  other  characters,  which 
are  not  common,  we  have  entertained  the  opinion  that  they  richly 
deserved  a  careful  examination,  and  have  been  encouraged  to 
underrake  it  in  the  hope  that  it  would  result  in  the  discovery  of 
many  important  facts.  Such  a  result  has  been  hoped  for  by  the 
fact  that  other  State  surveys,  as  well  as  those  which  have  been 
undertaken  by  private  enterprise,  have  left  this  field  untouched. 

Viewing  the  subject  in  its  most  general  points,  before  the  work 
was  undertaken,  it  seemed  that  the  most  important  questions  re- 
quiring solution  were  those  which  related  to  the  condition  and 
state  of  the  elements  which  compose  these  soils,  their  relative  and 
absolute  quantities,  and  their  prospective  powers  of  endurance 
when  brought  into  cultivation ;  the  latter  of  which  would  be  de- 
termined, or  at  least  indicated,  by  the  per  centages  which  analyses 
would  give.  These  are  some  of  the  views  which  have  governed 
us  in  the  choice  of  measures  we  adopted  in  executing  the  task,  and 
which  have  also  incited  us  to  the  undertaking.  As  we  had  already 
determined  from  several  analyses  that  there  were  varieties  of  soil 
included  under  the  general  term  $wam_p  lands,  though  they  have 
the  same  aspect  and  appear  much  alike,  and  yet  were  found  to  be 
unlike  the  best  lands  under  this  class ;  so  we  felt  that  it  was  im- 
portant to  be  able  to  point  out  those  particulars  in  which  they 
differed.  This  is  not  at  all  difficult  when  subjected  to  laboratory 
tests,  but  it  would  be  still  more  useful  to  point  out  some  method 
which  could  be  executed  by  the  planter,  and  upon  which  he  could 
rely,, at  least  so  far  as  to  distinguish  thereby  the  poor  soils  from  the 
rich. 


vi  PREFACE.. 

The  method  proposed  is  simply  a  mechanical  separation  of  parts 
bv  mean  of  water,  and  by  which  the  coarse  sands  may  be  obtained 
v  from  the  finerthe  latter  of  which  are  really  the  important 
inorganic  parts,  and  which  give  in  analysis  the  lime,  iron,  aluminar 
phosphates,  magnesia,  etc.  These  complex  elements,,  which  furnish 
::portant  nutritive  or  available  elements  differ  in  different 
localities  and  in  different  parts  of  the  same  tracts,  facts  which  are 
explained  in  the  text.     In  some  they  are  reduced  to  2.50,  op  3  to 

4  per  cent.,  when  in  other  parts  perhaps  of  the  same  tract  they 
exist  in  proportions  varying  from  10  to  50  per  cent. 

Bv  a  mechanical  separation  in  the  mode  we  have  described,,  a 
planter  may  determine  these  important  facts  for  himself  with  suf- 
ficient accuracy  to  guide  him  in  his  purposes,  for  it  is  an  established 
principle,  that  when  the  inorganic  matter  does  not  exceed  3,  4.  or 

5  per  cent.,  the  land  will  not  produce  well.  If,  however,  this  small 
per  centage  exists  only  in  a  top  layer,  and  at  a  depth  of  IS  inches 
or  so,  there  is  a  stratum  charged  with  a  larger  per  centage,  say  10 
to  15  per  cent,  of  inorganic  matter  in  which  the  fine  soil  exists. 
the  land  may  be  cultivated  successfully  \  ifT  however,  a  stratum  of 
this  kind  is  5  or  6  feet  below,  or  we  have  a  mass  of  this  thickness 
composed  almost  exclusively  of  vegetable  matter,  the  plant  will  be 
unable  to  send  its  roots  thus  far,  for  it  will  perish  too  soon  to  secure 
a  foothold  on  life,  just  as  it  would  in  a  bed  of  marl,  or  a  heap  of 
stable  refuse. 

The  Carteret  county  open  prairie  has  been  re-examined,  and  we 
find  a  more  favorable  composition  of  its  soil  than  at  a  previous 
Drainage  of  a  tract  ha9  effected  a  shrinkage  of  the  vegeta- 
ble matter  so  much  that  a  stratum  of  soil  may  be  reached  by  the 
roots  of  crops.  The  tract,  in  its  poorest  constitution,  i.s  by  no 
means  to  be  ranked  with  a  first  class  swamp  soil.  I  have  stated 
that  there  is  a  belt  of  excellent  land  surrounding  the  open  prairie. 
But  though  the  open  prairie  is  not  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
the  cereals,  yet  for  Irish  potatoes  it  is  admirably  constituted,  and  it  is 
not  improbable  but  that  an  enterprising  man  would  make  money 
heir  cultivation.  But  I  have  stated  the  principal  facts  in  their 
proper  places,  and  need  only  refer  to  them  in  this  place. 

The  labor  required  in  the  analysis  of  so  many  specimens  has- 
been  exceedingly  great.    The  work  has  been  in  hand  mere  than  twe 
years.      My  assistants  have  been  employed  with  me  in  the  work. 


PEEFA€E,  V 

when  in  town  and  when  out  door  work  was  impossible  or  could  not' 
be  proseeuted  to  advantage.  We  have  no  doubt  that  much  mere 
should  be  undertaken,  the  results  of  which  would  be  anvantageous- 
to  the  State,  at  least  indirectly.  It  is  highly  important  that  lands 
so  fertile  should  be  brought  into  cultivation,  and  we  have  no  doubt 
that  large  tracts  which  are  classified  under  the  term,  trwamj)  lands T 
are  to  become-  the  best  in  the  State  for  the  growth  of  cotton.  The 
great  want  which  is  felt  is  the  construction  of  roads  Iry  which 
these  lands  may  be  reached  and  brought  into  market.  We  have 
no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the'  two  millions  of  acres  of  swamp 
lauds  are  worth  four  millions  of  upland.  In  a  rough  estimate  of 
this  kind,  we  take  tirm  and  esopenm  ef  cultivation  into  the  account — 
the  time  these  lands  endure  without  the  use  of  expensive  fertili- 
zers, and-the  ease  arid  the  slight  wear  and  tear  of  the  instruments- 
Heed  in  cultivation,,  when  compared  in  the  same  list  of  expenses- 
required  in  the  cultivation  of  the  uplands  of  the  middle  counties,. 
However  this  may  be,  our  aim  has  been  to  place  the  merits  of 
these  lands  .in  their  true  light ;  not  to  exaggerate  or  depreciate 
Tf  this-  aim  has  been  secured  we  shall  be  satisfied  with  the  result*?-.. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

The  compensations  which  take  place  in  nature  and  by  which  a  balance  of  force* 
is  preserved     Considerations  relating  to  water.     Water  surfaces.     Evaporatioi 
regulated  by  saline  matters  in  the  ocean.     Carbon  and  carbonic  acid.     Insolu- 
bility of  vegetable  matter  a  conservative  condition.      Average  fall  of  rain. 
9— 17. 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  utility  resulting  from  the  analysis  of  soils.     Methods  pursued.     IT — 23. 

CHAPTER   III. 
The  swamp  lands.     Their  mode  of  formation  and  geological  age.     23—26. 

CHAPTER  TV. 
Geographical  position  of  the  swamp  lands,  and  their  extent  in  North-Carolina 
Defective  information  in  the  public  archives  of  the  State.      The  Savannah 
lands,  etc.     26—28. 

CHAPTER  V. 
Temperature  of  soils.     Distribution  and  circulation  s>f  heat.     2S — 32. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Swamp  lands  divided  into  six  districts.  The  Dismal  swamp  district  has  not 
been  explored.  Diversity  of  composition  of  these  lands.  Elevated  in  the- 
middle.     32—35. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Composition  of  swamp  lands  stated.  Hyde  county.  Natural  crftp  is  Indian 
corn.     Number  of  plants  to  the  acre.     Quantity  raised.     35 — 49. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Position  of  Plymouth.     Quality  of  soils  indicated  by  the  growth  of  timber.     Cost 
ot  drainage.      Composition  of  four  specimens  of  soil  from  the  south  side  of 
Albemarle  sound.     Mechanical  separation  of  elements,  etc.     50 — 57. 

CHAPTER  IX. 
The  Pungo  tract.  Gen.  Blount's  plantation.  General  description  of  this  part  of 
the  Albemarle  swamp,  with  its  natural  growth  of  timber.  Depth  and  compo- 
sition of  the  soils  of  this  section  of  the  swamp.  Mechanical  separation  of  the 
parts  of  the  soil.  How  the  poor  soils  of  this  class  may  be  improved.  Tyrrell 
county.     The  centre  of  the  Albemarle  tract  highest  in  the  centre.     57—65. 


Till  TABLF.   OF   CONTENTS. 

lPTEB  X. 

Say  river  District,  composition  of  its  soil.  The  4th  district  of  Swamp  lunik. 
The  open  prairie  of  Carteret  county,  composition  of  its  soils.  Change  effected 
by  drainage.     Inorganic  matter  increases  with  the  depth  «f  soil.     •".."> — 74. 

CHAPTER  XL 
•Composition  of  soiis  towards  Beaufort.     Composition   of  Mr.   Sefton's  swamp 
land      Adams  creek  soils,   Craven  county.       Dover    swamp  Craven  co.. 
Eta  hight  above  Nawbein.     Composition  of  it6  soil. 

CHAPTER  XII. 
:np  lands  of  New  Hanover  and  Brunswick  counties,  their  composition 
remarks.     80—86. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
iall  berry  lands,  and  their  composition.     The  Savannah  lands  and  their  charac- 
b'cs  and  -compositisn.     87 — DL 

APPEXDIX, 
lining  brief  descriptions  of  the   Mineral    Springs   and  well  waters   which 
cs;-ur  in  and  about  Raleigh,     !'--- 


SURVEY   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

PART     II. 

AORICULTU 

Mat,  1860,  E.  Emmons. 


CHAPTER    I. 

The  compensations  which  take  place  m  nature  and  by  which  a  balance  of  forces 
is  preserved.  Considerations  relating  to  water.  Water  surfaces.  Evapora- 
tion regulated  by  saline  matters  in  the  ocean.  Carbon  and  carbonic  acid.  In- 
solubility of  vegetable  matter  a  conservative  condition.     Average  fall  of  rain. 

§  1.  Rational  farming  rests  on  compensations,  and  has  to  be 
•conducted  in  accordance  with  the  known  laws  of  nature.  If,  in  any 
part  of  space  the  balance  of  the  forces  is  about  to  be  lost,  there 
will  immediately  set  in  counteracting  forces  to  restore  the  balance 
which  is  thus  endangered.  The  machinery  of  nature  is  so  construct- 
ed, or  under  the  government  of  such  forces,  that  a  balance  is  pre- 
served among  them.  Heat  rarefies  the  air,  and  it  rises  in  space,  but 
its  place  is  immediately  supplied  from  the  surrounding  cooler  atmos- 
phere. The  great  body  of  it  may  be  moved  over  extensive  areas, 
and  when  it  has  been  subjected  to  excessive  heat,  the  balance 
must  be  restored  by  winds  and  forces  acting  with  a  violence  pro- 
portioned to  the  causes  of  disturbance.  The  evaporation  of  water 
from  the  soil  is  in  part,  and  for  a  time,  restored  from  the  reservoir 
below.  When,  however,  solid  matters  are  removed  from  the  soil 
by  cultivation,  the  balance  can  be  restored  only  by  the  hand  of 
man.  Even  water  has  to  be  provided  in  certain  countries  by  irri- 
gation. But  in  the  general  operations  of  the  natural  forces,  ample 
provision  is  made  for  supplying  water,  ammonia  and  carbonic  acid 
to  all  parts  of  the  earth's  surface.     If  no  provisions  existed  in  the 


In  m  "KTH-CAROLIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SUKVKY. 

machinery  of  nature  to  effect  a  general  distribution  of  these  im- 
portant elements,  the  earth's  surface  would   he  a  barren   wai 
Irrigation  can  only  supply  water  under  favorable  circa  rostan 
The  great  reservoirs  of  water  fur  watering  the  earth  are  the  oceans. 
Let  as  see   how    the   machinery  works   when    it   is   furnishing  the 
Bnpplies  which  vegetation  every  where  requires.     In  the  fir- 
know  that  the   area  which  is  to  he  watered  must 
be  rightly  proportioned  to  that  from  which  the  supply  is  to  come, 
and  this  supply  is  derived  from  the  water  surfaces  provided  for 
purpose.     Now,  the  Atlantic  ocean  has  an  area  of  twenty-five  mil- 
lions of  square  miles,  and  the  Pacific  of  seventy  millions.     T: 
are  the  two  great  water  surfaces  upon  which  an  earths  snrfae 
thirtv-five  millions  of  square  miles  is  dependant  for  a  constant  - 
plv  of  this  element.     Now,  it  is  a   necessary  part  of  the  arrange- 
ment, that   water   should    pass  from   the   state  of  water  to  a  light 
vapor,  at  all  temperatures.     Water  has  this  property,  though  we 
connect  its  vaporous  state  with  its  boiling  condition,  when  its  tem- 
perature  is  raised  to  212°  of  Fah.     Bat  at  this  temperatnre 
find  that  the  heat  it  receives  is  just  balanced  by  its  apparent  I  as 
or  by  latent  heat  in  the  vapor  as  it  escapes.     While  heating  up  to 
212°  its  accession  of  heat  is  greater  than   the  lose  i   op  in 

vapor,  and  hence,  continues  to  accumulate,  or  to  grow  hotter,  till 
it  reaches  this  point.  If  vapor  was  not  formed  till  water  boiled, 
or  indeed,  if  not  formed  at  all  temperatures,  the  earth  would  be 
uninhabitable. 

Water  then  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  at  all  temperature-  _  te 
sufficient  heat  to  change  it  into  vapor.  It  is  water  still,  but  its  par- 
ticles are  so  widely  separated  by  heat  or  expanded  that  if  seen,  it 
is  a  mist,  a  do   •/.  or    m<i  .       [ts 

the  water  surface,  but  this  is  not  all  ;  the  heat  which  has  thus  gen- 
erated vapor,  ci  -  ■  currents,  moving  air,  or  wind  :  am!  wind 
ts  the  transporting  agent  by  which  vapor  is  borne  landward.  It 
sweep-  over  vast  area-,  reaches  the  mountain  ranges,  and  upon 
every  object,  tree,  stone  or  land,   which  is  cooler  than  the  v.. 

:'.  it  deposits  a  parr  of  its  burthen.      This  i>  especially  the 
a-  il  pa  up  the  mountain  side,  it  it  is  tall  and  reaches  the  re- 

gion of  frost,  it  is  entirely  disborthened  of  its  load.     It  is  here,  how- 
r,  where  -  and  rivers  are  formed  and  from  whence  they 

flow  seaward,  carrying  back  to  the  parent  bosom  every  atom  which 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  11 

the  sea  had  loaned.  Should  but  a  few  atoms  be  lost  in  the  outward 
or  homeward  journeys,  the  sea  would  fail  to  be  kept  full,  and  in 
process  of  time  it  would  be  dried  rip.  Every  atom  is  therefore  sent 
back,  and  thereby  the  balance  of  nature  is  preserved.  Water  en- 
dowed as  it  is,  must  circulate  and  supply  the  earth,  and  its  people 
with  itself.  A  counteracting  law  would  be  required  to  arrest  its 
service.  Our  safety,  however,  for  a  supply  rests  mainly  on  the 
ease  with  which  the  loaded  winds  discharge  their  "argoes.  If  they 
were  more  niggardly,  and  held  on  to  their  possession  with  a  miser- 
ly grasp,  the  poor  plains  and  rollii  g  hills  would  be  swindled  out 
of  their  dues;  and  none  but  the  snow  clad  mountain  could  extract 
the  liquid  treasure. 

Nature  then  has  provided  a  machinery  for  the  distribution  of 
water  which  works  perfectly.  The  farmer  may  sit  in  his  parlor 
and  see  its  operations.  He  needs  no  watering  cart  to  supply  his- 
crops  like  those  used  to  lay  the  dust  of  the  streets  of  cities.  Such 
would  be  too  expensive  and  cumbersome  and  would  utterly  fail. 
Compensation  is  the  law.  If  the  mountains,  hills,  and  plains  are 
irrigated  by  the  forces  of  nature,  ample  provision  is  made  for  the 
return  of  the  element  to  its  parent  bosom  to  be  re-used  and  so  work 
on  as  long  as  seed  time  and  harvests  shall  continue.  Now  water 
how  many  times  soever  it  takes  its  round  of  circulation  never  wears 
out,  and  it  has  been  found,  that  a  given  area  of  land  gets  punctual- 
ly its  annual  share;  and  those  countries-  which  are-  deprived  of 
rains  or  water  in  its  usual  form,  ever  remain  in  this  condition. 
This  stability  is  due  to  the  uniformities  in  the  operation  of  forces. 
The  winds,  unstable  proverbially,  are  still  under  the  government 
of  law,  and  hence,  as  carriers  of  rain,  and  distributers  of  the  ele- 
ments essential  to  the  growth  of  plants,  perform  their  offices  so 
punctually  and  regularly  that  the  kingdoms  of  nature  rarely  suffer 
from  their  failure  to  perform  their  office.  But  it  seems  to  us  at  the 
iirst  thought,  that  as  three-fourths  of  the  world  has  to  be  laid  un- 
der water  so  that  the  other  fourth  may  be  supplied  with  this  ele- 
ment that  nature  has  been  too  lavish  in  its  supply  of  evaporating 
surfaces.  We  are  however,  forced  to  admit  the  fact  after  we  have 
found  that  it  is  rare  that  it  is  any  where  in  excess.  It  is  true  that 
a  few  limited  patches  of  land  in  India,  where  according  to  observa- 
tions not  less  than  GOO  inches  of  rain  fail  during  the  year,  a  quanti- 
ty which  if  furnished  at  one  time  would  cover  the  country  with  a 


18  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVl.Y. 

depth  of  50  feet.  Here  there  appears  to  be  be  a  great  excess  of 
tliia  element.  As  an  offset  however,  to  such  excessive  installments 
of  rain,  we  have  several  rainless  districts,  as  Peru.  Chili  and  the 
Sahara  of  Africa,  and  hence  it  is  probable  that  the  average  quanti- 
tv  of  rain  for  the  whole  acreage  of  land,  would  scarcety  exceed  50 
inches:  and  hence,  in  the  general  operations  of  nature,  there  is 
only  a  sufficient  water  surface  to  supply  the  rains  which  are  nee 
sarv  to  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms. 

The. annual  fall  of  rain  at  Chapel  Hill  is  43. 9G  inches.  At  Gas- 
ton 40.83  inches,  and  at  Murfrecsborough  32.54  inches.  There  is 
no  excess  of  rain  it  would  seem  from  the  few  observations  to  which 
we  can  gain  access  in  the  Eastern  counties. 

Wfl  have  said  that  all  the  water  which  the  Oceans  loaned  from 
their  exchequers  is  returned  in  due  time,  not,  it  is  true,  in  the  same 
individual  particles,  for  the  Atlantic  furnishes  water  to  the  Pacific, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  a  mutual  interchange,  but  each  gets  its  quota 
and  thereby  keeps  its  coffers  filled. 

But  rivers,  though  they  return  all  the  water  required,  they  do 
not  return  it  in  the  pure,  unsophisticated  state  it  was  when  it  set 
out  on  its  journey  borne  by  winds  to  the  mountains.  On  its  re- 
turn it  is  bnrthened  with  salts  of  various  kinds.  It  robs  the  soil 
every  where  of  its  matter  which  we  call  fertilizing.  Is  it  a  trespass 
upon  the  plantation  through  which  the  rivulet  flows,  a  robery  of 
which  the  farmer  has  a  right  to  complain  ?  In  general,  it  is  not. 
In  a  few  particulars  it  may  be.  We  think  the  Roanoko  should 
cease  plundering  the  upper  country,  but  in  general,  we  may  say, 
it  is  a  necessary  tithe  to  the  parent  waters.  It  is  necessary  to  en- 
able these  great  bodies  of  waters  to  fulfil  their  functions  to  earth 
.and  man,  to  the  kingdoms  of  nature. 

According  to  Maikv,  the  Philosopher  of  the  Sea,  these  saline 
matters  serve  to  keep  the  sea  in  motion  ;  they  bring  particles  at  the 
too  losing  their  proportion  of  fresh  water,  beoome  more  saline  and 
heavier,  and  sink  to  be  replaced  by  particles  moving  upwards, 
.lint  when  the  evaporating  forces  act  upon  large  surfaces  under  a 
vertical  sun,  the  excess  of  fresh  water  removed  is  so  great  that  a 
dimple  in  the  surface  of  the  sea  is  formed  whereby  the  outer  boun- 
daries rush  in  to  fill  up  the  excavation.  But  saline  matter  in  the 
sea  retards  evaporation ;  it  becomes  a  check  upon  Eolus  or  any 
wind  which  would  .perhaps  take  too  much  at  a  time,  and  thereby 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


13 


unnecessarily  drench  a  part  of  the  earth.  Saline  matter,  therefore, 
checks  evaporation,  and  as  fresh  water  floats  upon  the  surface  and 
may  be  evaporates  rapidly  for  a  time,  the  process  will  be  interrup- 
ted when  a  more  saline  layer  is  reached  ;  moderation  is  thereby 
secured. 

§  2.  But  it  may  be  inquired,  what  consequences  are  likely  to 
follow  from  a  constant  access  of  saline  matter  in  the  ocean  ?  "Will  it 
become  surcharged  by  evaporation,  and  will  it  become  too  saline 
for  terrestial  vegetation  ?  Such  would  be  the  case  were  it  not  that 
the  forces  of  nature  tend  here  as  elsewhere  to  balance  each  other. 
The  sen  is  like  a  great  peopled  city.  There  are  builders  there  who 
want  matter  for  their  habitations.  There  is  the  coral  insect  who 
builds  reefs  extending  for  a  thousand  miles  in  a  continuous  line; 
there  are  oysters,  clams,  and  myriads  of  shell  fish  as  they  are 
called,  who  use  vast  quantities  of  lime  and  other  materials.  We 
have  seen  that  the  great  depths  of  the  sea  are  sanded  with  minute 
shells  of  foraminifera.  All  these  builders  conspire  to  keep  the  sea 
well  balanced  and  cleared  of  excess  of  saline  matter,  and  there  will 
be  no  excess,  because  it  is  solidified  by  the  organisms  prepared 
for  the  purpose  ;  and  such  has  been  the  operations  of  life,  in  all 
past  time  ;  the  older  rocks  are  charged  with  marine  organisms,  and 
the  newer  are  equally  so,  and  it  is  in  this  way  the  planter  is  pro- 
vided with  marl  and  other  fertilizers,  deposited  where  the  sea  once 
stood.  He  now  reaps  the  benefits  of  the  saline  matter  which  was 
robbed  from  the  land  millions  of  years  ago.  It  is  now  returned 
back  for  his  use  in  a  better  form  and  state.  But  the  salt  of  the  sea 
would  form  a  huge  pile  if  gathered  into  one  heap.  Shafhautl  has 
computed,  that  the  mineral  matter  suspended  in  the  ocean,  is 
equal  to  twice  the  bulk  of  the  Himalayas.  It  is  even  said  that 
there  is  common  salt  enough  in  the  ocean,  to  cover  an  area  of  seven 
millions  of  square  miles  to  the  depth  of  one  mile.  We  have  rea- 
son to  believe  this  immense  amount  of  saline  matter  has  been  tak- 
en from  the  land  since  rivers  have  flowed  seaward,  though  it  is  not 
fully  settled,  neither  can  it  be;  whether  the  ocean  w;s  created 
brackish,  or  was  originally  fresh  water  like  our  rivers,  the  opera 
turns  of  nature  have  not  fully  declared  either  in  the  affirmative  or 
negative. 

§  3.  The  swamp  lands  of  North-Carolina  and  of  the  Atlantic 
coast,  contain  a  vast  amount  ef  carbon.     The  vegetable  matter  is 


1±  N"KTH-CAROLDiA   GEOLOUICAX,   6UBVEY. 

often   more  than    10  feet   deep;    and  sometimes  it  is  not  easily 
sounded  by  the  longest  poles  we  can  use.     The  quantity  of  organic 

D  in  some  turm,  varies  from  one-half  to  nh 
five  hnndreths  of  the  dry  ma—. 

Whence  has  this  vast  quantity  of  carbon  been  derived  '.     Now 

-  wet  to  this  question  does  not  appear  to  be  difficult.     In  the 

n*r-t  place  all  of  it  was  once  alive,  and  it  all  consists  of  the  remains 

of  vegetables  whose   constituent  element  is   carbon.      Now  the 

foundation  4>f  this  carbons 

or  a  mixture  of -and  and  clay:  in  a  great  measure  is  entirely 
destitute  of  carbon  or  vegetable  matter,  and  hence  we  may  assume 
that  the  original  soil  did  not  contain  this  element  and  could  not 
supply  it.  We  are.  therefore,  obliged  to  look  for  a  Ripply  to  the 
atmosphere  as  has  already  been  indicated  in  a  former  trea 
It  may  be  interesting  to  see  the  computations  which  liave  been 
made  with  respect  to  the  quantity  of  carbon  in  the  atmosphere  in 
combination  with  ox;.  _  rming  carbonic  acid.     Thus  the  whole 

ght  of  the  atmosphere  being  known,  it  has  been  determined 
with  great  accuracy  that  its  carbonic  acid  forms  one  thousandth  of 
this  _  -.  and  as  carbonic  acid  contains  twenty-seven  per  cent. 
of  carbon,  the  atmosphere  will  contain  three  thousand  and  eighty- 
five  billion  pounds  of  carbon.  This  quantity,  it  is  maintained, 
ceede  all  that  is  locked  up  in  the  forests,  and  in  the  condition  of 
mineral  coal   in  the  earth's  strata.     From   thee  -   we  maybe 

that  the  air  can  furnish  carb.»n  to  an  unlimited  amount. 
It  might  appear  that  the  withdrawal  of  this  vast  oauntity  of  carbon 
from  the  Atmosphere  would  materially  affect  its  composition.  Of 
this  we  cannot  be  assured.     The  withdrawal   is  a  fact,  but   the 

re  adequate  to  effect  a  replacement  of  the  ab- 

red  carbon.  Thus  in  volcanic  action  vast  qantities  of  carbonic 
acid  pass  into  ami  mingle  with  the  atmosphere.  What  is  with- 
drawn by  the  operation  of  one  class  of  foi  -  is  replaced  by 
another.  BO  that  it  will  be  found,  that  the  true  balance  is  preserved, 
that  which  organised  being-,  by  their  constitution  require. 
In   the  coal   period  vast  quantities  rbon   were   withdrawn 

from  the  atmosphere,  and  nolidified  in  the  anthracites  and  bitu- 
nn,!     -       da;  and  hence  it  ■!  that  this  abstraction  of 

carbon  rendered  the  atmosphere  better  and  purer  than  it  had  been 
informer  peril    ~.     The  carbonic  acid  in  the  concurrent  chai 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  15 

of  the  day,  gave  up  its  oxygen,  which,  being  added  to  the  atmos- 
pheric mass,  improved  it  to  the  amount  thus  added. 

Whether  the  constitution  of  the  atmosphere  has  changed  ma- 
terially since  animals  and  plants  were  created,  cannot  be  settled  by 
calculations  of  the  foregoing  kind.  We  must  resort  to  the  deter- 
mination by  facts  of  a  different  nature — those  which  relate  to  the 
wants  and  necessities  of  organic  bodies.  If  our  observations  on 
animals  and  plants  are  extended  to  the  coal  period,  we  cannot  find 
that  they  differed  in  their  capacities  to  resist  the  poisonous  effects  of 
excessive  doses  of  carbonic  acid  better  than  those  of  the  present  time. 
They  appear  to  have  been  fitted  to  precisely  similar  conditions  of 
the  surrounding  elements,  and  to  have  breathed  an  atmosphere 
like  our  own.  and  to  have  inhabited  a  medium  identical  with  the 
waters  now  upon  the  earth's  surface.  In  fine,  it  is  not  proved  sat- 
isfactorily that  the  deviations  in  the  composition  of  the  controlling 
elements  would  injuriously  affect  the  living  organisms  of  the  pres- 
ent period.  So  that  to  all  intents  and  purposes  the  atmosphere 
was  composed  of  elements  existing  in  the  ratios  that  they  now 
exist.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  compensating  forces  were  more 
active  in  early  periods  than  now.  If  carbonic  acid  was  removed 
more  rapidly  from  the  atmosphere  in  the  coal  period,  it  may  well 
be  maintained  that  volcanic  agencies  may  have  liberated  more 
carbonic  acid  from  the  interior  of  the  earth  than  now,  and  hence, 
a  balance  among  the  forces  would  be  preserved. 

§  4.  The  vast  body  of  carbon  locked  up  in  the  swamp  lands  of 
North-Carolina  must  have  been  in  solution,  otherwise  it  could  not 
have  been  received  into  the  tissues  of  the  plants.  As  it  now  exists 
it  can  scarcely  be  regarded  as  a  soluble  substance.  If  its  solubility 
had  been  preserved  it  would  have  disappeared  and  found  its  way 
to  the  ocean.  Insolubility  is  a  preservative  force,  intended  to  pro- 
tect important  bodies  from  waste.  The  property,  however,  is  ex- 
cessively strong;  as  hnmic  acid  resists  water  alone  with  consider- 
able force,  requiring  2,500  times  its  weight  to  dissolve  it.  Both 
heat  and  frosts  too  affect  its  solubility;  both  enables  it  to  resist  so- 
lution. In  these  facts  we  find  a  preservative  power  by  which  veg- 
etable fertilizers  remain  a  long  time  unchanged. 

^  6.  While  the  carbonaceous  bodies  are  soluble  with  difficulty  in 
water  alone,  we  find  that  alkalies  and  particularly  ammonia  effect 
their  solution,  and  it  seems  that  they  have  a  strong  affinity  for  this 


16 


XORTH-CAROLIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SUBVET. 


ibeorfoiDg  it  readily  wherever  it  is  in  their  reach.  A- 
ammonia  is  present  in  the  atmosphere,  and  as  rain  contains  it  in 
small  quantities  and  being  carried  down  into  the  midst  of  the  peat, 
it  diss  -  r  combines  with  portions  of  it,  and  forms  thereby  food 
for  the  nourishment  of  plants.  "While  then,  water  in  which  peat  is- 
constantly  immersed  scarcely  dissolves  it,  ammonia  comes  in  aid  of 
eble  solvent  powers,  and  thereby  prepares  a  nutriment  for  the 
_'  crop  ;  but  the  great  store  of  matter  remains,  and  is  only 
prepared  in  divided  doses.  The  conservative  force  exerted  in  so- 
lution, is  not  probably  all  that  is  concerned  in  supply,  it  is  not  im- 
probable that  the  vitality  of  the  plant  some  way  or  other  regulates 
and  controls  the  reception  of  nutriment.  We  are  not  prepared  to 
say  how.  It  may  be  ultimately  worked  out  by  successive  dis- 
coveries similar  to  those  which  took  place  in  regard  to  the  changes 
effected  by  the  plant  upon  carbonic  acid. 

It  would  then  be  like  the  history  of  all  great  discoveries,  effected 
at  different  times  and  by  the  sagacity  of  different  persons.     Thus, 
net,  tirst  observed  the  evolution  of  a  gas  from  leaves  immersed 
in  water :  Priestly,  discovered  that  that  _   -        -  oxygen  ;  Ingen- 
house  demonstrated  the  necessity  of  solar  light  for  its  disengage- 
ment, and  finally,  to  complete  the  range  of  discovery,  Lenwesteia 
has  the  honor  of  showing  that  the  gas  oxygen,  is  derived  from  car- 
bonic acid.      It  is  thus  that  discoveries  advance  in  a  certain  line, 
by  step  towards  an   ultimate  fact,  or  generalizatiou.  which   is 
required  in  order  to  express  the  perfection  of  the  advancing  series. 
-   only   at    the    termination    of  such  demonstrative  truths,  that 
theory  receives  its  finishing  stroke.     In  agriculture,  practice  has  no 
doubt  advanced  farther  than    theory.       Indeed   theory   is  so  far  in 
the  back  ground  that  it  may  be  :  sting  in  expecta- 

.  rather  than  in  fact.     The  advancement   of  agriculture   then, 
can;  scribed  strictly  and  in  truth  I  :  neither  has  it 

been  so  much  under  its  guidance  as  many  of  the  sciences.     Many 

from  theoretical  dbctrii 
practice  of  agriculture   is  ran        _  d  by  them.     In- 

deed agricultural  theories,  s  i&f,  or  t! 

which  ha       _        n  out   of  experience.      That  the  practice  of  agri- 
culture lias  advanced   far   towards   perfection   without  the  aid  of 
is  not  su:  g  n   it  is  considered  that  its  operations 

are  very  simple,  and  that  results  flow  from    them   with   great  cer- 


XORTH-CAROLIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SURTET. 


i: 


tainty.  This  tact  lias  prevented  that  special  consideration  of  phe- 
nomena, which  would  have  come  to  pass  in  more  complicated  ar- 
rangements. Besides,  the  phenomena  with  which  agriculturalists 
are  most  familiar,  are  enveloped  in  a  kind  of  mystery  ;  and  hence, 
appear  to  be  beyond  their  reach.  They  can  however,  bring  out 
the  phenomena  of  vegetation  in  its  season  ;  the  grass  and  grain 
spring  up  when  they  sow  the  seed  :  they  grow  up  under  their 
eyes,  though  not  in  obedience  to  their  will.  They  stand  however, 
in  the  place  of  its  proximate  cause  and  they  have  learned  by  am- 
ple experience,  that  their  growth  may  be  promoted  or  retarded  by 
certain  agents;  yet,  the  why  and  the  wherefore  they  have  not  sat- 
isfactorily determined. 


CHAPTER   II. 

The  utility  resulting  from  the  analysis  of  soils.     Methods  pursued. 

§  6.  A  change  of  opinion  has  undoubtedly  taken  place  in  the 
minds  of  farmers  and  chemists  respecting  the  advantages  of  soil 
analyses.  Tn  the  earliest  days  of  agricultural  chemistry  expecta- 
tions were  no  doubt  too  high ;  too  much  was  expected.  It  would, 
however,  be  contrary  to  tacts,  to  deny  that  agriculture  has  been 
advanced  by  the  analysis  of  soils  and  the  ash  of  plants.  The 
knowledge  of  soils  is  certainly  much  more  exact  than  it  could  have 
been  had  their  comp  isition  been  left  to  conjecture:  and  it  is  certain 
that  farmers  do  proceed  in  the  application  of  manures  with  better 
and  more  distinct  ideas  of  what  thev  are  doing  and  what  thev 
want.  They  now  know  'the  reason  why  the  expensive  manures, 
potash  and  the  phosphates,  need  be  applied. 

§  7.  It  is  no  legitimate  argument  against  analysis  because  it  has 
not  accomplished  all  the  utility  which  may  have  been  claimed 
when  systematic  agriculture  was  younger.  If  farmers  and  chemists 
will  only  look  at  results,  or  study  the  history  of  agriculture  for  the 
last  fifty  years,  they  will  feel  satisfied  that  its  advancement  has 


16  NOKTH-CAKol.INA    OBOLOQJOAL   M  i:\l.Y. 

been  due  in  the  main  to  chemistry,  and  in  part  to  the  direct  results 
of  the  analysis  of  soils.  Indeed,  no  real  or  rational  progress  could 
have  been  made  until  much  had  been  done  in  this  line  of. chemical 
arch.  The  importance  of  minute  proportions  of  the  alkalies, 
alkaline  earths  and  phosphates  could  never  have  been  understood 
without  these  analyses.  Experiments  too,  have  grown  out  of 
chemical  results  of  the  highest  importance.  The  use  of  organic 
matter  has  been  established  by  experiment-  suggested  by  analysis. 
It  has  been  proved  that  organic  matter  is  equally  important  with 
inorganic,  and  moreover,  must  exist,  or  be  furnished  and  exist  in 
it  in  a  certain  condition.  Xo  soil  is  absolutely  destitute  of  organic 
matter,  but  in  the  South  its  proportion  is  often  too  small.  Planters 
in  the  Southern  States  now  understand  why  marl  is  injurious  in 
certain  cases.  They  know  how  to  prepare  it  for  use  to  avoid  dis- 
astrous results;  and  all  this  must  be  traced  to  the  benefit  of  the 
analysis  of  soils.  Show  the  planter  a  held  which  is  deficient  in 
organic  matter,  and  his  application  of  marl  will  be  governed  by 
this  fact.  He  knows  that  if  a  large  dressing  is  applied,  his  objects 
will  be  defeated.  He  will  proceed  and  make  a  compost  of  organic 
matter  and  marl;  and  he  knows  that  thus  prepared,  he  may  use 
marl  freely  on  poor  land. 

Now.  accident  could  not  have  put  him  in  possession  of  this  im- 
portant practical  precept.  lie  would,  and  did  find  out,  that  heavy 
dressings  of  marl  were  injurious  to  crops  for  one  or  more  years: 
but  he  would  never  have  discovered  that  it  was  due  to  a  deficiency 
of  organic  matter.  This  main  fact  was  determined  by  analysis, 
and  moreover,  it  led  t<>  the  settlement  of  the  question  respecting 
the  condition  of  the  matter  itself,  and  it  is  well  established  that  it 
is  necessary  that  it  should  be  oxidized,  and  pass  to  the  condition  of 
an  acid,  in  which  state,  it  combines  with  the  alkalies  and  earths, 
and  forms  soluble  bodies.  These  organic  salts  become  the  food 
of  the  crop.  The  fact  then,  'hat  organic  matter  is  indispensable 
to  a  fertile  soil,  together  with  the  reason  why.  has  grown  out  of 
analysis.     Bui  this  is  only  one  result     It  may  be-  said  generally, 

that    all   the    most    important    experiments   in    the  growth  of  crops 

have  grown  out  of  the  analysis  of  soils.     For  example,  it  was  found 

that  the  phosphates  and  alkalies  formed  only  small  fractions  of  all, 

even  fertile  soils,  ami   it  occurred  as  it  naturally  would  to  philo- 
sophical minds  whether  such  small  doses  were  really  necessary  to 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  10 

the  ripening  and  perfection  of  a  crop.  Experiments  to  settle  this 
important  and  interesting  question  were  set  on  foot  to  determine 
it,  and  they  have  resulted  in  showing  clearly  and  satisfactorily  that 
however  little  they  may  be,  they  are  still  essential  to  the  perfec- 
tion of  seed.  Now,  what  has  grown  out  of  analyses  must  be  re- 
garded as  it  respects  utility,  as  a  part  and  parcel  of  the  original 
investigation,  and  analysis  thus  viewed  cannot  be  regarded  in  other 
light  than  as  having  been  eminently  useful.  It  was  necessary  that 
it  should  precede  and  prepare  the  way  for  this  experimental  work, 
and  we  may  probably  assume  that  unless  the  preparatory  steps  had 
been  taken,  those  important  questions  would  not  have  been  pro- 
pounded. 

The  great  objection  which  has  been  made  to  the  utility  of  analysis 
is  that  chemistry  is  incompetent  to  detect  the  certain  minute  and 
essential  elements  of  soils,  without  which  the  plant  cannot  perfect 
itself,  may  exist  in  the  soil  in  sufficient  quantities,  and  yet  be 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  chemist's  skill  to  detect  them. 

Chemical  analysis  for  example  pretends  not  to  rind  a  less  fractiou 
than  J-  of  a  strain  ;  an  acre  of  soil  one  foot  deep  will  weigh  2,000,0l>0 

10U0  =  .  "  ,  ,.  .  1 

pounds  ;  an  ordinary  wheat  crop  will  take  oft  200  pounds  ot  mineral 
matter,  allowing  one  half  to  be  phosphates  and  we  have  only  one 
twenty  thousandth  part  composed  of  that  part  or  quantity;  and 
hence,  too  small  for  the  chemist  to  find.  Four  hundred  pounds  ot 
guano,  conainingsay  one-fifth  phosphates  applied  to  an  acre  entirely 
destitute  of  phosphates,  would,  it  is  claimed  make  all  the  difference 
there  is  between  a  good  crop  and  no  crop  at  all  ;  but  this  eighty 
pounds,- distributed  through  (2,000,000)  two  million  pounds  of  soil 
would  be  too  trifling  a  quantity  for  the  present  state  ot  chemical 
analysis  to  detect.  Besides,  it  is  farther  said  he  does  not  need  it,  it 
being  too  expensive  and  the  general  deductions  of  the  chemist  are  ot 
more  value  to  him  than  any  [.articular  analysis  of  his  soil.  Grant- 
ed ;  but  then,  these  very  deductions  are  either  the  results  of  analy- 
-  -.  *>v  of  experiments  which  analyses  have  suggested  and  called  for. 
There  can  be  nothing  truer,  and  hence  to  discard  analysis  on  the 
grounds  stated  is  unjust  to  Liebig,  Johnson,  Mulder  and  others. 
Then  again  it  is  said  that  a  Boston  chemist  found  a  barren  >and  of 
New  Hampshire,  with  the  same  composition  as  another  specimen 
from  the  rich  Sciota  Valley.  This  we  doubt ;  be  that  as  it  may,  the 
subsequent  paragraph  shows  very  distinctly  the  prominent  differ- 


:TH-CAROLINA    GKoLOGICAL    SCRTKY. 

ences  of  the  two  example?  of  soil.      The  New   Hampshire  barren 

remelv  Sciota  Valley  soil  on  the  c 

e.xrretnelv  fine.     No  one  denies  the  importance  of  texture  in  a 

the  chemist  who  should  neglect  to  state  the  differences  between 
two  bo  much  alike  in  the  quantity  of  sand,  would  omit  a  very  im- 
of  information.     It  would  belong  -  s€  gen* 

eral  deductions  which   the  chemist  has  formed   from   either 
.ical  and  mechanical  analyses  of  soils. 
Again,  the  statement  that  one-fifth  of  the  four  hundred  p 
_'uano,  consisting  of  phosphates  distributed  through    2, 
ponn    -        -    1.  makes   all   the  difference  between  a   good  crop 

trop  at  all,  is  an  assumption.  In  the  case  of  the  appli< 
guano,  it  is  only  fair  to  assume  that  the  400  pounds  added  is  just 
BO  much  addition  to  the  fertilizing  matter  already  in  the  soil,  and 
in  most  cases  we  have  never  found  an  exception  to  this  result,  that 
-phates  may  be  detected  in  1000  grains  of  any  soil.  >Ve  are 
unbelievers  in  the  doctrine  that  SO  pounds  of  phosphates  only  in 
0  pounds  of  soil  would  produce  a  crop  of  wheat  or  any 
other  crop  :  that  it  will,  however,  or  will  not,  requires  to  b 
by  experiment. 

R.  The  correct  analysis  of  a  soil   is  by  no   means  a  short  and 
ea>y  task,  as  many  have  supposed,  or   -  to  suppose   when  tl 

f-rward  their  packages  to  the  laboratory,  and  seem  to  expect  re- 
;,       -  within  twenty-four  hours,  .at  least. 

That  the  reader  may  entertain  more  rational   l        I  of  1 
than  is  usually  expressed   by  our  correspond*  _        in  part 

remarks  upon  this  subject,  by  I>r.  (*.  T.  Jackson,  i  f  Boston** 
"The  analysis  of  soils  is  so  difficult,  and  n  -   BO  much  time, 

that  the  chemist  is  often  discouraged,  and  if  pa 
it  would  cost  more  than  he  could  well  afford.     Hence,  krnsl 
analyses  must  be  made  at  the  public  expense,  under  the  direction 

government.     The  manner  in  which  the  present  analyc  - 
been    made,  demands   from   twenty  to   twenty-five  days,  and   no 
chemist  can  properly  attend  to  more   than   one  at  .'  a  time. 

I  state  this  to  correct  erroneous  impressions  on  the  subject.     In  de- 

:1,  we  have  to  work  on  a  great 


at  office  report  I 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  21 

number  of  its  separate  portions,  sometimes  employing  100  grains 
in  the  analysis,  and  at  others  25,  while  to  separate  those  ingre- 
dients which  occur  sparingly,  we  employ  at  least  1,000  grains  for 
each  determination.  The  results  are  subsequently  reduced  to  per 
centage  in  the  tabulated  form.  In  the  first  place,  the  sample  has 
to  be  dried  at  a  moderate  temperature  in  a  current  of  dry,  warm 
air,  and  then  thoroughly  mingled,  so  that  the  successive  portions 
taken  for  analytic  processes  may  be  exactly  alike. 

To  determine  the  amount  of  organic  matter,  100  grains  dried  at 
212°  Fah.  are  burned  in  a  platinum  crucible,  when  the  loss  by 
combustion  and  volatilization  is  ascertained  by  decrease  of  weight. 
Then  the  soil  is  dige3ted  with  chlorohydric  acid,  the  matters  solu- 
ble in  the  acid  are  ascertained  by  the  usual  method,  and  their  pro- 
portions stated.  Another  analysis  of  25  grains  is  next  taken  for 
analysis  by  entire  solution,  and  this  is  decomposed  b}'  fusion  with 
carbonate  of  soda  in  the  manner  employed  in  the  analysis  of  inso- 
luble silicious  minerals,  and  a  complete  analysis  made,  all  the  in- 
gredients being  weighed  excepting  the  alkalies,  which  are  deter- 
mined by  difference,  while  their  relative  proportions  are  ascertained 
by  the  analysis  of  100  grains  of  the  soil  by  acids,  and  then  their 
ratios  are  computed  for  that  portion  which  had  been  analyzed  by 
fusion  with  soda. 

Again,  separate  portions  of  100  grains  each  are  employed  for 
the  determination  of  the  proportions  of  carbonic  and  phosphoric 
acids,  the  first  being  ascertained  by  expelling,  by  means  of  a 
stronger  mineral  acid,  in  a  proper  aparatus.  The  phosphoric  acid 
is  thrown  down  from  an  acid  solution  in  combination  with  peroxide 
of  iron,  lime  and  magnesia,  all  of  which  are  precipitated  by  am- 
monia. The  weight  of  these  substances  combined  is  first  ascer- 
tained, when  they  are  all  re-dissolved  and  the  oxide  of  iron  is 
separated  in  a  state  of  sulphide  of  iron,  which  is  again  converted 
into  peroxide  of  iron  by  nitric  acid,  and  re-precipitated,  and  again 
weighed,  whereby  the  proportion  of  phosphates  is  ascertained. 
This  is  again  checked  by  analysis  of  the  sulphide  of  ammonia  and 
solution  of  the  phosphates. 

Then  for  the  determination  of  sulphuric  acid,  chlorine,  nitric- 
acid,  ammonia  and  the  organic  acids,  we  operate  on  separate  lots 
of  soil,  each  weighing  1,000  grains.  Sulphuric  acid  is  precipitated 
by  means  of  nitrate  of  barytes;  chlorine  by  nitrate  of  silver;  nitric 


22  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    PURVEY. 

acid  is  tested  in  an  aqueous  solution  of  the  soil,  boiling  it  with 
chlorohydric  acid  and  gold  foil,  to  set-  it*  it  dissolves  any  gold,  and 
by  evaporation  of  the  aqneotre  solution  to  dryness,  and  by  testing  the 
deflagration  of  the  dry  residue  which  contains  organic  matters 
mixed  sometimes  with  a  minute  proportion  of  nitrate  of  potash. 
I     re  is  no  direct  mode  of  determining  the  proportion  <>t*  nitric 

|  in  a  soil.      It  occurs  only  in  minute  proportions. 
The  organic  acids  of  the  soil,  crenic,  apOcrenic  and  lniniic  acids 
are  separated  together  from  the  insoluble  humus  by  means' of  a 

i rated   solution  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and  after  filtration 

this  solution  mi   evaporation   to  dryness   will   give  the  weight  of 

these  acids,  with  some  phosphates;  which  are  always  dissolved  by 

Miiuioniacal    solution,   namely,    the    phosphates   of   lime    and 

magnesia.  * 

On  burning  the  organic  acids  these  phosphates  are  obtained,  and 
iheir  weight  deducted  from  the  comhined  weight  of  the  organic 
matters  and  phosphates.  By  deducting  the  weight  of  the  soluble 
organic  acids  from  the  whole  weight  of  the  organic  matters,  we 
have  that  of  the  insoluble  humus  or  carbonaceous  matters.     We 

i  deduct  from  the  soluble  organic  acids  the  weight  of  the  am- 
monia and  determine  it  by  a  separate  process  on  another  1,000  grains 

-oil.  The  ammonia  is  ascertained  by  digesting  distilled  water, 
acidulated  with  pnre  hydrochloric  acid  with  1,000  grains  of  the 
soil*  then  on  filtration,  evaporation  of  the  acid  aqueous  solution, 
and  the  addition  of  bi  chloride  of  platinum  solution,  we  obtain 
ammonia,  as  a  soluble  chloride  of  platinirm  and  ammonia,  fcpj 
which  it  is  easy  to  compute  the  proportion  of  ammonia  in  the 
iiiic  matter  of  the  soil  from  the  weight  of  the  double  chloride.'" 

We.  have  pursued  for  the  mosl  part  the  foregoing  detailed 
methods,  the  results  of  which  are  nsually  satisfactory.  ProbaWy 
the  analysis  of  the  soil  of  the  swamp  lands  will  be  attended  with 
more  utility  than  those  of  the  midland  or  mountain  counties,  for 
ter mines  with  certainty  the  fact  whether  they  are  susceptible 
ultivation  or  not,  and  also,  it  determines  the  cause  of  their 
irorthlessni 

Furthermore,  as  it  regards  the  utility  of  analysis,  we  believe  that 

have  promoted  the  advancement  of  agriculture  in  an  eminent 

ree    a,,,l    the    reason    why   agriculturists   and   certain  chemists 

:ry  their  utility  is  owing  to  their  not  effecting  what  enthusiasts 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


23 


promised,  or  what  was  expected.  Too  high  expectations  when  un- 
fulfilled are  very  liable  to  produce  a  reactive  feeling  and  to  call 
out  sentiments  entirely  of  a  depreciating  character,  or  tolead  persons 
to  say  that  they  are  of  no  account.  But  until  thorough  analyses 
had  been  executed,  a  correct  view  of  soils,  either  practical  or 
theoretical,  could  never  have  been  obtained.  We  now  know  for  a 
certainty,  some  of  the  functions  of  a  soil,  and  it  is  a  great  deal  to 
know  that  the  most  important  elements  of  growth  exist  only  in 
minute  quantities,  and  that  they  may  be  removed  in  tie  course  of 
a  tew  years'  cultivation.  This  is  a  practical  fact,  and  could  not 
have  been  guessed  out ;  it  remained  to  be  determined  by  the  skill 
of  the  chemist  and  accurately  conducted  experiments. 


CHAPTER  ILL 

Fhe  swamp  lands.     Their  mode  of  formation  and  geological  age, 

§  !>.  It  is  maintained  that  soils  are  the  debris  of  rocks  which 
have  been  forming  from  the  earliest  periods  of  the  earth's  history. 
This  is  no  doubt  literally  true ;  but  the  debris  has  been  subjected 
to  certain  changes,  particularly  those  of  place.  It  has  not  lain  by 
the  side  of  the  rock  from  which  it  was  separated  in  but  few  in- 
stances, but  its  removal  or  change  of  place  has  been  excessive  in 
many  instances,  as  in  the  western  and  northern  States,  while  in  the 
South  that  agency  which  is  recognized  there  has  not  been  in  oper- 
ation hero.  In  this  State,  no  currents  of  water  have  ever  swept 
over  the  face  of  the  earth,  so  as  to  remove  the  soil  to  a  great 
distance  from  the  rocks  from  which  it  was  derived.  In  the  course 
of  time,  that  which  belongs  strictly  to  the  present  period,  however, 
a  partial  removal  to  distant  quarters  has  taken  place.  This  removal 
was  effected  mostly  by  rivers  acting  locally  upon  hanks  of  soil, 
which  by  little  and  little  were  transported  to  the  Atlantic  coast,  or 
to  inland  bays,  like  the  Albemarle  and  Palmico  of  our  coast. 

Now,  the  soils  during  the  act  of  removal,  were  subjected  to  the 


-4  LOGICAL    SCRVET. 

iter,  whereby  the  coarser  parts  were  separa- 

the  finer  and   distributed   according  to  the  comparative 

gravity  ;  the  liner  particles   being  transported    farther  than    the 

and  probably  in   different  directions,   both  laterally   and 

more  widely. 

The  present  operations  of  water  illustrate  in  part  the  nature  of 
by  which  removals  forme;  cannot   but 

notice  the  turbid  conditions  of  the  Roanoke,  the 

Fear,  daring  a  freshet.     It  is  due  to  the  soil  which  has  been 
rom   their  banks,  and  which   is  being  tran- 

~:de  in  part,  before  the  waters  reach  their  des- 

itkm.     In   free!  -  is,  the   low  ground?  are  inundated   with  I     - 

muddy  water,  and  it  frequently  happens  that   an   inch  or  more  of 

fine  -  *ed  at  certain  places  which  are  favorably  situated. 

or  in  places  where  the  waters  are  unagited  by  the  rapid  com 

-  usually  seen,  howev  g    the  immediate  banks  of 

•d  it  is  not  unfrecmently  the  case,  that  all  the  old 
ever  rank,  is  buried,  or  concealed   beneath  the  sedi- 
it.     But  in  addition  to  this  heavy  deposit,  there  is  still  a  liner 

ich  is  carried   by  the   water  into  lateral  marshes,  and 
ter,  though  robbed  of  a  part  of  its   burthen,  still  retain?   I 

hich  slowly  settles  among  the  moss,  re 
ch  belong  to  this  peculiar  formation.     These  waters  are  slowly 
:T.  and  perhaps  even   remain  s,    ind  are  only  dis- 

1  of  by  mid-summe: .  >n,   and   during  the   time 

ve  while  it  is  receiving  the  fine  sedimen- 
overflowing  rivers.     In  conditions  like  t: 

st  s  soils  formed,  inasmuch  as  there  is  addt 

e  sediments  which  become  the 
.  and   which  are  intimate  _ed  with  an 

'idance  of  fertilizing  matter  in  the  condition  of  peat. 
Such  is  the  pr"  which  the  best  swamp  lands  are  made, 

le  the  poorer  be'   _  ted  where  •  white  •- 

■. --.     When  the  sand  and  ached  a  cert 

it,  or  has  attained   the   level  of  ordinary  freshets,  vegetation 
on,  and  m-  n,  _     as,  and   certain   herbaceous  plants 
trees,   still   grow,   until    the   surface    upon    which    they   stan 

_    er  than  the  margins.     The  whole   n  F  vegetation  which 

grew  in  former  years  is  like  a  sponge,  and  it  is  at  all  times  nearly 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  25 

aturated  with  water.  Iu  this  condition  it  receives  no  farther  addi- 
tion of  soil ;  it  is  a  mere  growth  of  water  living  vegetables  which 
maintain  their  place  by  their  constitutional  adaptations.  This 
vegetation  is  divisible  into  two  parts,  the  dead  and  living;  the 
former  beneath,  the  latter  above.  This  status  quo  is  maintained 
solely  by  the  low  temperature  of  the  swamp.  All  the  vegetation 
below  is  as  it  were,  water  logged,  and  in  process  of  time  it  simply 
blackens,  as  it  is  a  water  charring;  and  when  it  has  become  peat 
it  undergoes  no  farther  change.  This  is  the  exact  condition  of 
many  swamps;  above  they  consist  of  a  mass  of  vegetation  of  the 
poorest  plants,  the  mosses  and  coarse  grasses ;  and  for  trees,  some 
pines  of  a  small  size,  and  many  bays  or  magnolias.  Let  such  a 
swamp  be  drained  and  it  subsides  from  a  one  to  two  feet;  a  chano-* 
which  is  confined  to  the  upper  part.  In  early  days,  or  when  first 
forming,  sand  was  received  from  a  distance,  or  it  may  have  been 
laid  down  upon  an  old  sandy  sea  bottom.  But  it  has  generally 
happened  that  the  lower  parts  ot  the  vegetable  mass  is  mixed  with 
sand,  showing  that  though  the  swamp  was  based  upon  a  sea  bot- 
tom ;  yet,  being  basin  shaped,  it  continued  for  a  time  to  receive 
materials  from  a  distance.  The  age  of  these  deposits  is  no  doubt 
recent.  They  repose  upon  the  eolian  sands,  and  generally,  so  far 
as  their  bottoms  have  been  exposed  for  examination,  they  belong 
to  most  recent  coast  deposits,  and  yet,  it  is  probably  true,  that  thej 
extend  far  back  beyond  the  settlement  of  the  coast.  Still,  they  are 
properly  modern  formations,  and  are  entirely  connected  with  the 
present  state  and  arrangements  of  the  present  line  of  coasts,  and 
the  river  systems  coming  in  from  the  interior. 

It  is  probably  true,  that  as  to  agricultural  value,  it  will  prove 
that  those  which  are  the  highest  or  have  become  higher  than  tide 
water  by  growth  of  ve'getation,  they  are  of  less  value  while  those 
which  are  so  situated  that  they  receive  the  overflowings  of  rivers 
until  a  late  period,  and  hence  are  last  formed,  are  the  most  valuable. 
Hyde  county,  for  example,  is  only  about  4  or  5  feet  above  storm 
tides.  The  Dover  swamp  in  Craven  county,  we  believe,  is  nearly 
60  feet ;  the  first  is  excellent  land,  and  the  latter  worthless, — or 
comparatively  so.  In  the  same  field,  however,  with  these  poor 
swamps  we  may  often  find  fertile  islands  capable  of  bearing  heavy 
crops  of  corn.  The  means  by  which  such  islands  may  be  recog- 
nised will  be  stated  farther  on. 
2 


KTH-CABOLIXA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


CIIAPTKIi  IV. 

jraphical  position  of  the  swamp  lands,  and  their  extent  in  North-Carolina. 
Defective  information  in  the  public  archives  of  the  State.  The  Savannah 
lands,  etc, 

e  lands  under  consideration  are  confined  to  the  eac 
counties.     They  scarcely   touch   the  long,   narrow  sounds   which 
skirt  the  Atlantic.     Large  bodies  extend  from  fifty  to  one  hundred 
miles   from    the    ocean,    and    occupy    wide    belts,    not  far   ft 
and  parallel     ith.  the  principal  rivers.     Their  shape  is,  howe 
Irregular,  and  it  will  be  seen  by  the  inspection  of  any  correct  map, 

they  must  occupy  ground  considerably  higher  than  the  I 
of  the  river  which   they  skirt.     They  are  reservoirs  of  water,  and 
numerous  streams  issue   from   them   on   all  sides  which  find  their 
wav  to  the  river  channels  by  exceeding  :ed  routes  or  oonn  - 

;.'  11.  Hi€  most   northern   swamp   is  a  continuation  «»f  the  _ 
1 1  -:nal,  lying  partly  in  Virginia  and  partly  in  North-Carolina,  and 
ies  large  tracts  in  Currituck  and  Pasquotank  counties, 
uotank  river  rises  in  this  swamp,  its  head  being  really  in  Lake 
immond,  in  Virginia.     Towns  and  numerous  hamlets,  however, 
are  planted  in  the  great  Dismal  Swamp.     It  is  traversed  by  roads, 
and  few  in  j  _    through  this  section  of  country  would  tnapeet 

they  were  in  this  swamp,  famous  the  world  over  for  its  omii 
name. 

The  largest   territory    of   swamp  lies  in    Washington,   Tyrrell, 

ifort  and  Hyde  counties.     Its  whole  length  is  rather  more  than 

nty-five  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  at  least  forty-five  in  the 

irtfrom  north  to  south.     It  lies  between  Albemarle  Sound, 

rater  Itoanoke  River,  and  Pamlico   Sound,  Pamlico  and  Tar 

rs.      The  most  eastern    parts  of   this  great   tract,    however, 

should  be  regarded  a-  /</,„/.  and  subject  to  overflow  during 

Like  all  swamp  lands,  the  middle  is  higher  by  a  few 

than  the  margins.     It  terminates  westward,  near  Washington, 

Beaufort  county.     This  great  body  differs  from  other  swamps  by  a 

more  uniform  continuity,  and  a  more  perfect  level,  and  with  fewer 

knowles,  called  islands.     Hyde  county,  for  example,  is  level  as  a 

house  floor,  and  as  even  as  a  well  constructed  garden.     It  is  but  a 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  2  ( 

few  feet  above  tide ;  too  few  to  give  depth  for  wells,  and  hence, 
water  for  cooking  is  supplied  mainly  from  cisterns  resting  upon 
the  ground.  This  swamp  has  four  shallow  lakes  of  considerable 
size.  The  largest  is  Matamuskeet,  which  is  twenty  miles  long. 
Lying  a  few  feet  lower  than  the  swamp  are  tracts  of  stiff  clay  soil, 
probably  as  good  for  wheat  as  any  in  the  State,  but  these  diverse 
kinds  are  never  intermingled;  the  clay  is  a  kind  of  outlier  or 
border.  The  lands  of  this  great  swamp  have  become  famous  for 
the  large  crops  of  corn  they  produce.  They  are  called  the  Hyde 
county  or  Matamuskeet  lands. 

Again,  included  between  the  forks  of  Pamlico  and  Neuse  Rivers 
is  another  swamp  thirty  miles  long,  but  in  area,  it  is  less  than  an 
eighth  of  the  Matamuskeet  Swamp  and  Pungo  Swamp. 

South  of  the  Neuse,  and  lying  in  Carteret  and  Jones  counties, 
there  is  another  immense  tract  of  swamp  land,  80,000  acres  of 
which  is  known  as  the  open  prairie  of  Carteret.  In  nearly  a  con- 
tinued belt  this  swamp  is  75  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  but  its 
width  is  less  than  the  Matamuskeet  swamp.  It  is  not  by  any 
means  perfectly  continuous.  It  admits  tlve  passage  of  roads,  but 
it  lies  nearly  upon  one  plane,  and  the  slight  inequalities  scarcely 
serve  to  divide  it  into  separate  sections. 

Dover  swamp  is  an  isolated  tract  some  fifteen  miles  in  length, 
and  is  crossed  by  the  Atlantic  Railroad. 

Onslow  and  Jones  eounties  contain  a  part  of  the  great  Carteret 
tract.  This  tract,  at  its  western  extremity,  gives  origin  to  the 
White  Oak  creek. 

Holly  Shelter  swamp  lies  parallel  with  east  Cape  Fear  river.  It 
begins  in  Onslow  county,  but  the  greatest  part  lies  in  New  Hano- 
ver county,  east  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad. 

In  Brunswick  county  lies  the  Green  swamp.  It  is  rather  lower 
than  those  we  have  mentioned,  but  it  is  peculiar  in  having  numer- 
ous islands;  that  is,  rounded  hillocks,  but  slightly  elevated  above 
the  general  surface  of  the  swamp.  These  are  inhabited  by 
squatters,  who  live  by  basket-making,  and  by  general  plunder  of 
those  materials  which  can  be  turned  into  hominy,  hoe-cake  and 
a  little  bacon.  On  the  border  of  this  swamp  there  has  been 
formed  a  beautiful  lake  with  clear  water,  and  known  as  Waccamaw 
lake,  and  from  which  flows  the  Waccamaw  river,  a  boatable  stream, 
though  it  is  liable  to  be  blocked   up  by  trees  and  dead  timber. 


28  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   6CRVICT. 

Livingston's  creek  rises  in  this  swamp,  and  is  boatable  from  the 
Cape  Fear  to  the  crossing  of  the  Manchester  Railroad,  and  np 
which  the  tide  flows  twelve  miles,  rising  something  like  two  feet 
at  its  month.  Columbus  county  contains  large  bodies  of  swamp 
land,  but  not  so  continuous  as  the  Green  swamp  of  Brunswick. 

The  whole  number  of  acres  of  swamp  lands  in  the  State  is  at 
least  two  millions,  of  which  the  State  owns  onr  million  five  hundred 
thousand.  This,  however,  does  not  include  the  marsh  lands  bor- 
dering the  sounds.  There  are  also  smaller  tracts  owned  by  indi- 
viduals, of  considerable  value,  in  all  the  counties  we  have  named. 
There  is,  however,  a  deficiency  of  statistics  and  records  of  surveys, 
and  although  the  swamp  lands  are  vastly  important,  the  archives 
of  the  State  furnish  reallv  no  information  of  value.  Private  indi- 
viduals who  are  personally  interested  in  large  tracts  of  those  lands, 
have  furnished  all  the  reliable  information  we  possess  relative  to 
them. 

In  contrast  with  the  swamp  lands,  we  may  briefly  notice  the 
Savannah  lands.  These  are  beautiful,  open  and  level  spaces,  cov- 
ered now  with  broom  grass.  "We  have  not  been  told  what  they 
produced  in  early  times.  The  largest  in  the  State  lie  on  both  sides 
of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  in  the  county  of  New 
Hanover,  and  not  far  above  Wilmington.  A  traveler  passing  over 
the  road  in  the  day  time,  will  admire  their  beautiful  surfaces, 
though  they  are  not  covered  with  brilliant  flowers  and  the  more 
ral uable  crops  of  cereals. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Temperature  of.  soils.     Distribution  and  circulation  of  heat. 

§  12.  Every  plant  and  every  crop  requires  a  certain  temperature 
for  its  perfection ;  not  that  it  requires  exactly  such  a  number  of 
degrees  of  Fahrenheit,  but  croj  s  and  plants  require  for  perfection 
a  limited  range  of  temperature,  and  this  limited  range  may  be 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  29 

regarded  in  the  light  of  a  special  latitude.  The  source  of  heat  is 
the  sun.  Its  rays  penetrate  or  affect  the  soil  in  this  latitude  to  the 
depth  of  probably  100  feet.  At  this  depth  a  thermometer  would 
remain  stationary  the  whole  year,  being  changed  neither  in  sum- 
mer nor  winter.  The  summer's  heat  will  not  cause  it  to  rise,  nor 
the  winter's  cold  to  fall.  In  this  space,  in  consequence  of  the 
continued  action  of  the  sun's  rays  in  spring  and  summer,  heat 
accumulates,  especially  in  the  upper  beds  of  soil,  and  the  roots  of 
plants,  and  as  the  fall  and  winter  set  in,  receive  from  beneath,  the 
heat  which  has  accumulated.  The  surface  layers  become  cold  as 
autumn  advances,  but  beneath,  the  store  which  has  accumulated 
keeps  the  roots  warm,  and  probably  tempers  or  mitigates  the  cold 
above.  But  the  cold  season  expends  the  stock,  and  when  the 
spring  comes  round  with  its  showers,  its  buds  and  flowers,  the  sun's 
heat  is  found  to  be  penetrating  again  the  depths  of  soil  with  the 
same  intensity  as  in  former  years.  It  cannot  be  affirmed  that  the 
season  begins  with  a  portion  of  the  old  stock  of  heat  remaining, 
for  in  that  case  there  would  be  ultimately  a  great  excess  of  heat 
in  the  soil.  Each  year's  observations  give  the  same  average  results 
in  the  same  latitude. 

In  the  spring  and  summer  the  accumulation  has  a  certain  uni- 
formity of  increase  and  decrease.  The  increase  reaches  its  maxi- 
mum by  the  middle  of  August,  when  the  heat  of  the  soil  diminishes, 
though  sensibly,  the  temperature  of  the  air  remains  for  a  week  or 
two  much  the  same  as  in  the  first  part  of  the  month.  The  stock 
of  heat  is  gradually  expended.  The  winter  is  undoubtedly  milder 
and  softer  in  consequence,  and  vegetation  is  thereby  less  exposed 
to  injurious  extremes  of  cold,  especially  their  roots,  which  will  be 
preserved  alive  in  many  instances,  though  the  stem  may  be  killed. 

Surfaces,  however,  are  affected  differently.  Water  becomes 
heated  much  less  than  the  soil,  and  to  a  certain  extent  we  are  safe 
in  affirming,  that  its  penetration  is  governed  by  the  dryness  of  the 
surface  and  its  color.  A  wet  surface  having  the  character  of  a 
sponge,  will  remain  nearly  as  cold  as  a  water  surface.  The  princi- 
ple is  well  understood  ;  for  as  we  have  already  stated  water  evapo- 
rates at  all  temperatures,  but  it  cannot  evaporate  in  the  total  ab- 
sence of  heat,  but  however  cold  it  may  be,  the  vapor  which  rises 
absorbs  a  certain  amount  of  heat.  The  heat  of  a  body  saturated 
with  water  is  kept  cold  by  the  escaping  vapor.      Pour  ether  upon 


30  NORTH-CABOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

bar,  other  substance  which  vaporises  rapidly,  and  a  great 

;:ee  of  cold  is  felt.     The  hand  parts  with  its  heat  or  as  it  is  tech- 
illy  called,  its  caloric,  and  it  is  precisely  so  with  soil,  with  a 
ire  ami  the  swamp  lands  of  the  Eastern  counties.     It  is  to  the 
coldness  of  the  surface  or   the   vegetable  mass  caused  by  evapora- 
tion, that  it  has  been  preserved,  and  by  which  it  is  kept  cool.     The 
swamp  lands,  however,  have  a  double  protection  :  first,  a  thick  fofr 
and  an  under-growth  of  water  shrubs  or  _  nd  then  the 

manrle  of  water  for  a  part  of  the  year,  or  for  the  whole  year,  a 
fountain  of  water  which  is  sufficient  to  feed  the  spongy  turf,  or 
mosses  of  the  surface.  If  water  escapes  in  vapor  from  the  surface, 
it  is  instantly  supplied  with  more,  just  as  a  sponge  is  kept  wet  when 
its  base  rests  in  water  and  its  tempera' ure  will  not  rise  until  all  the 
water  is  evaporated.  The  following  experiments  establish  the  fore- 
going statements  : 

On  the  21st  ot  April,  between  9  and  10  A.  M.,  the  temperature 
of  the  air  was  72. 

The  temperature  of  a  water  covered  surface  64°. 

That  of  a  boggy  place  in  the  sun  10  feet  distant,  04"'. 

At  another  similar  place.  62°. 

And  at  a  wel  _  I  -     surface  shaded  in  part.  6S 

Temperature  of  the  soil  imperfectly  drained,  • 

:nperature  of  a  light  colored  granite  soil  well  drained  70°. 

Temperature  of  a  red  soil  well  drained  at  the  surface,  74 :. 

[ti  temperature  six  inches  deep,  6S°. 

Temperature  of  a  black  soil  at  the  surface  90°  ;  3  inches  beneath 
:  6  inches  beneath  80°  :  showing  a  gradual  penetrati-.n  ot  heat 
In  January  22d.  the  temperature  of  the  air  was  41°  ; 
temperature  of  falling  rain  45°  :  temperature  of  the  earth  44°  at  the 
depth  of"6  inches.  The  wet  surfaces  are  invariable  colder  then 
than  the  dry  ;  the  light  are  colder  than  the  colored  ;  and  the  black 
warmer  than  either. 

The  black  surfaces  were  made  so,  by  fine  charcoal  which  was  in- 
termingled with  a  gray  granite  M>|L 

The  black  ?<>ils  of  the  a  when  laid  dry  become  sufficiently 

warm  for  the  perfection  of  indian  corn  even  when  water  stands  in 
the  furrows  a  part  of  the  - 

The  ition  of  the  bony    of  vegetable   matter  forming  the 

swamp  lands  is  due  to  two  CftOMfl  :   1st,   low  temperature  ;  2d,  the 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  31 

exclusion  of  air  containing  oxygen,  which  is  the  agent  which  com- 
bines with  the  organic  matter  and  forms  with  them  humic,  crenic, 
apocivnic  acids,  and  which  in  their  turn  combine  with  ammonia, 
lime,  magnesia,  and  iron,  and  which  are  supposed  to  be  the  food  of 
plants. 

The  temperature  of  the  earth  from  January  22d  to  April  21st  has 
advanced  from  41°  to  68°-70°.  The  color  causing  an  increase  ac- 
cording to  its  depth  ;  and  black  soil  at  the  depth  of  6  inches  reach- 
ing 80°. 

At  a  later  period  it  is  sometimes  found  to  rise  to  120°  when  ex- 
posed to  the  sun  when  a  marsh  near  by  was  only  67°. 

From  the  foregoing  facts  we  may  readily  surmise  what  is  needful 
to  be  done  to  increase  the  surface  as  well  as  bottom  heat.  The 
most  rude  savage,  if  he  had  any  idea  at  all  respecting  indian  corn, 
would  never  plant  it  in  a  wet  place  ;  he  would  select  a  dry  surface. 
But,  having  done  this,  it  is  not  certain  that  in  every  case  it  would 
be  possible  to  increase  the  heat  of  the  soil  by  artificial  means. 
However,  as  dark  soils  become  warm  in  proportion  to  their  depth 
of  color,  we  may,  under  favorable  circumstances,  mix  black  sub- 
stances with  the  soil,  such  as  char  coal  and  peat.  Wheat  grows 
better  on  a  stiff  red  soil  than  a  stiff  light  one.  In  most  cases  the 
color  demonstrates  that  chemical  action  has  progressed  farther 
than  in  a  light  colored  soil.  In  the  former  the  iron  has  become,  at 
least  in  a  part  of  it,  saturated  with  oxygen.  One  part  may  remain 
in  a  protoxide;  and  if  there  is  organic  matter  in  the  soil  this  is 
certainly  the  case,  as  it  deoxidizes  the  peroxide,  a  change  which  is 
supposed  to  be  a  very  important  one  in  reference  to  the  formation 
of  ammonia  in  the  soil.  In  connexion  with  the  subject  of  cold 
and  warm  soils,  we  may  state  a  beautiful  compensation  with  regard 
to  the  distribution  of  heat.  The  loss  of  heat  by  evaporation  has 
been  fully  stated,  but  it  may  not  have  occured  to  the  common 
reader  that  the  reverse  takes  place  when  this  vapor  condenses 
again  as  it  is  carried  landward,  and  as  the  air  hovers  over  the  soil 
with  its  load  of  water,  every  object  cooler  than  itself  is  moistened 
with  dew,  and  the  heat  of  this  vapor  is  imparted  to  the  surfaces  on 
which  it  is  deposited.  When,  however,  equalization  of  tempera- 
ture between  the  air  and  bedewed  surfaces  has  taken  place,  it  is  no 
longer  formed.  The  properties  of  air,  whether  as  a  carrier  of 
moisture  and  heat,  or  as  a  moving  body,  are  eminently  adapted  to 


32  ::TH-CAKOLINA   GEOLOGICAL  SCRVET. 

the  \\;r  [fetation;  they  are  what  the  farmer  wants  tor  his 

fin]. -:  doing  tliat  in  the  simplest  and  gentlest  manner  pi  - 
supply  the  necessities;  erf  the  infant  plant.  They  are  cooled  in  the 
hot  sunshine  by  evaporation,  and  wanned  by  the  dews  of  the 
evening,  and  are  thereby  saved  from  the  chills  which  the  ahsence 
of  the  sun  tend  to  produce.  Water,  as  most  persons  on  reflection 
will  perceive,  i>  a  material  proper  to  our  earth  as  much  as  oxygens 
silex  or  gold  :  but  heat  is  in  one  sense  a  foreign  product,  not  to  call 
it  matter,  originating  in  the  operation  of  forces  peculiar  to  matter. 
The  great  source  of  heat  which  the  outward  parts  of  the  earth 
enjoys  is  derived  from  the  sun.  It  is  distributed  by  nnmei 
agencies,  luit  its  nature  is  such  that  the  heat  of  one  year  i  - 
the  celestial  spares,  and  what  is  enjoyed  the  next  is  a  new  emana- 
tion from  the  sun  and  from  the  active  agencies  of  earth.  It  is  not, 
then,  like  water,  preserved  from  year  to  year  by  a  conservative 
force;  but  we  are  indebted  for  its  continuation  to  the  constant 
action  of  the  sun  and  the  terrestial  forces  which  are  appointed  to 
furnish  it  from  their  store  hone 

These    remarks,  we  are  aware,  have   no  connexion   with  swamp 
lands  that  we  can  perceive,  and  still  they  are  not  to  he  regard* 
entirely  n.-cless.  especially   w   en   taken   in  connexion  with  the  re- 
mark-  concerning    the   conservation    of   water   and    its   perpetual 
ence  upon  the  earth's  surface  and  connexion  with  the  atm   - 
phere. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


m 


Swamp  lands  divided   into  six   districts.     The  Dismal   swamp   district   has   not 
been  explored.     Diversity  of  composition  of  those  land-.      Elevated  in  the 

middle. 

.  The  swamp  lands  of  North-Carolina  may  he  regarded  as 
forming  six  districts.  The  first  beginning  on  the  north,  is  the  Dismal 
swamp,   which   lies  both  in    Virginia  and   North-Carolina.      The 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  66 

second  is  the  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  swamp  district,  lying  be- 
tween the  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  sounds.  This  large  tract  is  of  a 
quadrangular  form  and  occupies  large  areas  in  Tyrrell,  Hyde, 
Washington  and  Beaufort  counties,  and  probably  has  the  largest 
acreage  of  any  swamp  in  the  State.  It  is  also  the  type  of  all  the 
rest,  and  will  by  itself  represent  every  variety  of  this  kind  of  land 
which  is  found  in  either  of  the  others. 

The  third  is  Bay  river  district,  lying  between  Pamlico  and  Neuse 
rivers,  both  of  which  in  their  lower  reaches,  swell  out  into  wide 
bays. 

The  fourth  is  Carteret  county  district,  lying  between  the  Neuse 
and  Bogue  and  Core  sounds.  In  this  lies  the  great  open  prairie 
tract  of  eighty  thousand  acres,  and  which  is  owned  mostly  by  the 
State. 

The  fifth  is  the  Holly  Shelter  swamp,  including  Angola  bay, 
lying  between  New  river  and  the  East  Cape  Fear. 

The  sixth  is  Green  swamp,  lying  mostly  in  Brunswich  county. 

The  Dismal  swamp  district  has  not  been  sufficiently  examined 
to  enable  us  to  speak  definitely  with  respect  to  its  agricultural 
character.  It  is  believed  to  furnish  the  characteristics  of  the  other 
districts.  A  single  analysis  of  a  specimen  of  its  soil  in  the  early 
part  of  the  survey,  and  which  was  procured  within  a  few  miles  of 
Elizabeth  City,  gave  results  closely  resembling  those  taken  from 
Hyde  county. 

The  examination  of  the  second  district  has  been  much  more  ex- 
tensive, having  procured  samples  of  soils  from  all  sides  of  this 
extensive  tract.  This  we  have  regarded  as  particularly  worthy  of 
attentive  examination  and  illustration,  as  it  furnishes  the  best  types 
of  soil  with  which  the  others  may  be  compared.  Those  of  Hyde 
county  are  the  best  known,  and  when  it  is  found  that  a  soil  has  a 
composition  similar  to  those  of  this  county,  we  are  sure  that  they 
will  be  productive. 

It  is  not  designed  to  intimate  in  the  foregoing  statement,  that 
this  large  tract  has  been  crossed,  or  traversed  extensively.  It  has 
been  examined,  however,  in  Tyrrell  county,  in  Hyde,  on  both  sides 
of  Matamuskeet  lake,  in  Washington  and  Beaufort  counties.  W« 
have  samples  of  soil  which  no  doubt  represent  all  the  varieties 
which  occur  in  this  great  tract.  It  is  proper  to  observe  in  this 
place,  that  the  swamp  lands  of  this  State  present  as  much  diversity 

• 


34  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    8URVKV. 

in  composition  as  those  of  the  middle  or  western  counties.  For 
example  as  it  regards  the  quantity  of  vegetable  matter;  Bome  are 
•ompoeed  almost  exclusively  of  it,  while  in  others,  it  is  reduced  to 
a  minimum,  and  thereby  scarcely  differ  from  ordinary  soils.  We 
find  between  these,  extremes  of  every  imaginable  variety  in  the 
quantity  of  vegetable  matter,  though  to  the  eye  there  is  a  very  close 
resemblance.  Besides  in  the  counties  above  named,  there  are 
large  tracts  which  are  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  wheat,  being 
composed  of  large  proportions  of  clay,  with  only  the  ordinary 
quantity  or  per  centage  of  organic  matter. 

There  is  still  another  interesting  tact  which  should  be  noticed  here 
inasmuch  as  it  is  applicable  to  all  the  large  tracts  of  swamp  land  ; 
it  is,  that  they  are  all  higher  in  the  middle  than  upon  the  borders. 
This  explains  the  fact  why  the  streams  all  flow  outward.  They  all 
originate  in  a  culminating  belt,  or  crown  ;  and  it  is  this  interior 
belt,  which  gives  in  analysis  the  great  excess  of  vegetable,  while 
the  outskirts  contain  a  greater  porportion  of  inorganic  matter.  This 
statement  however,  does  not  always  hold  good  ;  yet  it  is  so  common 
as  to  be  worthy  of  notice.  Hence  too  in  ditching,  it  is  necessary 
to  keep  the  cut  level  or  down,  so  as  not  to  run  out.  in  its  progress 
towards  the  crown  of  the  swamp.  We  shall  also  expect  from  the 
foregoing  to  find  the  vegetable  matter  increasing,  and  perhaps  to 
be  approaching  to  that  extreme,  that  it  will  not  be  advisable  to  at- 
tempt to  bring  it  into  immediate  cultivation. 

The  miner,  in  his  trials  for  gold,  follows  if  possible  the  lead  to  the 
vien,  the  great  depository  of  metal;  the  farmer  or  planter,  will  pro- 
ceed something  in  the  same  way,  trying  at  short  intervals  the  mass 
for  the  purp  «e  of  determining  the  quantity  of  earth,  or  soil  which 
is  intermingled  with  the  vegetable  matter,  inasmuch  as  cultivation 
turns,  wc  think,  on  the  quantity  which  it  contains,  at  least  in  the 
present  state  of  our  agricultural  knowledge. 

As  many  variations  exist  in  composition,  so  it  will  be  found  that 
there  will  necessarily  occur  equivalent  variations  in  value.  In  or- 
der to  determine  the  value  of  any  part  of  the  uncultivated  sections 
they  should  be  compared  with  lands  under  cultivation  and  which 
have  been  proved  by  experiment.  Certainly  this  course  musl  be 
regarded  as  the  safest,  though  we  believe  that  it  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  arrive  at  a  safe  conclusion  provided  the  proper  steps  are 
taken  to  determine  one  or  two  points,  the  quantity  of  soil  in  the 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  35 

mass,  and  its  condition  whether  it  is  line  or  coarse,  or  is  made  up 
entirely  of  marine  sand.  In  this  case  it  certainly  is  better  than  an 
entire  absence  of  mineral  matter;  yet,  if  it  is  to  be  cultivated  other 
elements  must  be  added. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


Composition  of  swamp  lands  stated.      Hyde  county.      Natural  crop  is    Indian 
corn.     Number  of  plants  to  the  acre.     Quantity  raised. 

§  1-L  The  composition  of  the  swamp  lands,  which  now  claims 
attention,  will  be  as  fully  stated  as  seems  to  be  necessary  for  a  full 
knowledge  of  their  peculiar  properties.  In  doing  this  it  is  regard- 
ed as  expedient  to  bring  together  all  the  analyses  which  have  been 
made  which  are  trust-worthv.  As  it  regards  those  which  were  given 
in  the  report  for  1S50,  they  will  be  also  restated  as  they  have  been 
re-examined  and  additional  results  obtained,  which  were  necessary 
to  make  them  complete.  Hyde  is  an  ancient  county.  It  occupies 
the  eastern  part  of  the  2d  district  of  swamp  lands;  is  elevated  only 
a  few  feet  above  the  tide  storms  of  the  coast.  The  marsh  lands 
everywhere  skirt  the  best  swamp  land,  but  they  are  never  included 
in  those  which  are  under  consideration,  even  such  parts  of  them 
which  are  only  rarely  overflowed  by  tides.  They  are  too  saline 
for  the  cereals,  or  the  fine  meadow  grasses. 

It  is  in  this  county  that  the  durability  of  swamp  lands  has  been 
tested.  'J  he  records  of  the  courts  and  reliable  tradition  show  that 
certain  tracts  have  been  under  constant  cultivation  over  a  century 
with  a  yearly  crop  of  grains,  principally  indian  corn,  without 
showing  a  decrease  in  the  number  of  bushels  per  acre  or  any 
diminution  in  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  It  is  rather  maintained  that 
they  improve  under  cultivation  ;  and  this  is  not  surprising,  because 
they  are  brought  to  a  condition  more  favorable  to  vegetation  in 
consequence  of  the  free  admission  of  air  and  the  disappearance  of 


36  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

an  upper  surface  too  much  charged  with  vegetable  matter.  Be- 
sides if  becomes  more  compact,  and  is  Letter  able  to  support  the 
heavy  foliage.  In  a  loose  soil  the  roots  are  unable  to  sustain  the 
foilage  and  keep  it  upright  against  the  force  of  Btrong  winds  which 

sometimes  visit  the  low  counties.  The  roots  are  liable  t<>  be  broken 
or  injured  in  resisting  its  force.  Though  the  soil  is  still  to  be 
regarded  as  light  and  loose,  it  is  not  spongy,  and  water  rises  through 
it  as  in  other  soils,  though  moisture  is  favored  by  the  presence  of 
a  large  amount  of  vegetable  matter. 

The  color  is  black  or  dark  brown,  as  already  indicated,  and  the 
whole  mass  near  the  surface  looks  as  if  it  was  composed  entirely 
of  vegetable  matter.  We  see  no  particles  of  sand  or  soil  in  it. 
On  the  sides  and  bottoms  of  ditches  a  li<rht  gray,  or  ashy  soil 
is  discernable.  Indeed,  it  is  regarded  as  ashes,  and  is  so  called, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  formed  by  the  combustion  of  ancient 
beds  of  vegetable  matter.  The  cultivated  lands  of  Hyde  are  not 
chaffy,  that  is  when  dry,  like  tinder  and  liable  to  take  fire  from  u 
spark  or  ignited  by  a  gun  wad.  There  are,  it  is  true,  tracts  lying 
in  connexion  with  them  of  this  character,  which  are  <|uite  limited, 
but  their  occurrence  does  not  affect  this  general  characteristic. 

The  following  substances  with  their  proportional  numbers  ex- 
press the  composition  of  a  soil  which  has  been  under  cultivation 
three  years.  The  tract  is  owned  by  Dr.  Long,  and  is  a  part  of  an 
old  plantation  which  has  been  under  cultivation  for  more  than  one 
hundred  years: 

Organic  matter,    48.10 

Silcx,   48.00 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    6.40 

Carbonate  of  lime,   0.2] 

Magnesia,    0.12 

Potaifa 0.16 

Soda,    0.18 

Chlorine,  trace. 

Soluble  silcx 0.08 

Sulphuric  acid,    H.U4 

Phosphoric  acid 0.80 

Ammonia,    O.Ofl 

Soluble  organic  matter,  2.00 

1)8.60 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


37 


The  silex  of  this  soil  is  exceedingly  fine  and  of  a  drab  color.  It 
is  too  fine  to  detect  with  certainty  its  origin.  When  it  is  a  grade 
coarser,  it  frequently  contains  particles  of  mica  and  felspar,  indi- 
cating that  the  parent  rock  from  which  it  was  derived,  were  the 
common  granites  which  skirt  the  low  country,  and  which  form  a 
distinct  belt,  running  nearly  north-east  and  south-west.  If  this 
earth  constituted  by  itself  the  main  body  of  soil,  it  would  be  too 
fine,  and  form  a  mass  too  compact  to  admit  the  free  penetration 
and  circulation  of  air.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  the  fine  grained 
soils  of  some  of  the  western  States,  and  which  are  easily  moved 
and  blown  into  clouds  bv  strong  winds.  The  intermixture  of  ve°r- 
etable  matter  makes  it  sufficiently  porous,  and  by  its  agency  pre- 
serves that  open  state  so  needful  for  the  promotion  of  chemical 
changes,  the  development  of  carbonic  acid,  the  deoxidation  of  the 
peroxide  of  iron  and  the  absorption  of  ammonia.  The  lime  does 
not  probably  exist  in  the  condition  of  a  carbonate;  it  is  the  state 
in  which  it  is  obtained;  but  probably  as  it  exists  in  the  soil  it  is 
in  combination  with  an  organic  acid,  which  during  the  combustion 
is  converted  into  a  carbonate. 

The  alkalies  are  less  in  quantity  than  we  should  naturally  expect 
from  soils  so  productive. 

But  what  at  first  appears  remarkable,  is  the  small  quantity  of 
chlorine  and  sulphuric  acid.  Both  seem  to  be  nearly  absent;  it  is 
rarely  that  we  attempt  to  weigh  them.  Whether  their  absence  is 
due  to  the  original  wet  state  of  the  soil,  we  are  unable  to  form  an 
opinion.  We  should  expect  to  find  chlorine  in  a  soil  so  near  the 
ocean  that  during  storms  it  must  be  taken  up  and  carried  inland, 
and  from  tins  cause  it  would  be  expected  that  it  would  at  least 
appear  in  a  per  centage  as  large  as  in  soils  a  hundred  miles  from 
the  ocean. 

The  composition  of  the  subsoil  it  will  be  seen  differs  from  the 
former,  taking  a  quantity  two  and  a  half  feet  from  the  top  from  the 
Vide  of  a  ditch  free  from  growing  vegetables  we  found  it  had  the 
following  composition  : 

Water 7.50 

Insoluble  organic  matter,    16.30 

Ilunic  acid  or  soluble  organic  matter,    3.70 

Silex,    59.88 


35  XORTH-CAROLIS A    GEOLOGICAL    SUR\ 

:nina.    I 

-  ixide   of  iron 1.10 

Carbonate  lime,    50 

.-nesia,    

Phosphate  of  lime,    

Potash 18 

Soda 12 

-       :<•  ackl 14 

Ammonia,    09 

•  (6 

The  color  of  the  subsoil  after  drying  is  brown   and  particles  of 
fine  sand  are  distinguishable.     It  often  shows  light  or  gray  patches 
which  are  regarded  as         9  derived  from  ancient  combustions.    It 
ie  to  the   inorganic    matter  which   gives  a  lighter  color  t<>  the 
soluble  organic    matter  is  large  in  this  instance.     The 
quantity  of  ammonia  is  smaller  at  this  depth  than  at  the  sur: 
The  constitution  of  this  part  of  the  soil  is  excellent,  p  - 
all  the  elements  which  are  necessary  for  the  growth  of  crops.    The 
specimen  for  analysis  was  taken   about  midway  between    the- top 
and  bottom  of  the  mass  of  soil ;  below,  it  preserved  the  same  com- 
mon apparently  or  so  far  as  mechanical  exploration  could  furn- 
information,  though  it   is  probably  more  highly  charged  with 
goil  as  it  seems  to  increase  with  depth.     But  taking  the  whole  i:.  - 
of  soil  which  is  a  feet    deep  at  this  part  of  the  plantation 

and  not  less  elsewhere,  there  is  in  sight  a  large  store  honse  of  mat- 
ter to  sn>ta:n  the  crops,  or  any  future  vegetable  growth. 

.  This  plantation,  which  has  been  under  actual  cultivation  fop 
a  period  sufficiently  long  to  test  most  thoroughly  the  capacity  of 
the  Ilvde  count  r  endurance,  is  at  present  ihe  property  of 

Dr.  Long  of  Lake  landing.  Its  ownership  can  be  traced  back  for 
six  generations,  and  the  crops  which  have  been  removed  have  ne- 
cessarily been  confined  to  the  cereals  and  probably  Indian  corn, 
with  an  occasional  crop  of  wheat,  which  is  cultivated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  occupying  the  land  with  something  m<>re  profitable  than  a 
hea  "h  of  weeds.     It  is  necessary  they  should  be  excluded 

by  occupation. 

The  composition  of  a  sample  of  this  soil,  which  has  been  so  long 
under  the  plow,  has  been  determined  with  the  following  results: 


NORTH-CAROLINA.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  39 

Water,    8.90 

Silex,    59.00 

Insoluble  organic  matter,    I&66 

Humic  acid  or  soluble  organic  matter,    3.40 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    8.00 

Carbonate  of  lime,    0. 1 0 

Magnesia,    0.09 

Potash,    0.04 

Soda,    0.08 

Silicic  acid,    0.20 

Phosphate  of  lime,    0.62 

Sulphuric  acid,    trace. 

Chlorine,    trace. 

Ammonia,    0.2") 

98.96 

This  soil  is  shown  to  contain  less  organic  matter  than  the  first, 
and  a  larger  proportion  of  silica.  The  first  element  must  necessarily 
diminish  under  cultivation  more  rapidly  than  can  be  accounted  for 
by  removal  in  the  crop.  It  is  consumed  by  exposure  to  the  ele- 
ments, undergoing  a  change  analogous  to  combustion,  and  which 
Liebig  has  termed  eremacausis. 

The  quantity  of  corn  which  is  cultivated  per  acre,  is  reckoned  by 
the  number  of  plants  allowed  to  stand.  The  common  rule  in  Hyde 
county,  we  believe  is  to  cultivate  fourteen  thousand  per  acre;  and 
it  is  common  to  allow  two  or  three  plants  to  grow  in  a  hill.  A  crop 
made  up  or  consisting  of  such  a  number  of  plants  per  acre  will 
give  a  stranger  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  capabilities  of  the  soil. 
But  it  should  be  observed  that  the  immense  growth  of  foilage  with 
stalks  is  somewhat  out  of  portion  to  the  grain,  and  it  appears,  that 
maize,  growing  in  a  very  rich  soil,  runs  somewhat  to  foilage,  though 
not  to  the  excess  which  is  observed  in  oats,  wheat  and  other  cereals. 
The  bight  of  the  corn,  upon  an  average,  is  12  feet  high.  The  grain 
is  rather  lighter  also  than  northern  or  western  corn,  and  the  ears, 
taken  as  a  whole,  appear  rather  less  than  when  grown  upon  soil 
with  less  vegetable  matter. 

The  usual  crop  is  between  10  and  12  barrels  of  5  bushels,  to  the 
acre.  If  heavy  winds  in  the  early  part  of  the  season,  or  other 
agents  act  unfavorably,  it  will  be  diminished  to  9  or  10  barrels  per 
acre,  while  in  favorable  seasons  it  reaches  twelve  barrels. 


4'J  ::th-caroli>"a  geologi  j  v. 

It  may  not  strike  a  person  as  remarkable:  but  it  should 
be  considered  that  no  manure  is  called  for.  and  the  simplest  and 
cheapest  mode  of  cultivation  is  all  that  is  required  to  make  a  crop 
oft:   -  -  tmaisthe  common  result,  without  an  expendi- 

ture in  money  and  labor  for  manure.     Therefore,  there  is  a  larger 
_:i  it  is  not  uncommon  to  obtain  a  larger  yield,  bat  it  is 
o  at  a  heavy  expence  in  fertilizers  and  labor. 

M   Staled  in   the  I  g   paragraphs, 

were  taken  from  the  south  side  of  Matatnnskeet  lake.     The  north 
y  regarded  as  better  land.     It  is  ik>t.  however,  fully 
established  that  this  opinion  is  well  founded.     The  differences  are 
The  composition  of  the  soil   of  the  north  side  i? 
certainly  much  the  same,  as  we  believe.     The  followii  ate- 

ment  of  the  con  *:on  of  soil  from  the  plantation  of 

Mr.  Burrows,  taken  at  a  depth  of  eight  inches.  It  had  been  under 
culture  for  three  years: 

Wafer II 

Insoluble  organic  matter,    

Humic  acid,  or  soluble  organic  matter,    

Peroxide  of  iron,    

Alumina.   .">.]<» 

Silicic  acid,   

Carbonate  of  lime 

0.27 

Pota-h 

Soda,    0.10 

sphoric  acid,    O.lfl 

Chlorine,   trace. 

Sulphuric  acid, trace. 

Ammonia.    

Silex 

The  land*  of  ITy.le  follow  the  same  rule  respecting  the  presence 
■  .f  chlorine  and  sulphuric  acid,   as   all   the  swamp   lands  of   the 
tern  and  southern  counties.     Their  absence  -atisfaetorilv 

acconnted  for,  unless  it  is  due  to  excessive  moisture,  or  to  their 
removal  by  constant  contact  with  water.  The  timber  of  the  soils 
of  the  Matamnskeet  country  are  black  gum  and  c  >th  of  a 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  41 

large  size.  Large  pines  and  poplars  are  not  uncommon,  and  all 
are  regarded  as  indicative  of  a  rich  soil.  This  opinion  is  un- 
doubtedly true,  and  may  be  relied  upon.  It  is,  in  fact,  perfectly 
compatible  with  all  the  arrangements  and  conditions  required. 
While  the  timber  of  the  poor  tracts  bear  trees  of  a  small  size,  of  a 
different  kind,  appear  dwarfed  or  starved,  for  want  of  nutriment. 
The  poor  soils  also  bear  upon  their  surfaces  indications  equally 
compatible  with  the  conditions  in  which  they  are  connected,  but 
in  the  latter  it  is  perhaps  a  condition  which  may  be  greatly  im- 
proved. 

§  17.  It  will  be  useful  in  passing,  to  compare  the  swamp  lands 
with  the  prairies  of  Illinois,  or  any  other  tract  of  the  great  west, 
whose  characteristics  have  drawn  westward  so  many  emigrants 
from  New  England,  New  York  and  the  old  world. 

The  soils  of  the  prairies  have  a  great  natural  fertility,  and  which 
it  is  supposed  by  many  are  so  excessive  that  they  will  bear  culti- 
vation for  thousands  of  years,  though  not  without  the  aid  of  fer- 
tilizers. Large  tracts  in  Europe,  Lombardy.  for  example,  have 
yielded  crops  for  two  thousand  years.  But  Lombardy  yields  her 
crops,  and  has  done  so  from  time  immemorial,  by  the  aid  of  fer- 
tilizers, and  which  are  husbanded  in  a  manner  and  with  a  care, 
which  is  unknown  out  of  that  country.  Calculations  are  made  to 
a  penny,  what  a  pound  of  any  given  fertilizer  is  worth.  It  is  a 
money  article.  The  long  period  during  which  Lombardy  and 
England  have  been  cultivated,  and  are  still  productive,  proves  the 
value  of  the  basis  of  the  soils  upon  which  agriculture  has  rested. 

§  18.  A  prairie  soil  of  Illinois  is  usually  black,  or  brownish 
black  and  friable,  from  an  intermixture  of  earthy  or  sandy  matter. 
It  has  a  basis  or  subsoil  of  a  stiff  yellowish  clay,  and  such  is 
the  nature  of  this  soil,  that  it  has  borne  a  succession  of  crops 
of  maize  for  thirty  )rears,  and  even  more,  without  manure.  These 
lands  are  better  adapted  to  maize  than  wheat,  and  parti}7"  so  for  the 
same  reasons  that  this  crop  succeeds  better  in  all  the  swamp  lands 
than  wheat.  Besides,  the  open  prairies  are  swept  in  the  winter  by 
strong  chilling  winds,  which  injure  wheat  by  rooting  it  up.  Such 
influences  must  bear  annually  upon  lands  thus  exposed.  The 
crops  of  corn  are  larger  than  in  Hyde  county,  but  whether  they 
sell  for  as  much  money,  is  quite  doubtful.  A  prairie  crop  often 
reaches  a  hundred  bushels  per  acre.  The  farmers  of  Hyde  seem 
3 


42  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

to  be  contented  with  60  bushels  per  acre,  and  at  the  same  time  we 
see  no  reason  why  they  too  might  not  increase  it  to  100  bushels 
The  composition  of  the  prairie  lands  furnish  some  differences,  but 
the:       -    -      much   uniformity  that  they  appear  to  form  only  one 
class. 

I  19.  An  example  or  two  showing  the  composition  of  the  best  of 
the  class  will  suffice  for  a  comparison  with  the  Hyde  county  corn 
lands.     Thus,  the  best  kind  consists  of: 

Organic  matter  and  water  in  combination,    9.05 

Alumina, 3.38 

<  ixides  of  iron 4.30 

Lime 54 

goon 35 

Potash,    19 

Soda,      08 

Phosphoric  acid,    10 

Sulphuric  acid,   08 

Carbonic  acid  and  traces  of  chlorine 09 

100,00. 

Ammonia,   41 

Containing  nitrogen, 3-4  Prof.  Voelcker 

^0.  Prof.  Voelcker  remarks*  that  the  soil  is  not  rich  in  phos- 
phoric acid,  but  still,  there  is  an  ample  store  to  meet  all  the  re- 
quirements of  the  plants  usually  cultivated  upon  the  farm.  The 
great  and  important  distinction  in  the  composition  of  the  prairie 
soil  and  swamp  lands,  is  the  great  excess  of  vegetable  matter  in 
the  latter.  The  prairie  soil  possesses  no  advantages  in  point  of 
composition  with  respect  to  the  expensive  elements,  photpfo 

-.  .  etc     The  prairie   lands  must  necessarily 

require  fertilizers  at  an  early  day,  while  the  magazine  of  food  in 
the  swamp  lands  will  require  centuries  before  it  can  be  consumed, 
even  under  constant  cultivation. 

Another  variety  of  prairie  soil  analyzed  by  Prof.  Voelcker  is  re- 
garded as  less  fertile  than  the  preceeding.     It  is  composed  of: 


*  Prairie  farming  in  America,  by  James  C.  Caird,  M.  P. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  43 

Organic  matter  and  water  of  combination,    5.76 

Alumina,      1.57 

Oxide  of  iron,    2.57 

Lime,    35 

Magnesia,    40 

Potash,    33 

Soda,    trace. 

Phosphoric  acid,    05 

Sulphuric  acid,    05 

Carbonic  acid,  and  traces  of  chlorine  and  loss,    ....  53 

100.00 

Ammonia,    0.31 

Containing  Nitrogen,    0.26 

The  proportion  of  nitrogen,  says  Prof.  Yoelcker,  is  less  as  might 
be  expected  from  the  smaller  quantity  of  organic  matter.  How- 
ever, two  tenths  per  cent,  is  regarded  as  a  large  proportion  though 
when  expressed  in  fractional  numbers  it  appears  insignificant,  yet 
when  it  is  known  that  the  weight  of  soil,  ten  inches  deep  upon  an 
acre  amounts  to  a  thousand  tons  in  round  numbers,  the  quantity 
of  nitrogen  in  an  acre  of  soil  existing  in  this  proportion  will  be 
about  two  tons.  A  crop  of  wheat  of  36  bushels  to  the  acre  with 
its  straw,  contains  fifty  two  pounds  of  nitrogen,  and  a  crop  of  Swed- 
ish turnips  only  about  thirty-six  pounds. 

In  this  connection  it  will  be  instructive  to  many  to  see  the  com- 
position of  a  rich  wheat  soil  of  Scotland  analyzed  by  Prof.  Ander- 
son.    It  is  from  Mid  Lothian  and  consists  of: 

Organic  matter  and  water, 10.19 

Alumina, 6.93 

Oxides  of  iron,    5. 17 

Lime,   1.22 

Magnesia, 1.08 

Potash,    0.35 

Soda,    0.43 

Phosphoric  acid,    _ 0.43 

Sulphuric  acid, 0.04 

Silica,    71.55 

Water,   2.58 

Carbonate  acid  and  loss> 0.03 

100.00 
Nitrogen,  22. 


44  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   BUJtVRf. 

S  veral  analyses  of  Bwamp  soils  have  been  made,  which, 
at  the  time,  were  regarded  as  owned  bj  the  State,  but  subsequent- 
ly we  were  informed  were  taken  from  the  lower  part  of  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi.  They  were  furnished  by  the  Hon.  B.  F.  Moore 
of  this  place.  It  is  impossible  to  find  marks  by  which  No.  1  may  be 
I  from  a  Hyde  county  s<>il.  They  were  numbered  up 
to  seven.  No.  1  is  black  and  fine,  showing  that  the  vegetable 
matter  has  passed  into  the  condition  of  well  formed  peat.  It  gave, 
on  analys  - : 

No.  i.  n ... 

Water 

nic  matter 

Alumina  and  oxiron,    3.50 

3 S  97jE 

Lime 1.00 

sia 50  .1" 

Potash,    undetermined. 

99.G9  99.80 

V  .  3  corresponds  to  some  of  our  best  gall  berry  lands,  which 
are  low  and  wet :  it  has  a  drab  color,  and  a  fine  silicions  base,  and 
is  a  tolerable  good  soil. 

Another  which  is  still  more  sandy,  and  less  coherent,  resembles 
our  gall  berry  soils  and  must  rank  with  poor  soils.     It  consists  of: 

"Water,   100 

Organic  matter,    

Silex,    90.00 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    4.00 

Lime 8.40 

Magnesia, 0.06 

Potash  and  soda, undetermined. 

-  46 

The  organic  matter  of  Xo.  6  is  reduced  to  the  minimum  quantity 
of  excessively  sandy  soils. 

These  analyses  from  a  distant  part  of  our  country  are  introduced 
for  the  purpose  of  noticing  a  fact  which  is  not  uncommon  in  soils 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  45 

of  this  class.  It  is  the  occurrence  of  poor  patches  in  the  midst  of 
No.  1,  which  is  a  rich  and  productive  soil.  But  these  spots  of  bar- 
renness bear  the  plant  until  it  is  a  foot  high,  when  it  turns  yellow 
and  dies.  This  kind  of  material  is  loose  and  chaffy ;  it  contains 
65  per  cent,  of  vegetable  matter,  but  it  is  loose  and  rather  coarse, 
and  probably  furnishes  one  reason  why  vegetation  dries  up  so 
early.  It  is  not  deficient  in  inorganic  matter,  but  growth  requires 
a  body  of  soil  which  has  firmness,  but  it  is  possible  that  these 
barren  places  contain  the  astringent  salts  of  iron  and  alumina. 
There  are  several  places  in  North-Carolina  where  the  vegetable 
matter  contains  an  acid  salt  of  iron,  which  destroys  corn  or  any 
other  vegetable  productions  when  it  is  placed  in  contact  with 
them. 

§  22.  A  practical  method  for  obtaining  a  sufficient  knowledge  of 
the  swamp  soils  to  enable  the  owner  or  purchaser  to  form  an 
opinion  of  their  value,  and  which  may  be  performed  by  any  person 
possessed  of  patience  and  care,  is  by  adopting  a  mechanical  pro- 
cess. Take  about  a  pound  of  soil,  with  or  without  weighing,  and 
with  water  in  a  clean  dish  or  saucer,  and  then  with  the  fingers  rub 
the  mass  fine;  allow  it  to  settle,  pour  off  the  black  liquid  and  the 
matter  which  floats  in  it.  This  consists  of  vegetable  matter  separ- 
ated from  the  mineral.  The  operation  is  to  be  repeated  as  long  as 
the  water  is  discolored,  being  careful  nut  to  pour  off  or  Waste  the 
soil.  After  several  washings  the  fine  sandy  particles  begin  to 
appear  in  all  the  best  soils.  If,  however,  the  soil  is  poor,  white 
coarsish  sand  will  appear  in  place  of  the  gray  fine  material,  which 
characterises  the  Hyde  county  soils,  or  those  which  are  similiar  to 
them.  The  operation  is  by  no  means  difficult,  but  requires  care  to 
save  the  soil  when  it  is  fine;  indeed,  one-third  of  it  will  probably 
be  lost  in  the  most  careful  performance  of  the  process,  but  enough 
soil  will  be  obtained  to  show  its  character  even  though  the  opera- 
tion is  hastily  performed. 

Two  results,  obtained  mechanically,  will  be  given  in  this  plan. 
The  first  is  Dr.  Long's  soil,  which  had  been  under  cultivation  over 
a  century,  and  the  second  a  soil  from  the  north-side  of  the  lake. 

Thus  100  grains,  on  being  carefully  washed  by  the  foregoing 
method,  gave  : 


46  NORTH-CABOLDfA   GEOLOGICAL   SCETEY. 

Very  fine  soil,    41.0 

Fine  sand  or  soil,    18.0  grs. 

Vegetable  matter, 2. 

81.00 

The  result  shows  that  more  than  one-half  is  very  fine,  the  re- 
mainder le*s  so.  The  soil,  under  the  microscope,  showed  scales  of 
mica  and  grains  of  felspar,  which  indicate  a  derivation  from  granitic 
rocks.  On  being  heated  to  redness  the  whole  becomes  a  drab 
color. 

The  soil  from  the  plantation  of  Mr.  Burrows,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  lake,  treated  in  the  same  way,  gave : 

Very  fine  soil,    28.40 

Fine 16.20  grs. 

Vegetable  matter,    47 

86.30 

The  color  was  a  light  gray,  and  on  being  heated  to  redness  was 
only  slightly  redened.     There  again  the  1  iboat  one-half,  as 

when  the  vegetable  matter  is  consumed,  it  leaves  44.30  per  cent, 
of  a  compound  which  is  mostly  silica,  which,  as  in  the  former 
specimen,  is  extremely  fine. 

.  In  order  to  show  the  difference  between  a  rich  soil  and 
one  which  is  comparatively  poor,  we  shall  place  one  of  the  latter 
in  this  connexion.  It  is  from  the  Carteret  county  lands  or  the  open 
prairie.  Thus,  on  mechanically  separating  the  inorganic  matter, 
we  found : 

The  coarse  part  amounted  to,    27.""  grs. 

lino         ••  ••         "       7 

Organic  matter,    44.22 

The  fine  and  valuable  part  bean  a  -mall  proportion  to  the  coarse 
which  can  scarcely  be  relied  upon  for  furnishing  nutriment. 
However  this  may  be,  it  is  useful  in  assisting  to  give  solidity  to  the 
mat  [rotable  matters. 

propose  to  introduce^  in   this  connexion,  the   remarks   of 
Mi  jars.  D.  Simmons   &  Brother,  of  Hyde  county,  accompanying 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  4r< 

two  analyses  of  soils  by  Prof.  N.  B.  Webster,  of  Portsmouth,  Ya. 
They  were  marked  A  and  B.  The  first  consists,  according  to  Prof. 
Webster,  of: 

Moisture,  when  air  dried,    14.00 

Vegetable  matter,   58.00 

Silex,  very  fine,    14.00 

Alumina,    06 

Oxide  of  iron,  . .  - 03 

Lime,    01 

Potash  and  soda,    01 

Loss,    03 

86.04 

We  have  copied  the  analyses  from  the  North-Carolina  Farmer, 
and  probably  there  is  some  mistake  in  figures,  though  the  appar- 
ent error  may  lie  in  mistaking  the  quantity  used  in  analysis. 

The  composition  of  sample  B  is  stated  as  follows: 

Moisture,  when  air  dried,    13.00 

Carbonaceous  matter,    68.00 

Silex,   14.00 

Alumina,    0.06 

Oxide  of  iron,    03 

Lime, 01 

Loss,    4.00 

100.00 

The  information  derived  from  Messrs.  Simmons,  distinguished 
for  their  successful  farming  and  large  crops,  is  as  follows:  The 
sample  A  was  taken  from  an  80  acre  field,  lying  on  the  north  shore 
of  the  lake,  and  running  back  half  a  mile.  This  land  had  been  in 
cultivation  about  20  years,  and  produces  now,  in  a  fair  crop  year, 
10  to  12  barrels  of  corn  per  acre.  The  sample  B  was  taken  from  a 
640  acre  tract,  lying  back  of  the  80  acre  field.  It  has  been  in  cul- 
tivation five  years,  and  produces,  in  a  fair  crop  year,  from  10  to  12 
barrels  of  corn  per  acre.  These  lands  lie  between  Matamusk&t 
and  Aligator  lakes,  four  miles  distant  from  Alligator  river.  Alli- 
gator lake  is  said  to  be  10  miles  wide  and  15  long,  and  from  3  to  5 
feet  deep.     It  lies  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  county.     It  is  sur- 


•t^  N0RTH-CAR0LIXA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

rounded  t»v  a  ridge  from  4  to  6  feet  above  the  sheet  of  water. 
The  b:ick  lands  are  drained  info  Alligator  river  on  the  north,  and 
into  Palmico  sound  on  ihe  south.  The  cultivated  lands  on  the 
north  >ide  of  Matamnskeet  lake  run  back  about  two  miles,  and  are 
werj  uniform  in  qualify.  The  nortli  side  is  the  best  and  deepest 
soil.     Indeed,  it  may  be  said  the  county  is  a  garden  spot.     It  has  a 

population  of  5, to  6,000,  and  ships  t'i<»m   500  to  600  thousand 

bushels  of  corn,  and  some  5i»  thousand  bushels  of  wheat  per  annum, 
to  which  may  be  added  large  quantities  of  peas,  potatoes,  Ac.n 

^'24.  RiBCAPrrtJLATTOS  respecting  the  Hyde  county  soils.  Their 
peculiarity  consists,  1st.  in  the  extreme  fineness  of  the  soil  proper, 
or  the  inorganic  matter.  This  is  of  a  drab  color,  and  shows  by 
itself  a  good  composition  :  that  is,  it  proves  that  it  does  not  consist 
of  a  pure  marine  sand,  but  that  it  contains  all  the  common  inor- 
ganic elements,  iron,  silica,  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  etc.  Those 
which  consist  of  marine  sand  alone,  ami  which  express  by  them- 
selves barreness,  have  an  inorganic  matter  which  is  white,  and  any 
person  of  ordinary  capacity  will  recognise  rhis  element,  which, 
though  necessary,  is  not  sufficient  by  itself  to  supply  the  wants  of 
it  is  simply  defective  in  other  important  matters. 
Acids,  however,  acting  upon  even  the  white  sand,  dissolve  a 
fractional  part;  showing  the  probable  existence  of  a  small  quantity 
of  felspar  intermixed  ;  and  hence,  even,  in  the  case  of  the  presence 
of  a  white  sand,  a  few  crops  may  be  grown. 

The  great  amount  of  organic  matter  is  a  common  characteristic  ; 
and  cc  Berves  only  to  distinguish  this  class,  the  swamp  soils 

from  the  upland  soils. 

Hyde  county  softs  show  a  greater  capacity  for  endurance  than 
the  prairie  soils  of  Illinois:  notwithstanding  the  annual  crop  of 
maize  is  somewhat  less  per  acre.  But  on  the  Score  of  location  we 
are  unable  to  see  that  the  Illinois  soils  have  a  preference.  As  it 
regards  health.  Hyde  county  is  no  more  subject  to  chills  and  fever 
than  the  country  of  the  Prairies.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that 
persons  live  and  labor  in  swamps  with  impunity,  or  freedom  from 
disease.  A  large  amount  of  vegetable  matter,  when  exposed  to 
the  miii,  usually  generates  miasmata,  but  the  common  mode  pur- 
sued for  cultivation  of  the  soils  of  Hyde  county  will  not  expose  B 
greater  surface,  or  a  greater  amount  of  vegetable  matter  than  is 
exposed  in  the  breaking  up  of  prairie  grounds  ;  and  those  grounds 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  id 

when  first  exposed,  or  for  several  years  disengage  miasmata  and 
generate  in  the  exposed  inhabitants  chills  and  fevers.  Precautions 
in  both  sections  of  country,  no  doubt,  will  enable  persons  and 
families  to  counteract  their  injurious  influences,  hi  part  at  least,  and 
thereby  escape  the  attacks  of  fever. 

The  origin  of  the  soils  of  Hyde  county  may  be  traced  to  granitic 
rocks,  either  granite  or  gneiss,  whose  composition  is  precisely 
similar.  Finely  abraded  materials  being  transported  from  the  interi- 
or by  rivers  which  frequently  overflowed  their  banks,  and  distri- 
buted thereby  the  fine  soil  over  low  grounds,  upon  which  plants 
of  various  kinds  were  growing.  In  certain  poor  tracts,  however, 
coarse  sand  was  admitted  and  distributed  more  rapidly,  but  still 
over  a  surface  supporting  coarse  grasses  and  mosses.  As  all  of  the 
eastern  counties  were  at  one  time  submerged  tracts,  and  received 
deposits  of  sand  while  beneath  the  Atlantic,  it  has  no  doubt  often 
happened  that  these  marine  sands  have  been  subsequently  disturbed 
and  the  sand  redistributed  by  rivers. 

§  25.  The  position  of  the  great  swampy  tract  to  which  Hyde 
county  belongs  is  between  the  lower  reaches  of  the  Roanoke  and 
Palmico  sound,  a  position  which  shows  very  satisfactorily  what 
must  have  taken  place  in  early  times  when  the  land  was  a  few  feet 
lower  than  it  is  now.  "We  may  regard  all  the  tracts  which  possess 
a  gray  or  drab  colored  soil  as  having  received  it  from  the  interior, 
while  the  clear  white  sands,  which  often  appear  under  the  micro- 
scope as  ground  crystals,  are  probably  derived  from  marine  beds 
which  have  been  assorted  or  sifted  by  the  action  of  waves.  It  is 
by  no  means  an  uncommon  circumstance  that  river  currents,  with 
their  burthens  of  comminuted  rock  and  tides  bearing  forward  sand 
meet  and  commingle  their  contents,  and  some  varieties  of  soil  are 
actually  composed  of  the  fine  and  coarse  as  if  they  had  been  mixed 
in  the  way  we  have  indicated. 

§  26.  The  principal  fact  we  have  to  bear  in  mind  is  that  soil  mixed 
with  vegetable  matter  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  growth  of 
plants.  The  black  peat,  if  destitute  of  soil,  will  not  sustain  a  crop, 
it  necessarily  perishes,  and  the  time  during  which  plants  or  crops 
of  the  cereals  can  grow  and  perfect  seeds  or  fruit  depends  directly 
upon  the  amount  of  soil  the  peat  contains  combining  the  necessary 
elements  in  due  proportions. 


50  NORTH-CAROLLSA    GEOLOGICAL    BLUVKY. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Position  of  Plymouth.  Quality  of  soils  indicated  by  the  growth  of  timber.  Cos: 
o!  drainage.  Composition  of  four  specimens  of  soil  from  the  south  side  of 
Albemarle  sound.     Mechanical  separation  of  elements,  etc 

_  7.  PLTMorrn  is  a  place  of  some  note  upon  one  of  the  south  di- 
-  .  aooke,  and  above  its  entrance  into  Albemarle  sound 

some  ten  miles.  It  is  upon  the  north  side  of  the  great  swamp,  to 
which  the  Hyde  county  lands,  which  have  been  under  consider- 
ation, belong. 

In  its  vicinity  are  lands  which  are  owned  by  gentlemen  of 
Raleigh,  and  who  are  now  making  inroads  upon  the  desert  swamp 
in  the  way  of  drains  and  ditches,  aided  by  the  axe  and  grubbing 
hoe.  Cheir  lands,  which  are  not  far  from  Plymouth,  are  in  an 
easterly  direction,  and  a:  far  as  externals  are  concerned, 

-ly  related  to  those  of  Hyde  county;  but  as  we  have  already 

d,  the  swamp  lands  of  North-Carolina  are  as  variable  in  com- 
position as  the  uplands;  and  hence,  the  necessitv  of  an  analysis  of 
some  kind  to  prove  or  determine  their  characr.  -      -      It  is  indeed, 
able  that  there   is  more  danger  of  misjud_     _         heir 
qualitier        -        le  inspection,  than  of  the  uplands;  for  the  vegeta- 
ble matter  masks  their  essential  characteristics,  or  those  character- 
which  their  ability  to  bear  crops  depend.     It  is  true,  that 
timber  in  kind  and  quality,  furnishes  a  clue  upon  which  to  found  a 
judgment:  and  following  this  guide,  it  is  very  probable  that  good 
would  make  a  wise  eh  i;  is  so  fitting  that 

certain  I       -     1  a  large  and   port       -        should  grow  upon   a  fat 
..  and  dwarfish  ith  stinted  limbs  and   mossy  trunks, 

should  belong  to  a  lean   soil,  in   which   there  it  scarcity  of 

the  money  elements,  that  it  seem<  to  be  be  an  axiom  in  the  veg- 
etai  -  much  established  in  the  vegetal 'le  king- 

dom as  in  the  animal,  that  fata  -  lull  feeding, 

le  leanness  is  due  to  a  lack  of  nutriment,  provided  the  organs 
of  assimilation  are  in  a  healti.  k  upon  the  specimens 

from  the  north  of  the  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  swamp  as  reprt - 
tative  of  that  side,  as  they  were  taken   from  a  tract     fa     en  or 

t  thousand  acres.     However  ton   may  be,  it  if   necessai 
keep  before  us  the  characteristics  of  those  lands  which  we  know  to 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  51 

be  good,  and  which  have  been  amply  tested.  "We  ought,  however, 
to  bear  in  mind  that  tests  by  actual  crops  may  be  sufficient 
to  satisfy  practical  men,  but  the  results  of  these  very  tests  harmo- 
nize perfectly  with  well  known  principles.  To  the  minds  of  those 
imbued  with  principles,  the  results  are  precisely  what  they  would 
have  predicted,  they  would  say  a  priori,  what  the  results  should  be. 
State  the  facts  truly  with  respect  to  the  soil,  and  they  would  pre- 
dict results.  We  have  then,  two  sources  of  imformation  for  our 
guide, principles  and  tests  oy  experiment.  Principles  have  certain 
advantages  over  tests,  as  they  determine  for  us  before  hand,  or 
prior  to  the  application  of  labor  and  the  payment  of  money  ;  and 
hence,  may  be  resorted  to  when  tests  by  experiments  are  not  con- 
venient and  require  more  time  than  can  be  devoted  to  the  mat- 
ter. 

§  28.  The  first  work  which  is  necessary  to  subdue  a  swamp  and 
bring  it  under  cultivation  is  to  draw  off  the  water  by  drains,  and 
then  to  kill  the  trees  by  girdling.  The  timber  when  girdled  is 
allowed  to  stand  until  dead. 

We  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  the  expense  of  subduing  swamp 
lands  by  draining  and  clearing.  In  this  State  it  is  generally  under- 
taken by  the  owners  of  hands.  The  highest  price  we  have  heard  be- 
ing paid  is  16  cents  per  cubic  yard  for  cutting  deep  and  wide 
ditches.  This  is  more  than  the  work  will  cost  usually  ;  especially 
when  it  is  undertaken  by  the  owner,  with  good  hands.  The  task 
for  a  smart  negro  is  to  cut  400  cubic  feet  per  day,  and  one  who  is 
industrious  finishes  it  in  season  to  save  at  least  one  full  da}r  of  the 
week.  In  draining  systematically,  lots  are  laid  out  in  squares  often 
acres  each;  ultimately  the  water  finds  its  way  to  the  drains  and  leaves 
the  surface  sufficiently  dry  for  cultivation. .  It  is  not  expected  that 
the  surface  will  be  dried  the  first  season,  and  no  profits  are  obtain- 
ed the  first  two  years.  Corn,  however,  grows  upon  the  ditches 
and  upon  the  area  drained  soon  after  the  mass  has  settled  even 
among  the  dead  trees  after  the  underbrush  is  removed.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  heavy  expense  attending  the  subjugation  of  a  swamp, 
it  is  necessary  that  the  person  who  embarks  in  it,  should  possess 
capital,  for  it  is  not  simply  the  first  cost  which  is  to  to  be  met,  but 
the  expenditure  has  to  remain  unproductive  for  two  or  three  years. 
There  is  the  cost  of  supporting  the  hands  employed  for  the  time, 
the  interest  of  the  money,  and  perhaps  the  outlay  for  the  land,  all 


52  NORTII-CAIMI.INA.    GKoLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

of  which,  either  requires  cash,  or  good  credit  based  upon  a  cash 
reputation. 

The  timber  immediately  shows  the  effect  of  drainage  and  srird- 
ling,  but  it  is  not  intended  to  apply  the  axe  generally  to  the  large 
trees.  The  roots  of  the  gum  speedily  decay.  The  tree  ia  Bpongy 
and  almost  like  cork;  and  hence,  rots  earlier  than  the  cypress.  As 
a  general  rule,  the  work  of  clearing  is  not  so  formidable  an  under- 
taking as  ir  appears  it  would  be  on  the  first  inspection  of  the  tow- 
ering cypresses,  the  woods  are  soft  and  unlike  the  oaks,  maples, 
birches,  beeches,  etc.,  of  a  northern  forest.  We  believe  that  the 
of  clearing  these  lands  is  less  than  those  of  the  North,  or  the 
well  wooded  uplands  of  the  South,  but  we  have  only  insufficient 
data  to  form  a  correct  opinion.  The  difficulty  is,  very  few  persons 
keep  a  book  of  expenses  for  work  of  the  kind,  and  besides,  we  be- 
lieve that  as  clearing  really  extends  over  a  period  of  many  years, 
it  is  impossible  to  estimate  it.  Nature  is  left  to  perform  as  much 
of  it  as  possible. 

§  *2!».  The  section  fr«>m  which  the  soils  were  taken,  the  composi- 
tion of  which  we  propo.se  now  to  give,  is  situated  upon  the  branches 
of  Kendricks  creek.  This  short  creek  rises  in  the  dismal  and  falls 
into  the  south-side  of  Albemarle  sound.  The  section  is  regarded 
a-  a  part  of  the  Hyde  county  tract,  and  to  be  continuous  therewith. 
We  shall  give  the  composition  of  only  four  specimens,  as  they 
in  to  represent  the  condition  and  character  of  this  part  of  the 
swamp.  The  first  is  a  brown  or  grayish  In-own  color  and  would  be 
pronounced,  on  inspection,  a  fertile  soil.  ( >n  drying  it  concretes 
into  small  lumps,  which,  however,  are  easily  crushed.  It  shows  bo 
Band  or  soil  proper,  the  vegetable  matter  being  in  a  sufficient 
quantity  to  mask  or  conceal  it,  but  being  rubbed  between  the 
lingers,  or  taken  between  the  teeth,  its  grittiness  is  ;tt  once  per- 
ceived.    The    latter   method    of  trying   the   swamp  soil    is   a  I 

1  one,  as  if  present  it  will  be  detected  and  something  relating 
to  its  fineness  or  coarseness  revealed.  This  is  numbered  4.  and  on 
analysis  it  gave : 

Water,    -24.000 

Silez 48.000 

Organic  matter,    18.000 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina y.900 

I.imc,    220 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  53 

Magnesia, 100 

Potash, 177 

Soda,    000 

Chlorine,   090 

Sulphuric  acid, trace. 

99.447 

The  silex  and  inorganic  matter  is  of  an  ash  color,  and  it  is  proper 
to  observe  in  this  connexion  that  the  iron  is  in  the  condition  of  a 
protoxide,  being  white  when  precipitated,  and  resembles  alumina 
unless  it  is  oxidised  by  nitric  acid.  It  differs  from  many  soils  in 
the  color  of  the  oxide,  as  in  some  cases  it  has  the  pertoxide  color 
and  then  it  is  greenish.  The  organic  matter  in  these  cases  of  un- 
cultivated and  recently  exposed  soil  has  deoxidised  it  to  its  lowest 
state  of  oxidation,  and  this  fact  illustrates  very  condusively  the 
influence  of  inorganic  matter  in  soils.  When  they  have  become 
dry  and  exposed  to  the  atmospheric  agents  a  part  of  the  iron 
becomes  oxidised,  but  being  always  present  in  a  mass  of  vegetable 
matter  it  is  again  deoxidised  under  favorable  conditions.  A  suc- 
cession of  changes  of  this  kind  take  place  which  as  water  is 
decomposed  hydrogen  is  set  free,  and  may,  when  liberated,  combine 
with  nitrogen  and  form  ammonia. 

This  variety  of  soil  is  rather  upon  the  rim  of  the  swamp,  but  it 
occupies  an  exceeding  large  space.  The  analysis  was  made  upon 
the  specimen  which  had  not  been  dried  in  the  open  air,  and  shows 
the  amount  of  water  which  it  naturally  holds.  But  this  large  per 
centage  of  water,  it  will  be  perceived,  diminishes  the  ratio  of  the 
other  important  elements  ;  and  hence  the  true  value  of  this  variety 
of  soil  is  not  expressed  in  its  most  favorable  light. 

The  examination  of  this  area  of  soil  suggests  its  adaptation  to 
cotton.  We  have  seen  cotton  growing  luxuriantly  and  well  sup- 
plied with  bolls  on  a  similar  soil  in  Carteret  county.  In  the  con- 
stitution of  cotton  we  can  see  no  objection  to  a  complete  success 
on  this  soil. 

About  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  outer  rim  we  find  the  mass 
to  be  richer  in  vegetable  matter  or  to  increase  in  quantity  towards 
its  interior.  The  specimen  is  black,  fine  grained  material,  but  con- 
tains unchanged  stems  of  vegetables,  or  those  but  slightly  blacken- 
ed.    It  is  a  true  peat,  in  most  respects  to  the  eye.     We  took  of  this 


54  :Tn-OAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SUBTET. 

sample  numbered   '2,  two  hundred  grains  and  found  it  composed 
of: 

racsjmci. 

Silex 19." 

_-anic  matter 54". 

Alumina 4  5  . 

Peroxide  of  iron 1.09 

Lime 

Magnesia, L< 

Potash 177 

Soda,    - 088 

Chlorine 

Sulphuric  acid.    trace.  trace. 

19?.  99.:  U 

The  texure  of  this  specimen  is  looser  than  the  foregoing.  In  dry- 
ing, it  concretes  and  forms  rounded  lumps  which  >  i  •  in- 
dication edition,  lor  one  composed  entirely  -  ible  mat- 
ter dries  differently. 

The  great  excess  of  water  in  this  variety  bears  unfavorably  upon 
its  composition  provided  it  is  not  left  out  of  the  account,  but  it  ia  plain 
when  drainage  shall  have  had  its  full  effect  upon  it,  the  ratio  of  all 
the  important  elements  will  be  greatly  increased.  Taken  all  in  all, 
this  soil  is  rich  in  productive  elements,  and  will  be  found  equal  to 
anv  of  those  in  Hyde  county  ;  for  as  we  have  found  by  ample  ob- 
servation, the  only  draw  back  to  a  successful  cultivation  is  the  ab- 
sence of  soil,  or  inorganic  matter.  The  necessity,  however,  of  com- 
pact! .rive  roots  a  tirm  hold  of  the  earth  is  u 
tain  kinds  of  swamp  lands  remain  loose  and  rather  chaffy  a: 
are  drained.  It  is  indicative  of  the  absence  of  soil  and 
when  they  m  ..rks  of  ignited  matter  they  catch  tire 
like  tinder,  and  burn  until  extinguished  by  the  exhaustion  of  com- 
bustible matter  or  are  put  out  by  lung  continued  rains. 

'.  For  mechanical  analysis  of  the  foregoing,  100  grains  were 
taken  and  carefully  washed : 

We  obtained  sand,   3.00 

Very  fine  soil  or  sand,   lfl 

Organic  matter.    

40.30 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURYEY.  55 

There  is,  therefore;  a  great  predominance  of  very  fine  inorganic 
matter  in  the  foregoing,  which  is  rather  remarkable  ;  it  however, 
goes  to  sustain  the  opinion  which  has  been  formed  of  it ;  the  finely 
divided  matter  being  in  sufficient  abundance  to  last  for  centuries. 

The  first  soil  of  which  we  gave  the  composition  gives,  as  well  be 
seen,  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the  coarser  particles  of  soil.  Thus 
we  obtained  of: 

Coarser  particles,    15.00 

Very  fine,    41.00 

Organic  matter, 18.00 

74.00 

The  coarser  particles  consisted  of  limpid  quartz,  mixed  with  fel- 
spathic  looking  particles,  the  former  greatly  predominating.  Al- 
though the  extremely  fine  particles  are  in  part  quartz,  yet  it  is 
highly  probable  that  as  felspar  is  softer  and  suffers  more  from  abra- 
sion that  they  are  mostly  felspathic,  and  hence,  will  furnish  in  the 
course  of  time,  inorganic  elements  as  food  for  crops.  The  fine 
silica  in  its  condition  of  fineness  is  also  in  a  state  to  be  acted  upon 
by  alkalies,  and  thereby  become  soluble  and  fitted  to  be  taken  into 
the  organism  of  plants. 

The  condition  of  a  large  part  of  the  inorganic  elements  is  to  be 
regarded  in  the  light  of  a  reason  why  these  soils  are  so  productive 
in  maize. 

Another  specimen  of  swamp  soil  from  this  district,  and  from  a 
spot  still  farther  removed  from  the  outer  rim  than  the  preceding, 
gave  results  somewhat  different.  It  is  numbered  one,  and  yielded 
the  following  elements  on  being  submitted  to  analysis : 

Water, 75.60 

Organic  matter,    16.00 

Silex,  7.60 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina, 30 

Lime, 40 

Magnesia, 10 

Chlorine,  none. 

Sulphuric  acid, none. 

100.00 


5G  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

The  small  per  cent  age  of  inorganic  elements  in  this  specimen  is 
due  to  the  great  excess  of  water.  If  calculated  dry,  they  would 
amount  to  about  35  per  cent.,  and  each  individual  element  would 
be  increased  in  proportion.  But  soils  of  this  composition,  es- 
pecially when  connected  with  water  beneath,  never  become  ac- 
tually dry,  but  will  contain  at  least  from  8  to  10  per  cent,  of  water. 
This  tract,  with  the  composition  then  as  thus  indicated,  will  contain 
inorganic  matter  amply  sufficient  for  cultivation.  The  process  of 
draining  in  this  instance  had  just  begun  to  take  effect,  and  hence, 
the  amount  of  water  which  these  lands  hold  in  their  natural  con- 
dition is  exhibited. 

By  mechanical  separation  of  the  parts  of  this  soil,  it  gave: 

Coarsish  soil,  mostly  quartz,   1.70 

Fine  soil,    7.30 

Were  the  fine  soil  stated  in  the  ratio  it  will  exist  after  it  is  per- 
fectly drained  and  dried  in  the  sun,  the  amount  will  be  so  changed 
in  the  relative  quantities,  that  no  one  will  doubt  that  it  can  sustain 
a  large  growth  of  corn,  or  other  crops  suitable  to  this  class  of  soils. 

The  last  of  this  series  is  No.  3.  It  consists  of  earthy  matter  in 
a  fine  state  of  division,  but  in  which  we  found  a  particle  of  quartz 
as  large  as  a  duck  shot,  which  is  uncommon  in  soils  of  this  descrip- 
tion. It  contains  also  partially  decomposed  sticks  or  wood.  It 
gave,  on  analysis,  as  taken  from  the  tract,  with  only  a  slight  effect 
from  draining: 

Water,   C'8.80 

Organic  matter,    -4. ill 

Alumina  and  peroxide  of  iron,    B6 

Silex 4.50 

Gtfrtxttiate  of  lime,  80 

Magnesia, 10 

Chlorine, "7 

Sulphuric  acid,  trace. 

After  exposure  to  the  air  for  a  month  it  lost  water,  and  henco 
the  proportion  of  the  elements  were  relatively  changed.  The  soil 
as  first  submitted  to  analysis  shows  the  large  amount  of  water  it  is 
capable  of  holding  for  some  time  after  the  drains  have  been  cut. 


NORTII-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  57 

The  following  analysis  shows  the  amount  of  water  lost,  which, 
certainly  escapes  slowly  as  it  has  been  exposed  freely  to  the  air  in 
a  dry  room  for  four  weeks : 

Water 50.80 

Insoluble  organic  matter, 22.00 

Soluble  organic  matter,    10.80 

Inorganic,    16.10 

Phos.  lime  and  magnesia  dissolved  by  carb.  of  am- 
monia,         1.20 

Tried  mechanically  for  inorganic  matter,  it  gave : 

In  coarsish  sand  or  soil,    8.50 

Very  fine  soil,    7.50 

The  constitution  of  this  whole  tract,  so  far  as  the  soils  collected 
can  be  relied  upon,  prove  that  it  is  closely  allied  to  the  Hyde 
county  or  Matamuskeet  lands.  There  is  really  no  deficiency  of 
^organic  matter,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  cultivation  for  half 
a  century  will  improve  it.  One  objection  to  soils  of  this  descrip- 
tion is  the  loose  state  of  the  surface  from  the  presence  of  unde- 
composed  wood,  and  hence  an  insecure  condition  of  maize  in  a 
storm  of  wind  and  rain.  It  is  highly  probable  that  it  will  be  im- 
proved by  a  heavy  roller,  or  by  any  measure  which  will  give 
solidity  to  the  surface. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


The  Pungo  tract.  Gen.  Blount's  plantation.  General  description  of  this  part  of 
the  Albemarle  swamp,  with  its  natural  growth  of  timber.  Depth  and  compo- 
sition of  the  soils  of  this  section  of  the  swamp.  Mechanical  separation  of  the 
parts  of  the  soil.  How  the  poor  soils  of  this  class  may  be  improved.  Tyrrell 
county.     The  centre  of  the  Albemarle  tract  highest  in  the  centre. 

§  31.  Pungo  lake,  a  small  sheet  of  water,  is  nearly  the  centre  of 
4 


53  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVKY. 

the  great  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  swamp.  From  near  this  little 
sheet  of  water  numerous  Bluggish  streams  depart;  some  to  Albe- 
marle Bonnd,  others  to  Pamlico,  and  others  still,  which  flowing  at 
lir-t  more  easterly,  drain  the  centre  off  towards  Hyde  connty, 
where  finally  they  take  a  northerly  direction,  and  flow  into  Albe- 
marle Bonnd,  by  Alligator  river.  Pongo  lake  appears  to  be  the 
culminating  point  of  this  great  tract,  where  the  swell  of  the  crown 
attains  its  maximum,  and  hence,  it  is  here  that  we  should  expect 
to  find  the  most  vegetable  matter  with  the  least  soil. 

On  the  Beaufort  county  side,  or  perhaps  we  Bhonld  say  Wash- 
ington, which  is  its  capitol,  we  have  the  north-we?t  rim  or  margin. 
The  travelled  part  of  this  country  is  along  the  north  side  of  the 
Pamlico  sound,  where  the  land  has  the  firmness  neces-ary  for  a 
road  ;  but  a  little  north  lies  the  drowned  lands,  which  on  being 
traced  eastwardly,  cany  us  back  to  Hyde  county. 

Many  plantations  have  been  reclaimed  from  the  Beanforl 
while  the   attempts   to   work  successt'uly  the   lands  about   Pungo, 
have  not  been  eminently  so. 

The  most  successful  planter  of  Beaufort  county,  and  probably  of 
the  State,  is  General  Blount.  He  is  the  successful  pioneer  in  sub- 
jugating the  swamps,  and  probably  saw  at  an  early  day  their  great 
and  intrinsic  value,  and  has  made  a  large  fortune  by  their  cultiva- 
tion, and  is  now  the  owner  of  50,000  acres.  It  is  true,  the  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  Matamuskeet  lands  was  indicative  of  the  nature 
of  other  swamps,  but  still  it  seems  to  have  been  held  that  thej 
were  very  peculiar  and  confined,  and  that  planters  need  not  expect 
equal  advantages  out  of  this  region,  and  it  has  taken  time  to  satisfy 
the  public  that  rich  lands  of  this  cla^s  exist  elsewhere.  What  has 
contributed  very  considerably  to  depreciate  their  value  have  been 
the  failures  to  cultivate  the  poorest  tracts,  and  the  management  of 
experiments  to  determine  something  satisfactory  to  owners  has 
often  been  trusted  to  incompetetent  parties. 

2.  The  specimens  which  have  been  submitted  to  analy- 
the  purpose  of  determining  the  character  of  the  dismal  upon  its 
southern  margin,  or  northwestern  margin,  if  we  depart  from  Ply- 
mouthy  were  procured  from  Gen.  Blount's  plantation.  The  exami- 
nation of  so  large  a  field  rendered  it  necessary  to  select  samples 
from  known  places.  It  is  not,  however,  possible  to  carry  such  in- 
vestigations over  the  whole  ground.      A  life  time  would  scarcely 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  59 

suffice  for  this.  Xeither  do  we  deem  it  necessary  ;  for.  though 
there  are  several  k;nds  of  soil  which  possess  marked  differences  in 
their  composition,  yet.  there  would  be  unnecessary  repetitions  of 
facts;  for  it  seems  to  us  there  are  only  a  few  points  which  require 
to  be  fully  established,  though  they  should  be  placed  before  those 
who  are  any  ways  interested,  ip  such  a  light,  that  these  points  may 
be  determined  by  themselves. 

§  33.  Gen.  Blount's  plantation  is  at  Madisonville,  12  miles  from 
Washington,  and  is  located  upon  the  margin  of  the  swamp.  The 
general  run  of  the  timber  is  black  gum,  of  which  there  is  a  heaw 
growth  in  many  places,  large  poplars  and  maples,  which  are  usual- 
ly scattering,  and  short  leaved  pines  ;  and  when  the  land  falls  off 
in  fertility,  there  is  a  growth  of  laurels. 

The  depth  of  the  vegetable  covering,  rarely  exceeds  thirtv  inch- 
es.    Its  general  appearance  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  all  lands  of 
this  class,  being  black,  wet  and  spongy,  while  in  their  natural  con 
dition.     They  are  based  upon   a  subsoil  which  is  argillaceous,  but 
not  so  close  and  compact  as  to  retain  the  water. 

The  crops  have  not  been  confined  to  corn.  Oats,  though  not 
eminently  productive,  have  succeeded  very  well :  the  poorest  fields 
yielding  from  30  to  40  bushels  per  acre.  In  seasons  less  favorable 
for  this  grain,  it  falls  to  20  bushels  per  acre.  The  corn  crop  has 
averaged  forty-five  bushels  to  the  acre.  Gen.  Blount  states  in  a 
letter  published  in  the  report  for  1S3S,  that  he  had  raised  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  bushels  of  corn  to  the  acre  on  a  plantation  in 
Hyde  county.  This  result  is  one  which  is  not  surprising,  and  it 
shows  the  lands  of  this  class  are  fully  equal  in  productiveness  to 
the  prairie  lands  of  Illinois,  of  which  we  have  given  some  account 
in  a  preceding  paragraph. 

Another  fact  mentioned  by  Gen.  Blount  is  of  great  importance, 
is  that  for  the  forty  years,  during  which  he  has  been  a  resident  up- 
on this  class  of  lands,  the  health  of  his  family,  white  and  black,  will 
compare  favorably  with  the  healthiest  locations  in  Eastern  Xorth- 
Carolina. 

Only  four  specimens  from  Gen.  Blount's  plantation  have  been 
analyzed. 

No.  1.  Is  a  dark  soil,  and  has  a  depth  of  twenty  inches,  resting 
upon  a  subsoil  with  argillaceous  matter,  but  not  sufficient  in  quanti- 
ty to  form  an  impervious  mass.     It  is  intermixed  with  sand.     The 


00  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    BUBTKT. 

land  bore  a  heavy  growth  of  black  gum,  with  poplars,  maples  and 
a  few  laurels,  and  in  which  there  was  a  mixture  of  the  short  leaved 
pine.  It  bore  50  bushels  of  corn  to  the  acre,  and  had  been  under 
cultivation  three  years.     It  gave  on  analysis: 

Silex 85.540 

Hunic  acid  or  soluble  organic  matter,    2.30 

Insoluble  organic  matter 

JV ,; 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina 4. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Magnesia,     " 

Potash a 

Soda ''    - 

Phosphoric  acid,    0. 

Sulphuric  acid,    trace. 

Chlorine,    trace. 

It  has  a  fine  drab  colored  inorganic  matter,  with  a  due  propor- 
tion of  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina.  The  proportion  of  the  alkalies 
and  phosphoric  acid  appear  to  be  small ;  and  yet,  the  growth  of 
timber  indicates  a  high  grade  of  fertility. 

A  mechanical  separation  of  the  essential  parts  of  this  specimen 
of  soil  gave  : 

Very  fine  soil,  or  sand ...   50.00 

Coarser  soil  or  sand,    20.50 

Organic  matter 26.00 

It  had  been  exposed  to  the  air  several  weeks,  and  had  become 
dry.  but  soils  of  this  description  still  retain  from  six  to  eight  per 
cent,  of  water.  Mixed  with  the  organic  matter  we  found  small 
pieces  of  decayed  wood,  bark,  roots,  cVrc.  The  earthy  part  was 
invisible,  an  important  fact,  for  we  may  always  regard  suc;i  speci- 
mens as  containing  it  in  a  very  fine  state  of  division,  and  favorable 
for  crops. 

No.  '2  was  taken  from  an  unreclaimed  part  of  the  marsh.  The 
depth  of  soil  is  two  feet.  Subsoil  contains  sufficient  clay  to  check 
materially  the  percolation  of  water,  and  resists  the  introduction  of 
the  spade.  The  consequence  of  this  impervious  state  is,  that  the 
surface  has  always  been  wet,  and  more  so  than  in  No.  1.     The 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  61 

vegetable  growth  consists  of  reeds,  which  stand  very  thick.  The 
pines  are  small  and  sickly,  and  intermixed  with  the  former  are 
gall  berries  and  red  and  white  bay  bushes.  The  soil  is  supposed 
to  have  been  burnt  over  in  former  times,  as  large  stumps  of  charred 
pine  still  remain.  After  heavy  rains  the  surface  is  nearly  covered 
with  water.  It  is,  however,  susceptible  of  drainage.  On  submit- 
ting this  soil  to  analysis  it  gave  : 

Silex 74.000 

Organic  matter,    18.060 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina, 3.""" 

Phosphoric  acid,    0."-21 

Carbonate  of  lime,    0.048 

Magnesia 0.005 

Potash, 0.040 

Soda ".■ 

Water,    4.000 

>.ooe 

This  specimen  was  nearly  dry  before  it  was  weighed.  It  pre- 
served its  water  a  long  time,  and  after  several  months  exposure  to 
the  air.  in  an  open  box.  it  contained  15  per  cent,  of  water.  It 
contained  rather  fresh  and  half  charred  roots,  with  bark  and  wood, 
but  its  texture  was  compact,  not  spongy. 

The  separation  of  its  parts  mechanically  gave  : 

Very  fine  sand,  66.546 

Fine  sand,    lo.OOO 

Organic  matter,    18.000 

No.  3  has  been  cleared  for  ten  years,  and  has  been  regarded  as 
second  rate  swamp  land.  The  growth  of  laurels  is  greater,  and 
fewer  poplars  and  gums  than  No.  1.  For  ten  years  in  succession 
it  has  been  cultivated  in  corn,  and  produced,  in  its  prime  state, 
forty  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  last  crop  was  only  thirty.  A  crop 
of  oats  followed,  with  a  yield  of  twenty  bushels  to  the  acre.  The 
soil  will  average  IS  inches  in  depth.  The  specimen  for  analysis 
was  taken  from  a  part  of  the  field  which  is  regarded  as  the  poorest, 
or  from  that  part  of  the  field  which  produced  the  poorest  oats.  It 
gave : 


62  XOKTH-CABOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

Silex 81.600 

V.  j  table   matter 12.600 

!'.  :  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    4. 

Carbonate  of   lime,    0. 

Hagiww, 0.010 

Phosphoric  acid,    trace. 

Potash,    trace. 

98.530 

The  color  of  this  soil  is  of  a  dark  gray,  and  had  become  dry  in 
the  box  beside  Xo.  *2,  which  remained  wet.  It  is  light  and  pulver- 
ulent, though  it  forms  loose  concretions  in  drying. 

The  quantity  of  silex  is  quite  large  for  this  class  of  soils,  and 
some  of  the  most  important  elements  of  growth  exist  in  small 
proportions.  There  is  quite  a  contrast  between  this  specimen  and 
Xo.  1,  or  between  it  and  the  best  Hyde  county  soils. 

The  foregoing  sample  of  soil  is  one  which  would  be  greatly  im- 
]  roved  by  the  use  of  marl.     It  has  a  large  stock  of  organic  matter, 
and   hence  large  dn  Bsings,   if  thought  advisable,  could   be   used 
without  injury.     The  labor  and   expense  of  enriching   -      -        this 
description   is  much  less  than  when   they  are  nearly  destitute  of 
soil  or  inorganic  matter,  and  it  is  no  doubt  true  that  all  the  j ■■ 
soils  which  begin  to  be  deficient  in  the  inorganic  elements  may  be 
brought  up  to  the  best  class  of  soils  by  the  use  of  marl  a 
in  the  u?l-  of  this  fertilizer  more  than  one  good  result  is  secured. 
[n  the  1ir>t  place  the  necessary  elements,  lime,  magnesia,  iron  and 
phosphoric  acid  are  added  to  if,  and  in  the  second  place  marl 
solidates  the  mas-,  an  improvement  which  most  Bwamp  lands  require. 

No.  4  has  a  depth  of  3  feet  and  rests  on  a  sandy  clay,  and  all 
the  percolation   of  water.     The   timber   is  very  huge,  black  gums 
from  one  to  two  feet  in  diameter  at  the  stump,  and  fifty  to  six: 
the  limbs,  with  straight  bodies:  the  limbs  form  an  angle  of  about 
30°  to  the  axis  of  the   trunk.     Poplars  with  large  trunks  are  not 
uncommon,  mixed  with  maples  in   keeping  with  the  former  ae 
size  and  thrift  in  ess,  and  cypresses,  averaging  from  B  to  10  to  the  acre 
and  from  two  and  a  half  to  four  feet  and  a  half  in  diameter  at  the 
stump  ;  the  bodies  are  straight,  and   the  limbs  form  an  angle  with 
the  trunk  of  40°,  and  first  appear  at  the  bight  of  one  hundred  feet. 
This  tract  is  uncultivated.     Its  soil  is  composed  of: 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  63 

Silex 77.56 

Organic  matter,    15.400 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    G.900 

Lime,   500 

Magnesia 100 

Potash,    019 

Soda,    029 

Phosphoric  acid, 062 

Sulphuric  acid, 180 

Chlorine,  trace. 

101.028 
The  mechanical  separation  of  its  parts  gave  : 

Very  fine  sand,    60.00 

Fine  soil,    25.50 

Organic  matter,    15.40 

The  sand  is  not  coarse,  but  rather  fine,  and  (qnartzose)  of  a  gray 
color.     Tt  is  very  uniform  in  size  in  all  the  specimens. 

This  tract  probably  contains  the  best  land  of  the  section.  It  is 
black  in  color  and  contains  partially  decayed  roots,  bark  and  wood. 

The  timber,  depth  of  soil  and  its  composition,  indicate  a  soil 
probably  equal  in  fertility  to  any  in  the  eastern  counties.  The 
silicions  matter  is  fine,  and  of  a  drab  color.  Portions  of  this  soil, 
after  drying  in  the  air,  were  exposed  to  the  heat  of  an  oven  having 
a  temperature  of  300°,  and  lost  34  per  cent,  of  water. 

It  appears  to  be  established  from  many  observations  and  experi- 
ments relative  to  the  swamp  lands,  that  much  depends  upon  the 
fineness  of  the  soil  intermixed  with  the  vegetable  matter;  for 
when  there  is  a  perceptible  coarseness  of  all  the  particles,  the  land 
will  not  bear  cultivation  many  years.  It  will  be  deficient  in 
elements  which  are  always  large  enough  in  uplands,  as  the  oxides 
of  iron  and  alumina.  The  soil  too,  will  be  found  t<>  constat  of 
quartz  or  flint,  similar  to  that  of  beach  sand.  This  variety  dries 
readily,  and  is  liable  to  become  chaffy,  or  if  the  vegetable  matter 
is  tine,  the  quartz  soon  shows  through  the  white  ground  in  which 
it  is  imbedded  ;  where,  on  the  contrary,  the  earthy  matter  is  line, 
it  retains  moisture  and  bears  the  drouths  of  summer  without  suf- 
fering.    In  certain  combinations  of  soil  elements,  extreme  fineness 


64  XORTH-CABOLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SUKVhV. 

may  be  a  defect;  it  may  be  too  impervious  to  the  air,  and  so  light 
as  to  be  blown  away  with  high  triads.     Such  ih>ng  to  that 

cla—  of  soils  where  the  vegetable  matter  is  comparatively  small. 

But  in  swamp  soils  extreme  finene>-.  in-read  of  being  an  objection, 
is  an  a>l vantage. 

.  The  high  esteem  in  which  swamp  lands  begin  to  be  held 
should  not  blind  the  eyes  of  their  admirers  to  the  fact,  that  like 
other  lands,  they  will  show  the  effects  of  bad  treatment  after  a 
while;  and  it  may.  indeed,  does  turn  out,  that  they  become  at  least 
partially  exhausted  after  several  years  of  cultivation.  "When  it  is 
found  that  the  quantity  of  Indian  corn  per  acre  is  steadily  falling 
off,  while  the  seasons  are  favorable,  it  is  a  warning  to  the  planter 
that  he  is  taxing  his  land  too  much,  and  it  requires  rest,  or  some 
modification  of  treatment. 

Kxperience  proves  that  guano  acts  admirably  upon  these  lands 
when  they  are  becoming  exhausted,  and  no  doubt  the  vegetable 
matter  still  remaining  has  much  to  do  with  the  beneficial  effects  of 
this  fertilizer. 

-Marl  also  acts  very  favorably,  and  it  is  one  of  those  kind  adjust- 
ments which  brings  these  lands  and  marl  in  juxtaposition. 

The  favorable  action  of  guano  most  in  part  depend  upon  the 
ready  absorption  of  its  ammonia  bv  the  vegetable  matter,  a  fact 
which  is  well  established.  There  is,  therefore,  less  loss  or  less 
liability  of  losing  this  important  element  when  used  apon  these 
lands,  than  upon  upland-,  where  the  vegetable  matter  is  generally 
small,  rarely  exceeding  five  or  six  per  cent.,  and  often  reduced  to 
two  or  three. 

We  see,  on  comparing  swamp  lands  with  sandy  ones  in  this  re- 
spect, especially  those  of  the  kind  which  often  occur  in  the  eastern 
counties  that,  in  the  latter,  the  aeeof guano  is  rather  precarious,  much 
depending  upon  seasonable  rain-  or  showers.  <  Mi  swamp  lands, 
again,  neither  guano  nor  marl  are  liable  to  burn  the  crop. 

When,  therefore,  lands  which  have  a  constitution  similar  to  those 
of  Beaufort,  Washington  and  others,  it  seems  to  be  conceded  that 
they  are  less  liable  to  suffer  from  the  irregularities  of  our  climate 
than  the  I  uplands. 

.  That  part  of  the  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  swam))  which 
extends  into  Tyrrell  county,  appears  to  rank  only  as  aeoood  rate 
soil;  but  it  is  only  upon   the   Croatan   sound   that  we  have  made 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  65 

examinations,  and  hence  we  may  have  formed  an  erroneous  opinion 
of  a  part  of  tin's  great  tract.  We  know  that  there  are  lands  of  this 
class  which  are  cultivated  successfully  and  with  profit,  but  how 
they  rank,  when  compared  with  Hyde,  Washington  and  Beaufort 
counties,  our  data  are  insufficient  for  forming  a  satisfactory  opinion. 
§  36.  The  centre  of  this  great  tract  is  higher  than  the  margins, 
and  we  believe  this  phenomenon  to  be  due  to  a  growth  of  vegetable 
matter,  and  it  will  probably  turn  out  that  at  the  surface  there  will 
be  a  deficiency  of  soil,  or  a  great  excess  of  the  vegetable  element. 
If  this  conjecture  is  true  it  will  be  liable  to  take  fire  from  the 
carelessness  of  hunters,  and  even  to  occur  when  the  common  pre- 
cautions have  been  taken  to  prevent  it.  Much,  however,  is  to  be 
expected  from  a  better  drainage  than  has  yet  been  obtained. 
When  this  has  been  obtained  there  will  be  a  great  change  in  the 
upper  part  or  surface,  the  loose  vegetable  matter  will  shrink  to 
half  of  its  present  bulk,  and  if  in  the  early  times  of  the  formation 
soil  accummulated  with  the  vegetable  growth  the  surface  may 
undergo  so  great  a  change  by  depression  that  the  roots  of  crops 
may  be  brought  within  striking  distance  of  the  soil  below. 


CHAPTER  X. 


Bay  river  District,  composition  of  its  soil.  The  4th  District  of  swamp  lands.  The 
open  prairie  of  Carteret  County,  composition  of  its  soils,  change  effected  by 
drainage.     Inorganic  matter  increases  with  the  depth  of  soil. 

§  37.  Bay  river  district  of  swamp  lands  is  included  between  the 
lower  reaches  of  Pamlico  and  Nense  rivers,  or  between  their  forks 
as  they  unite  to  form  Pamlico  sound.  Bay  river  is  intermediate 
between  these  two  rivers. 

This  district  is  much  smaller  than  the  preceding  or  the  Albe- 
marle. It  has  the  same  general  characteristics;  a  flat  country, 
with  swamps  interrupted  by  hard  ground,  which  generally  extends 
along,  and  not  far  from  the  estuaries  of  the  Pamlico  and  Xense. 


Cfi  NORTH-CAROLINA    OBOLOCtiOAL    SURVKY. 

The  only  specimen  of  the  Bay  river  lands,  which  we  have  pre- 
served for  analysis,  cannot  be  distinguished  from  those  of  the  other 
districts.  It  is  separated  mechanically  into  the  three  distinct  parts, 
and  furnishes  proportions,  or  ratios,  quite  similar  to  the  best  swamp 
land?:  thus: 

One  hundred  grains  gave,  of  coarsish  sand.    '2:i.<>    parts. 

Very  fine  sand,    17.t) 

<  »rganie  matter 66.0 

Water o.(i 

88.  The  partly  chemical  and  partly  mechanical  analysis,  gives 
a  result  corresponding  to  those  of  the  other  districts  which  are 
known  to  hold  a  high  rank. 

The  principal  point  which  requires  to  be  brought  out  and  prov- 
ed is.  the  proportion  of  soil  existing  in  the  mass  of  the  peaty  mat- 
ter, inasmuch  as  when  this  is  proved,  it  has  been  found  to  possess 
the  same  complexity  of  composition  as  any  soil  from  the  midland 
counties;  that  is,  it  is  found  to  contain  iron,  alumina,  lime,  magne- 
sia, potash,  etc.,  though  like  much  of  the  soil  of  the  eastern  coun- 
ties, the  relative  proportion  of  silex  ma}'  be  greater.  It  seems  from 
this  fact,  and  the  character  of  the  deposites  in  all  the  eastern  coun- 
S,  that  formerly,  the  state  of  the  river  currents  and  other  agents, 
performed  the  same  functions  that  they  now  do,  and  much  in  the 
same  manner;  they  transported  the  abraded  materials  from  the 
tipper  country,  assorted  them,  and  disposed  of  them  as  the  same 
river-,  currents,  agents.  Arc.  now  do  upon  our  coa 

■.  The  4th  district  of  Bwamp  lands,  lying  between  the  lower 
reaches  of  the  Neose  and  Core  sound,  is  elongated  westwardly  and 
comparatively  narrow  for  its  length.  It  furnishes  the  same  varie- 
il  as  the  preceding,  passing  from  those  which  rank  as  num- 
ber one,  to  number  three,  or  those  which  are  too  poor  to  hold  out 
inducements  to  clear  them,  in  the  present  relative  value  of  landed 
property.  Indeed  this  country  furnishes  Mich  a  vasl  acreage  of 
tillable  land  .that  even  Becond  rate  lands  will  remain  uncultivated 
except  when  their  locations  for  market  are  extremely  favorable. 
We  ought  to  take  their  adaptations  into  consideration  :  for  certain 
lands  which  rank  only  as  second  <-r  third  rate  for  corn,  or  wheat, 
may  pay  very  large  profits  if  planted  with  Irish  potato  '     rtain 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  67 

tracts  of  poor  lands  answer  well  for  pasturage,  sheep  husbandry, 
etc.  It  is  rare  indeed,  that  we  can  justly  say  of  l his  or  that  piece 
of  land,  that  it  is  good  for  nothing.  These  remarks  are  applicable 
to  the  tract  which  we  propose  now  to  consider.  We  shall  confine 
our  remarks  to  that  part  of  this  district  which  is  included  in  Carte- 
ret county.  We  have  not  attempted  to  give  exact  boundaries  of 
swamp  lands.  It  would  be  impossible  in  the  present  condition  of 
the  State  surveys.  When  large  districts  are  marked  upon  any  ot 
the  best  maps,  it  would  be  adopting  an  error  to  regard  their  boun- 
daries as  correctly  drawn.  The  swamps  are  connected  by  strips  of 
narrow  belts,  and  swell  out  irregularly,  and  hence,  may  be  consid- 
ered as  forming  one  tract,  but  their  shape  or  form  is  extremely 
irregular,  and  most  plantations  have  their  swampy  parts,  though 
they  are  principally  upland. 

§  40.  It  is  a  matter  of  little  consequence,  however,  whether 
a  tract  of  this  class  is  large  or  small ;  the  general  characterics  will 
be  those  of  the  large  areas  ;  their  composition  will  agree,  and  their 
qualities  will  belong  to  one  standard,  or,  they-will  rank  in  the  same 
grade  according  to  the  amount  of  inorganic  matter  which  they  con- 
tain. 

§  41.  The  great  tract  in  Carteret,  generally  known  as  the  open 
prairie,  is  a  marsh  or  swamp,  mostly  destitute  of  trees;  and  hence, 
the  area  which  is  exposed  to  view  is  more  than  ten  miles  in  length 
and  breadth.  But  the  entire  tract,  has  an  area  more  than  two  hun- 
dred square  miles.  In  this  tract,  there  is  a  continuity  of  swamp, 
ranging  somewhat  in  condition,  depth  of  mud,  and  solidity  of  sur- 
face, but  it  is  all  swamp  in  reality.  It  furnishes  a  growth  of  coarse 
grasses  over  its  whole  surface,  or  that  part  which  is  open  to  the 
sun.  This  tract  is  surrounded  by  a  piney  ridge  which  has  a  sandy 
soil  and  bears  moderately  large,  long  leaved  pines.  But  the  im- 
mediate border  is  so  thickly  overgrown  with  briers,  rebels,  bam- 
boos, and  other  ugly  bushes,  that  it  is  at  the  expense  of  a  man's 
coat,  pantaloons  and  shirr,  if  he  forces  his  way  through  them.  This 
outside  hedge  is  twenty  rods  wide  in  many  places,  and  even  wider 
in  others.  Since  improvements,  however,  on  a  small  scale  have 
been  undertaken  by  means  of  ditching,  the  access  to  the  open 
grounds  is  easy  and  safe. 

This  tract  should  be  described  under  two  divisions,  the  outside 
briery  border,  and    the   grassy  open   part.      The  first  is  much  the 


68  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVKV. 

least  in  area,  but  it  is  of  considerable  importance,  as  it  is  land  which 
ha-  a  high  intrinsic  worth. 

We  visited  this  tract  in  1852,  in  April,  by  the  direction  of  the 
Board  of  Education*  The  time  proved  very  oniavorble  for  con- 
ducting the  examination.  The  prairie  was  filled  with  water  and 
the  facilities  for  getting  over  it,  were  only  clumps  of  grassy  kimwles 
which  stood  above  the  water.  It  was  soft  and  yielding  to  the  foot 
every  where  else,  and  was  easily  penetrated  to  a  depth  of  between 
five  to  ten  feet. 

During  this  visit,  we  procured  specimens  of  the  surface  from  a 
depth  of  eighteen  inches.  When  brought  up,  they  were  spongy 
and  black,  and  consisted  mostly  of  vegetable  fibre,  undergoing  the 
common  changes  incident  to  swamp  grounds.  But  the  examina- 
tion was  not  satisfactory,  and  could  not  be  from  the  circumstances 
under  which  it  was  made.  The  question,  however,  for  decision 
was,  whether  the  composition  of  the  soil  of  the  swamp  held  out  en- 
couragements for  expenditure  for  draining  it,  or  if  drained,  could 
it  be  cultivated  with  profit  8  The  surveys  of  this  great  tract  prove 
that  it  may  be  laid  dry  ;  it  is  from  12  to  15  feet  above  storm  tide. 

The  drainage  is  into  Core  sound  and  Neuse  river,  and  is  higher 
in  the  middle  than  its  borders.  The  largest  or  heaviest  drainage 
is  into  the  Neuse.  The  position  of  the  open  ground  prairie  with 
respect  to  water  access  and  removal  of  products  is  very  favorable, 
and  if  this  tract  was  under  cultivation,  all  parts  of  it  would  find 
convenient  points  for  reaching  the  deep  waters  of  this  river. 

The  soil  of  the  rim  of  the  open  prairie  is  richly  constituted.  On 
submitting  a  sample  to  analysis  it  gave  : 

Water,  11.200 

<  Irganic  matter,   52.700 

Silex,    :;•_'.: 

•Per  oxide  <>f  iron  and  alumina 2.000 

i  ';irlionate  of  lime,  l.OOii 

tfagnesia 300 

Potash 073 

Soda,    

Chlorine,    trace. 

Sftlp.  acid,   trace. 

100.0C3 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  69 

§  42.  This  part  of  the  tract  furnishes  a  black  vegetable  mass 
from  three  to  five  feet  deep;  it  is  homogeneous  and  contains  com- 
paratively few  fibres  in  an  nndecoinposed  state.  By  experiment 
it  produced  excellent  Irish  potatoes,  and  a  growth  of  corn  stalks 
and  leaves,  which,  in  consequence  of  late  planting  and  inattention, 
bore  no  ears.  The  seed  was  planted  the  20th  of  June,  and  the 
weeds  were  allowed  to  have  their  way,  but  the  result  proved  that 
the  crop  did  not  fail  in  consequence  of  the  unfavorable  constitution 
of  the  soil.  When  corn  is  planted  in  peat  destitute  of  soil  it  grows 
to  the  hight  of  a  foot  and  then  dies.  The  stalks,  however,  were 
well  developed  and  well  supplied  with  leaves,  and  grew  to  the 
hight  of  10  feet.  Hence,  it  is  probable  that  had  the  corn  been 
planted  in  season  and  properly  hoed  it  would  have  borne  fruit. 
However,  there  never  has  been  much  doubt  respecting  the  border 
soil,  its  rank  vegetation  furnishes  testimony  quite  conclusive. 

Mechanical  separation  gave : 

Coarsish  soil,    • 7.00 

Fine  soil, 25.50 

Organic  matter,    52.70 

It,  therefore,  contains  a  large  per  centage  of  very  fine  soil,  and 
which  is  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  crops. 

§  43.  The  piney  ridge  which  forms  a  border  still  higher  than  the 
prairie  has  a  soil  more  sandy  than  the  preceding,  and  is  regarded 
a  second  rate  land  of  this  class.     It  gave,  on  analysis  : 

Water,   2.58 

Organic  matter, 8,58 

Silcx,  mostly  sand,    78.20 

Per  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    3.82  « 

Carb.  of  lime,    3.80 

Magnesia,   50 

99.58 

Separated  mechanically  it  gave : 

Coarsish  sand,    17.20 

Fine  soil,  1G.00 


70  WWtTH-CABOLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

;4.  The:      .      5  furnishes  nothing  important  any  farther  than 

the  fact  that  the  immediate  surroundings  of  the  prairie  the  soil 
differs  in  no  respect  from  the  common  -  reg  'un- 

trv.     A  change,  how  -  immediately  re 

within  the  piney  ridge,  e-pecially  that  of  the  open  grounds. 

an  important  drainage  has  been  effected  by  a  ditch  about 
four  feet  deep,  and  extending  one  mile  from  the  outer  rim,  the 
around   has  settled  u  16    inches  over  an   area  of  about  half  a 

square  mile.  It  was  near  the  drained  part  that  our  soils  were  taken 
in  1S52.  Upon  this  part,  or  the  drained  part,  three  small  patches 
of  corn  were  planted  last  year.  The  two  outer  pieces  were  upon 
the  part  from  which  our  first  specimen  of  soil  was  taken,  and  in 
the  same  piece  with  the  corn,  beans,  and  Irish  potatoes  were  grown 
which  ripened  well.  The  piece  of  corn  upon  the  open  prairie  and 
about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  outer  rim  was  not  equal  in 

rigor  to  that  nearer  the  outside;  still,  considering  all  the 
circumstances,  the  experiment  ought  to  be  regarded  as  successful, 
though  we  do  not  believe'  this  tract  adapted  to  the  growth  of  corn, 
itch,  and  from  the  bottom  of  the  most  vigorous  corn 
hill,  we  took  a  specimen  of  soil  for  examination.  It  had  the  follow- 
ing composition  : 

Water, -21.38 

_■  inic  matter,    00.91 

I:    rganic  matter, 2.60 

It  can  hardly  be  maintained  that  so  small  a  quantity  of  inorganic 
matter  would  have  sufheed  for  the  existence  of  corn  of  the  biz 
found  it  in  September,  and  the  only  solution  which  can  be  given 
of  the  fact  is  that   the   roots  penetrated  to  the  subsoil  which  con- 
tain- a  mifch  larger  |  _-      f  inorganic  matter. 

Thi-  view  is  snsl  uned  by  the  character  of  the  soil  which  appears 
in  the  middle   of  the   ditch   not   more  than  1"  feet  from  the  place 
where  the  corn  grew,  and  about  12   to    14  inches  deeper  than  the 
iuien  just  referred  to. 

Thus  the  soil  of  the  middle  of  the  ditch,   under  the   vegetable 
coating,  gave  on  analysis 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  71 

Water,   

ganic  matter -i^.2-2 

Silex-      

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina g 

Carb.  of  lime,    

91.66 
The  mechanical  separation  of  parts  irave: 

Coarse  sand, 27  00 

Fine  soil 11  5^ 

Organic  matter,   45 


.->.-> 


\  Not  far  removed  then  from  the  surface  soil  there  is  a  do- 
posit  consisting  of  organic  and  inorganic  matter  in  due  pro- 
portions, and  within  the  reach  of  the  roots  of  corn  and  other 
phtnts.  The  soil  being  light  presents  no  obstacle  to  their  penetra- 
tion below,  and  indeed  are  invited  there  by  a  greater  amount  of 
moisture  since  the  drainage  began.  The  sand  in  the  middle  part 
of  the  ditch  and  elsewhere  probably,  is  distributed  irrecrularlv. 
"We  find  it  as  it  were  in  nests,  but  there  is  still  in  the  vegetable  part 
a  fine  soil  to  the  amount  we  have  stared.  We  were  unable  to  pro- 
cure soil  in  1S52  from  this  depth,  though  in  sounding  we  aiwa'v* 
found  what  appeared  to  be  a  sandy  deposit.  Since  the  surface  lias 
settled  by  drainage,  the  upper  part  has  as  it  were  diminished  srreat- 
ly  in  thickness  and  seemingly  in  quantity,  but  it  is  reallv  only  in 
bulk.  It  has  become  compact.  The  coarse  sand  is  of  a  granitic 
origin,  as  it  contains  felspar  and  mica,  a  fact  which  holds%ut  an 
improved  prospect  of  its  fertility  being  lasting. 

We  w,.,u!d  not  advise  an  attempt  of  raising  corn  upon  the  prairie 
grounds.  We  believe  the  Irish  potatoe  will  prove  the  most  profi- 
table crop,  especially  so  long  as  they  find  a  readv  sale  at  the  price 
of  from  si. 50  to  $8.00  per  bushel.  Irish  potatoes  can  be  raised  at 
a  cost  of  only  ten  cents  per  bushel,  at  which  price  thev  become 
profitable  for  the  manufacture  of  starch.  But  so  long  as  "thev  bear 
so  high  a  price,  starch  making,  though  a  simple  process,  would  be 
out  of  the  question.  The  quality  of  the  potatoe  grown  upon  the 
prairie  is  really  superior  to  the  northern  growth,  or  to  such  varie- 


72  NnKIII-CAkoI.INA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

ties  as  find  their  way  to  this  State,  being  mealy  and  entirely  free 
from  a  strong  taste  or  odor.  They  would  also  be  employed  it  cheap- 
er for  fattening  swine,  as  they  make  a  superior  meat  when  the  fat- 
tening ip  completed  by  the  use  of  corn  meal. 

The  composition  of  the  soil  at  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  differs  es- 
sentially from  the  foregoing.     It  contains  : 

yTater 4.80 

Organic  matter (i.iii) 

Silex,   70.82 

Alumina,  2.92 

Peroxide  of  iron,    1.80 

Carbonate  of  lime,    3.00 

Magnesia, 40 

Potash, 03 

B&89 

ni.  A  result  similar  to  that  which  is  brought  out  strongly  in 
this  anal  \  sis  seems  to  be  one,  which  is  general,  or  common  to  all 
soils  of  this  elass.  It  is  the  steady  increase  of  soil  in  quantity,  pro-' 
portionate  to  the  depth.  At  the  top,  it  is  at  its  minimum  ;  in  the 
stratum  from  one  foot  to  twenty  inehes  below,  it  has  sensibly  in- 
creased; and  near  the  bottom,  it  is  in  quantity  equal  in  amount  to 
|he  upland  soils,  though  more  silicious.  There  the  top  of  the  soil 
has  onlv  between  2  and  3  per  cent,  of  soil  ;  it  is  really  the  ash 
of  the  vegetable  matter.  Eighteen  inches  deeper,  and  we  find  34 
per  cent.,  and  at  the  depth  of  4  feet,  it  has  increased  to  7!>  per  cent. 
Considering  the  character  of  the  soil,  we  regard  these  facts  as 
important,  for  there  is  really  no  obstacle  to  the  penetration  of  roots 
to  this  depth  when  the  body  of  soil  is  drained.  "We  often  find 
roots  penetrating  still  deeper,  and  in  a  stiller  medium  by  far  than 
this.  It  is  essential,  however,  that  stagnant  water  should  be  re- 
moved, and  that  no  layers  of  earth  and  vegetable  matter  contain- 
ing a-tringent  salts  be  left  nnd rained ;  and  if  existing  should  be 
neutralized  by  the  use  of  lime  or  marl.  AVe  mav  also  observe  that 
the  organic  matter  continues  to  the  depth  of  four  feet,  but  it  di- 
minishes about,  in  the  same  ratio  that  the  inorganic  increases,  but 
its  presence  is  important,  as  it  keeps  the  mass  porous,  and  it'  air 
penetrates  thus  far  it  is  acted  upon  and  furnishes  the  usual  products 
for  the  growth  of  a  crop. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  73 

But  in  the  middle  of  the  large  swamps,  the  vegetable  covering 
is  much  thicker  than  upon  the  borders,  and  hence  may  be,  and  no 
doubt  is,  too  thic'v  to  permit  the  roots  to  reach  a  bottom,  or  layer 
charged  with  soil.  How  much  deep  draining  will  effect  in  consoli- 
dating the  surface  after  a  sufficient  lapse  of  time  for  dryino-  and 
increasing  its  solidity,  has  not  yet  been  determined  by  trial.  We 
have  found  in  some  samples  100  per  cent,  of  water  remaining  af- 
ter the  soil  had  been  exposed  two  weeks  to  the  air.  While  vege- 
table matter  is  thus  soaked,  or  permeated  with  water,  its  bulk  is 
greatly  swollen  ;  and  hence,  when  removed  by  thorough  draining 
and  it  will  also  shrink  excessively  and  probably  not  occupy  more 
than  one  third  of  its  former  bulk;  its  diminution  of  bulk,  will  no 
doubt  in  many  cases  render  the  soil  accessible  to  the  roots  of 
plants. 

In  the  Albemarle  district  and  adjoining  the  tract,  and  indeed 
forming  a  part  of  it,  there  is  an  open  prairie  quite  similar  to  the 
Carteret  in  general  appearance.  It  lies  towards  Pungo  lake,  or  a 
little  to  south-east  of  the  creek.  It  is  called  the  burnt  lands  from 
the  common  opinion  of  the  inhabitants,  that  it  has  been  burnt  over, 
when  its  timber  was  destroyed.  It  is  regarded  also  as  having  been 
prior  to  this  period  a  juniper  swamp.  At  present  its  vegetable 
productions  are  limited  to  a  few  scattering  bushes  which  do  not  in- 
terfere with  a  wide  view  over  the  whole  field  for  many  miles  in  all 
directions.  To  the  eye  the  surface  soil  scarcely  differs  from  that  of 
adjoining  productive  tracts.  But  the  prevalent  opinion  is  that  it 
will  prove  a  barren  field  after  a  few  inferior  crops  are  harvested. 

We  have  only  separated  the  parts  of  the  soil  taken  from  near  the 
surface.  It  is  black  and  slightly  gritty  between  the  teeth,  and 
evidently  consists  of  vegetable  matter  to  a  great  extent. 

On  being  mechanically  divided,  it  gave  : 

Coarsish  quartzose  sand,    1.70 

Fine,  or  very  fine  soil,    4.10 

Vegetable  matter, 27.2 

Water,   67.0 

99.030 

This  separation  gives  a  small  per  centage  only  of  soil,  but  as  the 
specimen  was  fresh  from  the  field,  and  contained  a  large  propor* 
5 


-4  NOKTH-CAROLLN'A   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

tion  of  water.  The  67  per  cent,  which  it  holds  before  draining, 
will  afterwards  be  diminished  about  two-thirds  :  and  hence,  the 
quantity  of  tine  eoil  will  be  relatively  increased.  We  should 
take  into  the  account  the  increase  of  soil  in  depth,  and  within  strik- 
ing distance  of  the  roots  of  crops,  which  will  come  in  aid  of  the 
planter.     Without  spending  time  in  a  conjecture  whether  the  burnt 

net  can  '  tablj  cultivated,  as  it  is.  it  will  aid  us  in  ma.      _ 

up  ajndgment  before  hand  to  compared  it  with  another  on     - 

vth  of  timber  in  its  vicinity,  and  whoe  -  externally  iden- 

tical in  character.     It  is  a  tract  situated  near  or  upon  McRae'a  ca- 
nal.     This  tract  is  remarkably  heavily  timbered.     The  tree- 

,:ick  and   white  gum.  cj]  leaved  pine 

here  and  there,  and  all  are  large.     Among  them  is  the  red  maple, 
which  is  regarded  as  a  sure  indication  of  a  productive  soil,  when  as- 
-     iated  with  thi 
The  composition  of  this  soil,  as  determined  mechanically    - 

ibllo 

and 3-50 

Fine  soil 

"Watt  -r 1     I 

j.inic  matter 

It  appears  that  a  soil  of  the  foregoing  composition  with  only  - 
per  cent,  of  inorganic   '.natter  bears   large   fb  <d  those 

which  all  regard  as  indicative   of  a  productiv  and  indi 

which  hat  Bach  when  brought   into  cultivation.     Tiie 

differences  then  between  the  -.   ".lie  burnt  lands,  and  the 

canal  tract,  are  only  -    _         ..nd  it  appears  to   us.  that  an  attempt 
.  ,      the  former  is  warranted   by  all  the  bets  which  ha 
ie  to  our  k;.  _   .      The   differences  do  not  seem  to  be  so 

any  rate,  that  one  should  be  set  down  as  barren  and  worth- 
.  while  the  other,  is  regarded  by  all  as  an  exceedingly  valuable 

The  same  remarks  pen  prairie  -•:  t.  though 
not  so  forcibly,  yet  we  ha  lient  indication  that  it  will  be  pro- 
ductive of  a  number  of  crops  when  it  is  properly  drained  and  at- 
tended to. 


NORTH-CAEOLIXA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  7  • 


CHAPTER  XL 

Composition  of  soil?  towards  Beaufort.  Composition  of  Mr.  Sefton's  swamp 
land.  Adams  creek  soils.  Craven  county.  Dover  swamp  Craven  countv. 
Its  hight  above  Xewbern.     Composition  of  its  soil. 

§  47.  The  open  prairie  is  at  present  a  wilderness,  but  towards 
Beaufort  many  plantations  are  located  upon  the  main  road  leading 
to  these  lands,  and  which  include  portions  of  it  which  are  regarded 
as  highly  valuable.  Several  tracts,  from  four  to  six  miles  from 
Beaufort,  have  been  examined. 

Of  these,  Mr.  Sefton's  furnishes  probably  as  fair  a  representation 
of  the  character  of  this  part  of  the  Carteret  swamp,  as  any.  The 
timber  is  all  large  and  thrifty,  consisting  of  cypress  and  black  and 
white  gum,  mainly,  with  water  oak  and  the  long  and  short  leaved 
pines.  The  part  from  which  the  sample  of  soil  was  taken  has  been 
in  tillage  two  years,  and  had  at  the  time  a  crop  of  corn  unhar- 
vested.  which  from  estimation  by  the  owner,  would  give  fiftv 
bnshels  to  the  acre.  It  is  black,  but  shows  sand  within  one  foot  of 
the  surface.  The  specimen  taken  was  from  a  depth  of  eight  inches, 
and  from  the  corn  field  alluded  to.     It  gave,  on  analysis : 

Water  and  organic  matter,  20.000 

Silex,  73.300 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina, 4.4 

Carbonate  of  lime, 1.700 

Magnesia 170 

Potash,    086 

99.656 

The  sample  had  become  dry  by  exposure  to  the  air  for  three 
months.  It  contained  a  trace  of  ammonia  in  1,000  grains.  Upon 
a  part  of  this  tract  which  had  been  in  cultivation  for  several  years, 
fine  looking  cotton  was  growing.  It  was  late  planted,  but  the  trial 
was  regarded  as  highly  successful,  and  it  will  probably  turn  out 
that  the  best  soil  for  cotton  are  those  of  the  half  worn  ones  which 
originally  were  rich  in  vegetable  matter.  On  such  lands  there 
would  be  a  great  saving  in  fertilizers.  Mechanical  separation  of 
its  parts,  gave : 


7  b*  NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL    SURVKY. 

Coarsish  sand 18.1 

Fine  soil,   30.0 

Tlic  coarsish  sand  is  all  quartz,  and  it  is  visible  in  the  dry  speci- 
men, and  is  easily  detected  in  the  wet,  by  its  gritty  feel.  Still, 
there  is  a  stock  of  tine  matter  sufficient  tor  all  the  wants  of  vege- 
tables. The  vegetable  matter,  as  usual,  increases  in  depth  towards 
the  central  part  of  the  swamp,  and  the  growth  of  cypress  and 
black  gums  is  also  greater  in  this  direction  than  upon  the  margin. 

§  48.  Immediately  opposite  to  the  section  of  land  which  has  been 
drained,  and  the  soils  of  which  have  been  under  consideration,  is 
Adams  creek,  in  Craven  county.  The  principal  branches  of  Adams 
creek  rise  in  the  crowning  part  of  the  open  prairie,  and  if  pro- 
longed would  interlock  with  the  branches  which  form  the  North 
river  on  the  Beaufort  side.  "We  have  the  soils  at  this  time  from 
the  banks  of  Adams  creek,  and  have  made  several  analyses  of 
them  to  that  extent  which  will  serve  as  a  basis  on  which  we  may 
found  a  judgment  of  their  merits. 

We  did  not  deem  it  necessary  to  make  a  minute  analysis  as  in 
other  soils,  and  it  seemed  sufficient  to  do  enough  to  enable  us  to 
make  a  comparison  of  their  qualities  with  those  of  the  North  river 
as  well  as  those  from  other  swamp  lands.  The  first  is  evidently  B 
mixture  of  organic  matter  with  fine  and  coarse  sand  and  other 
elements  brought  out  by  analysis.     It  gave  : 

Organic  matter,    29.00 

Silex,    3-1.80 

Alumina  and  iron,     4.40 

Carbonate  of  lime,  0.35 

Magnesia,    0.13 

Water,   11.00 

99.68 

A  mechanical  separation  gave: 

Rather  coarsish  sand,   43.00 

Fine  soil  or  sand,    28.40 

Organic  matter,    29.00 

This  soil  had  become  dry  by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  much  less 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  77 

water  was  obtained  than  is  usual  from  swamp  soils,  and  where 
there  is  as  much  inorganic  matter  as  in  this  specimen,  the  drying 
by  common  exposure  is  more  complete  and  rapid  than  where  it 
has  less.  The  sand  is  white  quartz.  It  appears  that  the  sand  of 
the  open  prairie  of  Beaufort  is  coarser  than  that  of  the  Albemarle 
district,  but  it  is  intermixed  with  a  quantity,  16  per  cent,  of  fine 
material. 

Another  soil  from  Adams  Creek  differs  from  the  loregoing,  as 
will  be  seen  in  the  larger  quantity  of  sand  and  less  vegetable 
matter.  It  is  gray  and  gritty,  and  harsh  to  the  feel,  and  was  taken 
from  beneath  the  covering  of  organic  matter.  On  submitting  it 
to  analysis,  it  gave  : 

Water, 6-30 

Organic  matter,    8.00 

Silex 82.58 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,  2.82 

Carbonate  of  lime, 50 

Magnesia,    13 

100.03 

We  have  been  able  to  obtain  a  small  amount  of  potash  in  all 
the  soils  we  have  examined  from  the  swamp  lands.  It  is  dimin- 
ished to  a  small  fraction  wherever  the  sandy  element  is  so  large. 
A  mechanical  separation  of  its  parts  gave: 

Coarse  sand,    56.2 

Fine  soil  or  sand,   29.0 

Organic  matter,    8.0 

93.2 

In  another  specimen,  the  organic  matter  was  only  3.22,  water  6, 
silex  8S.78,  alumina  and  peroxide  of  iron  2.60. 

The  Adams  creek  district  seems  not  to  want  inorganic  matter  at 
all ;  they  have,  indeed,  rather  an  excess,  and  too  little  vegetable 
matter.  To  account  for  this  fact,  it  seems  that  the  Craven  side  of 
the  great  marsh  must  have  been  nearer  to  the  source  from  whence 
the  sandy  matter  was  derived,  and  though  none  of  it  is  what  would 
not  ordinarily  be  regarded  as  coarse  sand,  yet  it  is  coarser  than 


XOBTH-CAROLDf  A   GEOLOGICAL   SUKVEY. 

that  Tliere  may  have  been  a  direct  communica- 

tion with  the  Xense  in  former  times,  and   by  rat  at  com- 

munication the  sandy  matter  was  supplied.     The 
nearer  the  source  from  where  it  carne.     The  fine  is  tra: 
farther  and  is  deposited  slow!  which  may  be  witnessed  in 

all  heavy  showers  where  currents  are  formed  with  sufficient  force 
to  move  the  loose  materials  upon  the  surface. 

rer  swamp,  lying  north  of  Newbern,  in  Craveu 
.\-out  fifteen   miles  long.     It  is  about  60  feet  above 
Xewbem,  and  30  or  35  above  Kinston. 

as  its  character  is  shown  by  the  roads  which  pass  through 
it,  it  is  a  poor  tract. 

A  single  representative  only  of  its  soil  will  be  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing analysis.     The  soil  is  black,  and  to  the  eye  it  may  be  re- 
cking high  in  the  scale  of  merit,  but  where  the  black 
vegetable  mold  is  cut,  and  has  been  exposed  to  washing  by  ra 
they  have  brought  out  mechanically  its  char;.  s.     The 

etable  mattt:  i  with  a  white  marine  sand,  which  is  exposed 

upon  the  face  of  <he  cut;  an  exhibition  of  this  kind  is  never  wit- 
nessed in  soils  suitable  for  cultivation.  An  analysis  of  a  soil  rep- 
resenting the  Dover  class,  gave  : 

Water,   

Organic  matter 25.22 

San>] 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,    

Carbonate  of  lime,    

.-nesia,    trace. 

The  specimen  had  become  dry  by  exposure  to  the  air  in  paper, 
and  hence,  the  small  quantity  of  water.  The  sand  is  white,  and 
nearly  pure  quartz,  and  only  a  small  per  centage  could  be  dissolved 
out  by  the  action  of  muriatic  acid.  When  this  specimen  is  com- 
pared with  *  'he  Albemarle  swamp,  whicl  .  to  lack 
inorganic  matter,  a  great  difference  -  rered  in  the 
Dover  swamp  representative  ;  the  water  was  reduced  I 

lard;  it  was  much  drier  than  it  ever  will  be  by  draining.     In 
the  Dover  representative  there  are  really  only  two  elements,  white 


NORTH-CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  79 

sand  and  vegetable  matter.  If  water  is  added,  the  sum  of  the 
three  amounts  to  98.43,  leaving  only  1.57  for  the  active  or  soluble 
elements,  and  still  the  Dover  swamp  is  covered  with  vegetation, 
though  it  is  not  vigorous  and  healthy.  It  is  no  doubt,  supported  in 
a  great  measure,  by  the  subsoil  and  the  elements  derived  from  the 
atmosphere. 

If  a  farmer,  however,  should  drain  and  put  it  requisition  for  corn 
or  wheat,  it  would  not  answer  to  the  call.  It  is  not  to  be  under- 
stood that  we  speak  thus  confidently  of  the  whole  tract,  and  it  13 
highly  probable  that  rich  places  exist.  The  most  we  wish  to  incul- 
cate is  that  where  the  soil  consists  of  vegetable  matter  intermixed 
with  white  or  gray  quartz  sand,  there  is  but  a  small  ground  for  hope 
that  the  tract  will  pay  the  expense  of  drainage.  The  foregoing 
views  as  intimated  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs  receive  support 
from  the  consideration  that  .76  per  cent,  of  per  oxide  of  iron  and 
alumina  cannot  furnish  for  a  lapse  of  years  sufficient  phosphoric  acid 
to  sustain  the  cereals,  it  is  at  least  evident,  that  the  available  mat- 
ter for  divers  crops  is  extremely  small.  The  practical  per  centage 
of  important  elements,  cannot  exert  a  chemical  or  mechanical  in- 
fluence upon  the  organic  matter. 

AVe  confess,  however,  that  we  do  not  know  the  nature  of  the 
subsoil,  it  will  probably  turn  out  that  the  forest  trees  derive  their 
support  from  the  stiff  subsoil  on  which  the  silicious  vegetable  mat- 
ter rests.  There  are  many  points  in  which  the  swamp  soils  differ 
from  the  true  peat  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  A  very 
reliable  analysis  of  a  kind  of  peat  found  in  Canada  by  Mr.  Hunt 
of  the  Canada  Geological  survey  may  be  cited.  Thus,  Mr.  Hunt 
found  6.75  per  cent,  of  ash,  and  it  should  be  observed  that  it  is  not 
soil,  as  in  most  cases  of  the  swamp  peat  of  the  South  but  a  true  ash 
of  the  vegetable  matter,  and  hence,  its  composition  must  partake 
of  that  of  an  ordinary  ash  ;  and  hence,  it  is  found  to  consist  of  large 
per  cents.,  viz  :  of  carb.  of  lime  52.11 ;  sulphate  of  lime  15  ;  sulphate 
of  potash  0.60  ;  lime  and  magnesia  as  silicates,  Arc,  to  the  amount 
of  13  pet  cent.  The  peaty  soils  of  the  South,  or  certainly  of  Xorth- 
Carolina  consist  of  intermixtures  of  fine  inorganic  matter  to  a  large 
extent,  and  though  the  top  is  essentially  vegetable  matter,  yet  the 
soil  increases  continually,  or  if  the  areas  as  indicated  before  had 
communications  with  rivers  from  whicli  they  received  sediments, 
whereas,  in  the  North  the  peat  is  formed  in  isolated  basin-shaped 


80  XORTII-CABOLIXA   GEOLOGICAL   SUEVET. 

excavation?,  which  have  been  filled  up  by  the  growth  of  moss,  or 
sphagnum,  etc..  and  were  of  course  separated  from  rivers  or  streams 
bearing  sediments  from  a  distance. 

The  <  roalow  and  Jones  swamp,  which  appear  to  be  con- 
nected with  the  great  Carteret  open-ground  prairie  and  «wamp, 
has  an  area  of  over  one  hundred  square  miles.  The  White  <  >;.k 
river  rises  in  it.  together  with  New  river,  both  of  which  empty 
into  Bogoe  sound,  or  Bogue  and  Stumpy  sounds.  Short  branches 
rising  in  this  tract,  fall  into  the  Trent.  The  slope  is  mainly 
towards  Bogue  sound.  This  great  tract  is  easily  drained,  being 
formed  upon  comparatively  high  ground.  Portions  of  it  have 
been  under  cultivation,  and  the  produce  in  corn  has  been  from  ten 
to  twelve  barrels  per  acre.  Upon  the  branches  of  the  White  I 
the  timber  is  large,  consisting  of  poplar,  cypress,  black  and  white 
gum  and  red  maple.  Other  parts  are  covered  with  reeds  which 
furnish  subsistence  to  stock  during  the  winter.  The  surface  of  the 
swamp  is  more  or  less  interrupted  by  dry  islands,  which  bear  large 
long  and  fhort  leaved  pines.  White  oaks  abound  of  a  large  size, 
where  it  is  not  too  wet.  Some  of  the  islands,  as  they  are  called, 
have  a  light  sandy  soil,  and  seem  to  have  been  formed  by  the 
action  of  water.  The  only  canal  for  drainage  which  we  have  in- 
spected, Mas  cut  bj  Mr.  Franck.  of  Onslow  county.  It  crossed  a 
part  of  the  tract  called  the  White  Oak  desert.  This,  on  being  cut 
one  mile,  gave  a  water  power  of  about  twelve  feet.  Its  cos:  was 
fifteen  cents  to  the  cubic  yard.  The  depth  of  soil  varies  from  one 
t"  twelve  feet,  the  depth  increasing  towards  the  central  part  of  the 
tract. 

The  general  characteristics  of  this  swamp  are  the  same  a- 
which  have   already  received  attention.     The  composition,  as  de- 
termined by  analysis,  may  be  stated  as  foil 

Silex 6<\r»n 

<  T.-anie  m.-UU-r 25.00 

JYroxi  U-  of  iron  and  alumina,    11. 

sphoric  acid 

CarSonatc-  of  lime 1.500 

Magnesia 0.300 

Potash 0.010 

Soda.    ft    - 

Silicic  acid,    0.100 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  81 

Water, 2.713 

100.988 

The  machanical  separation  of  parts  gave: 

Coarsish  felspathic  sand,    27.00 

Drab-colored  fine  soil,  or  sand,    45.00 

Vegetable  matter, 25.00 

The  soil  was  dry  by  exposure  in  paper,  and  to  the  air. 

The  felspathic  sand  is  coarser  than  that  of  any  part  of  the  Al- 
bemarle district.  The  quantity  of  tine  soil,  and  of  lime  also,  is 
large,  and  the  elements  of  fertility  appear  to  be  sufficient  to  con- 
stitute a  good  composition  for  cultivation. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


Swamp  lands  of  New  Hanover  and  Brunswick  counties,  their  composition  with 
remarks. 

§  51.  The  fifth  swamp  district  is  in  Xew  Hanover  county.  It  is 
formed  by  the  Holy  Shelter  swamp  and  Angola  bay.  They  both 
are  elongated  tracts,  and  drain  iuto  the  eastern  branch  of  the  Cape 
Fear. 

We  find  the  composition  of  the  soils  of  the  swamp  lands  of  Xew 
Hanover  county  to  correspond  with  those  already  given.  Thus  a 
specimen  gave,  on  analysis  : 

Organic  matter, 7.700 

Sdex 86.000 

Per  oxide  of  iron, 1.000 

Alumina 4.000 

Silicic  acid,    300 

Chlorine,  ....     trace. 

Sulphuric  acid, trace. 


82  NORTH-CAROLINA    OKoLOGICAL    SUR\ 

Potash,    . .    

rb   of  lime, 

Magnesia, 105 

90." 

Mechanically  separated  it  gave,  in  parts: 

Fclspathic  sand,    

Finely  divided  soil,    49.0 

( >rganic  matter,    7. 7 

The  specimen  was  well  dried  before  analysis,  and  was  black,  but 
consisted  of  vegetable  matter  in  small  quantity  only,  and  in  which 
the  soil  was  distinguishable.  Still  it  has  been  proven  produc- 
tive. 

A  tact  which  will  perhaps  strike  the  attention  of  a  chemist 
is  the  small  quantity  of  iron  which  exists  in  all  the  swamp  soils. 
It  is  not  only,  as  we  have  before  stated,  in  the  condition  of  a  pro- 
toxide, but  it  is  in  a  less  proportion  than  in  upland  soils.  How 
much  influence  this  quantity  of  iron  may  have  upon  vegetation,  to 
diminish  the  chances  of  a  healthy  growth,  cannot  be  determined 
before  hand.  Iron  is  no  doubt  an  important  element  in  soils,  though 
we  believe,  upon  the  whole,  that  even  in  the  swamp  soils  it  will 
be  amply  sufficient  to  meet  the  wants  of  crops. 

So  long  as  these  tracts    are    undrained,  charged  with  water,  the 
iron  will  remain  in  the  condition  of  a  protoxide.      When  drained, 
and  air  replaces  the  water,  it  is  at  least  partially  changed,  and  be- 
comes more  highly  oxidated  and  i-  constantly  undergoing  chai 
by  which    the    amount    of  oxygen  is  variable,  ally  when  in 

contact  with  a  large  amount  of  vegetable  matter. 

.'  53.  The  sixth  Bwamp  district  is  confined  to  Brunswick  connty. 
It  is  roond  or  nearly  so.  and  presents  a  very  uniform  outline,  but 
its  interior  is  studded  with  islands,  ami  the  swampy  part  incloses 
them  entirely  or  they  are  connected  to  others  by  narrow  necks  of 
hard  ground..    This  swamp  lies  low  and  its  perfect  draii  nes- 

tionable.     We  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  an  examination  of  sur- 
-  which  were  made  years  ago.       It  furnishes  a    vast  amount  of 
cypi  -hingles.     The  timber  is  well  set,  large  and  thrifty,  and 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  S3 

the  indications  for  fertility  are  the  same  as  those  which  have  been 
already  stated. 

The  composition  of  the  soil  supports  the  views  just  expressed. 
A  sample  on  analysis  gave  : 

Organic  matter, 37.50 

Water,    15,80 

Silex, 35.35 

Peroxide  of  iron,  and  alumina 10.50 

Carb.  of  lime,    1.45 

Magnesia, 0.15 

Potash,    l.io 

Soda,      0.15 

.  Sulphuric  acid,    trace. 

Chlorine,   trace. 

100.00 

A  mechanical  separation  of  its  parts  gave  : 

Coarse  sand,   '. . .     2.10 

Fine  soil, 33. 25 

Organic  matter,    . .  • 37.50 

It  should  be  stated  that  this  soil  contained  a  greater  quantity  of 
half  decayed  wood  sticks  than  usual,  and  hence,  the  proportion  of 
soil  is  comparatively  less  than  it  would  have  been  by  rejecting  this 
kind  of  vegetable  matter. 

§  54.  Large  tracts  of  this  swamp  are  laid  under  water  by  dams 
which  overflows  the  high  way  or  roads  and  the  traveler  is  forced  to 
drive  his  team  through  water  from  a  foot  to  4  or  5  feet  deep.  The 
tide  of  the  Cape  Fear  sets  up  the  creeks  some  twelve  miles  from 
their  months,  which  is  indicative  of  aflat  country  to  within  a  short 
distance  of  their  origin. 

The  subsoil  is  often  too  stiff  for  easy  cultivation,  or  the  penetra- 
tion of  roots.  It  approaches  in  composition  and  consistence  a  brick 
clay.  Thus  the  silex  amounts  to  S3  per  cent,  with  21  per  cent,  of 
organic  matter,  and  with  only  traces  of  lime,  magnesia  and  pot- 
ash.    It  is  probably  as  in  other  cases  variable  in  composition. 

Another  specimen  of  the  Brunswick  and  swamp  soil  furnished 
by  Mr.  H.  J.  McNeil,  gave  : 


B4  NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

Water 8.000 

Organic  matter,  34.000 

Silica,      45.  IT" 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina,  L0.490 

Oarb.  of  lime,   0.490 

Magnesia 0.  •!  91  1 

Potash 0.681 

Soda,    0.826 

Sulphuric  acid, trace. 

Chlorine,   trace. 

Silicic  acid,    0.580 

99.997 

Hie  composition  of  this  sample  indicates  as  high  degree  of  fertili- 
ty as  the  Hyde,  Washington  or  Beaufort  counties. 

While  analysis  furnishes  very  satisfactory  results,  it  is  not  to  be 
forgotten  that  the  tracts  adjacent  may  be  less  so,  and  indeed,  not 
productive  at  all.  Where  changes  in  the  kind  of  timber  are  ap- 
parent, passing  from  the  cypress,  gums,  populars  and  maples,  etc., 
to  bays,  gall-berry,  especially  if  accompanied  by  a  dwarfed  condi- 
tion, it  is  an  indication  that  the  soil  has  changed,  or  the  con- 
ditions have  passed  from  a  favorable,  to  a  less  favorable  one,  and 
though  the  change  may  possibly  be  due  to  influences  which  deep 
draining  may  remove,  yet,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  it  is  due  to  the 
constitution  of  the  soil.  This  should  be  examined,  and  tested  in 
they  way  we  have  proposed. 

§  55.  In  a  few  wet  districts  we  sometimes  meet  a  peculiar  soil, 
which  is,  as  the  people  say,  salt;  but  which  really  never  contains 
but  a  little  chloride  of  sodium,  or  common  salt.  It  is  a  black 
vegetable  substance,  in  part  charged  with  the  astringent  salts  of 
iron  and  alumina.  We  are  induced  to  speak  of  this  product  be- 
cause we  have  seen  it  from  three  different  parts  of  the  eastern 
counties,  in  Weldon,  near  Tarboro'  and  at  Mosely  Hall,  in  Lenoir 
count}'.  The  specimens  have  the  same  characteristics,  though  that 
from  near  Weldon  was  obtained  from  a  depth  of  To  feet.  We 
communicated  with  those  interested  at  Weldon  and  Tarboio1,  and 
have  not  preserved  a  statement  of  results.  The  specimens  from  a 
swamp  at  Mosely  Hall  will  require  a  brief  notice  ;  though  they 
deserve  a  full  analysis,  yet  time  will  not  permit  us  now  to  enter 
into  details. 


NORTH-CAROLINA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  bo 

The  substances,  which  are  really  swamp  products,  are  black,  with 
an  astringent  ferruginous  taste.  If  applied  to  crops,  or  if  seed  are 
planted  in  it,  they  are  of  course  destroyed. 

The  black  astringent  substance  contains,  in  100  parts : 

Water  and  vegetable  matter,    11.70 

Silex  or  sand,    89.80 

Protoxide  of  iron,    1.52 

Alumina,    1.82 

Carb.   lime,    0.80 

Sulphuric  acid,    1.61 

99.45 

The  surface  of  this  vegetable  matter  is  crusted  in  dry  weather 
with  this  astringent  salt.  If  this  substance  were  in  great  abundance 
it  would  be  an  excellent  material  for  composts,  notwithstanding  it 
is  now  poisonous  in  composition.  Mixing  lime  or  marl  with  it  will 
decompose  the  present  salt  and  form  gypsum.  This  substance  too, 
is  adapted  to  use  in  stables,  or  any  place  where  ammonia  is  gen- 
erated, and  escapes  into  the  air.  Sulphate  of  ammonia  will  be 
formed,  or  even  the  vegetable  matter  itself  as  it  is  absorbative,  will 
attract  and  retain  ammonia,  but  indeed  as  it  is  with  this  salt,  it  is 
an  admirable  material  to  spread  over  the  refuse  of  stables  and  yards 
where  noxious  odors  escape  and  which  are  always  we  believe  com- 
pounds, containing  ammonia  or  sulphur  or  both. 

From  this  swamp  deposit  we  have  obtained  phosphate  of  iron, 
a  product  which  we  suppose  may  have  been  formed  from  decom- 
posed animal  matter  ;  it  is  rare  one  and  may  be  distinguished 
from  other  minerals  by  its  beautiful  blue  color. 

Another  product  of  this  swamp  we  are  inclined  to  regard  as  a 
compound  of  phosphoric  acid,  lime,  etc.,  but  we  are  still  in  doubt 
respecting  its  true  character.  It  is  white,  inclined  to  chrystallize 
in  radiating  forms,  and  is  sometimes  a  white,  soft  substance,  and 
in  others  quite  a  hard  concretion,  assuming  a  cylindrical  form. 
It  is  intermixed  with  grains  of  quartz,  which  are  foreign  particles. 
It  gave,  on  analysis : 

Water 4.2 

Organic  matter,    4.0 

Silex,  or  insoluble  matter,    69.0 


:TH-CAROLIXA   GEOLOGICAL   SUEV 

-  ibstance  resembling  alumina,    

Carbonate  of  lime 

Magnesia.    0.10 

I 

The  wliil  .ce  resembling  alumina,  we  suppose  may  be  a 

md  with  phosphoric  acid,  but  we  have  not  the  proper  I 
letermine  fully  its  composition :  that  it  is  not  alumina,  is  proved 
:ie  fact,  that  though  a  part  of  it  dies  .  yet  the  pre- 

at  once  in  the  flame  of 

the  blow  pipe.     If  a  phosphate  exists  in  quantity.  valuable 

if  not  in  quantity,  it  is  a  very  interest!!)::  one  fur  the 

.  alumina  is  the  production  of  a  bine  bead 

of  cobalt  in  the  flame  of  the  blow  pipe.     There  is  a 

tin°re  of  blue,  when  thus  treated,  but  the  bluent-  strictly 

that  which  is  common  to  alumina.     These  several  prodn 

•  [r.  Parrott   Mewbom,  of  Lenoir  county,  who  ob- 
cd  them  in  draining  a  swamp.     The  foregoing  products  are  the 
most  important,  but  another  which  is  excessively  sandy  and  brown- 
have  analyzed.     It  contains : 

-     x : 

Water.    2.1 

.-  mir  matter 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina 

:>nate  of  lime,    trace. 

pounds  having  the  foregoing  composition  are  worthier-- 
e  acquired  the  vegetable  matter  as  a  debris,  am. 
D  the  spot. 


NORTH-CAROLE* A    GEOLOGICAL   SEBYEY.  ST 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

<  iall  berry  lands,  and  their  composition.     The  Savannah  lands  and  their  charac- 
teristics and  composition. 

.5'  56.  The  gall  berry  lands,  as  they  are  called,  are  a  species  of 
swamp,  but  their  characteristics  cannot  be  subjected  to  the  exact 
rule  of  the  carpenter,  nor  the  legal  measure  of  the  grocer ;  they 
refuse  to  be  subjected  to  specific  technicalities,  though  thev  have  • 
certain  common  characteristics.  All  lauds  are  not  gall  berry1  be- 
cause the  gall  berry  has  taken  possession;  neither  are  £ral)  berry 
lands  all  composed  of  stiff  clay  ;  some  are  sandy,  with  black  veg- 
etable matter  concealing  it,  while  uncultivated  or  nnbroken.  Gall 
berry  lands  are  level  tracts,  composed  of  wet  and  sandy  argilla- 
ceous matters,  or  wet  sandy,  with  black  vegetable  mold  intermixed, 
and  with  only  small  fractional  parts  of  the  money  elements  con- 
tained in  them  in  either  case. 

They  seem  to  have  been  formed  by  denudation,  by  the  action  of 
the  waves  of  the  sea,  by  which  the  best  part  of  a  soil,  the  top  has 
been  carried  away,  as  a  stratum  of  stiff,  incorrigible,  sandy  and 
ferruginous  clay  beneath.  Over  certain  areas  subsequent  to  de- 
nudation, sand  has  accumulated  along  with  a  coarse  vegetable 
growth,  as  water  grasses  and  the  like;  in  fact,  a  formation  went  on 
accumulating  like  the  best  swamp  lands,  but  the  material  was  a 
quartz  sand,  containing  only  traces  of  the  nutritive  elements.  In 
the  other  case,  a  formation,  though  slowly  building  up  now.  be^an 
with  the  process  of  tilling  up  very  recently,  and  the  bottom  clavs 
exposed  by  denudation  ;  still,  from  the  top  or  surface  the  dwarfed 
vegetation  springs  from  this  incorrigible  sandy  clay,  which  is 
poorly  mixed,  coarse  and  closely  compacted,  so  as  to  hold  water 
about  as  well  as  a  wash  bowl.  By  evaporation  in  summer,  and  a 
slow  leakage,  these  lands  get  dry  by  the  middle  of  July  ny  .he  first 
of  August,  and  then  they  may  be  traversed,  but  they  are  liable  to 
become  wet  by  heavy  showers,  when  by  the  same  processes  they 
again  may  become  dry.  In  this  condition  of  the  soil  and  surface 
the  inducements  are  not  sufficiently  weightly  to  tempt  the  owner 
to  drain  them,  for  the  purpose  of  testing  their  qualities  for  crops 
of  the  cereals,  or  the  less  expensive  products,   the  root  crops,  to 


S8  NOKTH-€ABOLINA    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 

which  they  are  not  really  adapted.  Like  other  species  of  land,  wc 
find  them  variable  in  composition,  but  uniformly  with  a  level 
surface,  and  so  close  that  water  stands  upon  them  until  it  evapo- 
rate. 

Their  relative  position  is  westward  of  the  kinds  of  swamp  which 
have  been  described  ;  though  lands  answering  to  the  gall  berry 
occur  in  patches  in  all  parts  of  the  eastern  counties  with  variable 
aspects,  but  always  wet,  level  and  with  a  dwarfed  vegetation. 

Their  chemical  constitution  gives  two  extremes;  the  black, 
Bandy  vegetable  mold,  and  the  stiff,  sandy,  argillaceous  bottoms. 
The  former  is  often  mistaken  for  good  swamp  soil;  the  latter, 
never.  The  vegetation  is  much  the  same  in  both ;  coarse  water 
plants,  a  few  reeds  in  favored  places,  particularly  on  the  banks  of 
streams,  small,  short  and  long  leaved  pines;  but  the  whole  aspect 
of  the  vegetation  is  that  which  arises  from  a  short  allowance  of 
food,  and  exposure  to  cold  bottoms  beneath,  and  a  chilly  atmos- 
phere above. 

The  silex  in  all  the  kinds  of  gall  berry  lands  is  large,  the  soluble 
alumina  and  iron,  small — and  the  other  elements  in  small  fraction- 
al quantities. 

Thus  in  a  specimen  from  Sampson  county,  we  found  : 

Water, .'{.09 

Silex,   88.40 

Organic  matter,    4.20 

Peroxide  of  iron  and  alumina, 2.92 

Carbonate  of  lime,    02 

Magnesia, 01 

Potash  and  soda, trace. 

Phosphoric  acid  not  perceptible,    00 

But  medium  results  are  obtained  by  cultivation  when  these 
lands  are  well  drained;  but,  as  it  costs  as  much  for  draining  the 
lands  as  better  ones,  it  is  not  often  done.  The  specimen  had  be- 
come dry  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere. 

A  mechanical  separation  gave : 

Coarse  sand,   38. 

Fine  soil,  50.10 

Organic  matter,    4.20 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  6t* 

§  57.  The  Savannah  lands,  differ  from  the  preceding  in  many 
important  particulars.  They  are  to  the  eye,  dead  level  tracts, 
open  to  the  sun  and  bordered  by  clumps  of  trees  irregularly  plant- 
ed so  as  to  have  open  spaces  either  leading  to  similar  tracts  or  in- 
to the  depths  of  a  forest.  They  are  now  usually  covered  with 
broom  grass,  and  appear  rather  barren  m  winter,  but  in  the  spring 
if  the  dead  grass  is  burned,  they  become  green  and  pleasant.  We 
have  no  authentic  history  or  tradition  which  can  be  believed  in  all 
respects,  in  regard  to  their  origin.  But  they  really  are  miniature 
representations  of  western  prairies,  and  probably  originated  by  the 
action  of  similar  causes. 

When  a  certain  kind  of  soil  has  been  forest  planted,  it  con- 
tinues in  forest  for  centuries,  unless  some  cause  destroys  the  root 
and  branch,  as  fire  or  water  ;  and  when  destroyed  and  opened  to 
the  sun  a  thick  coating  of  grass  covers  the  ground  so  perfectly,  that 
the  seeds  of  forest  trees  are  deprived  of  the  necessary  stimulants  to 
germination,  or  if  they  germinate  a  repetition  of  destructive  agents 
again  occurs,  till  all  seeds  at  or  near  the  surface  have  germinated 
and  have  been  destroyed.  Grass  ultimately  gets  full  possession ; 
and  though  in  the  general  it  appears  only  as  grass,  yet  if  watched 
carefully,  it  will  be  found  that  the  grasses  have  been  changing,  or 
a  natural  rotation  has  taken  place  ;  the  rule  of  exchange  being  a 
succession  of  grasses  from  the  better  to  the  worse,  by  which  we 
have  ultimately  in  this  climate  broom  grass,  an  unmistakeable  in- 
dex of  an  exhausted  soil.  This  view,  however,  is  sustained  only 
when  the  products  of  vegetation  are  taken  away.  Combustion  of 
the  surface  materials,  followed  by  winds  which  transport  the  light 
ash  far  from  the  field  upon  which  the  plant  grew  which  produced 
it,  is  an  exhausting  process.  Forest  fields  when  once  exposed  to 
the  sun  by  the  destruction  of  their  pines,  oaks  and  hickories,  are 
directly  in  the  road  to  a  prairie,  or  savannah  formation  ;  and  when 
the  latter  is  formed,  it  becomes  as  permanent  as  a  forest.  As  it  re- 
gards their  origin,  we  incline  to  the  theory,  that  fire  has  been  the 
direct  instruments  concerned,  and  is  still  more  or  less  active,. in 
preserving  these  tracts  in  a  stationary  condition.  The  water  theo- 
ry, is  less  intelligible  than  the  fire  theory  ;  the  latter  explains  all 
the  phenomona  as  we  think  better  than  the  former. 

The  soil  of  the  savannahs  is  fine,  yellowish  and  compact,  not  un- 
like a  brick  clay,  and  so  far  as  we  have  observed,  contains  by  far 
6 


;:TiI-CAROLlXA.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

'•oarse  sand.  It  is  a  homogeneous  soil,  in  which  respect,  it  dif- 
from  the  gall  bercy,  and  it  being  tine,  compact,  deep,  and  still 
wet,  though  not  a  swamp  at  all,  it  still  holds  always  too  much  wa- 
ter for  the  cultivation  of  the  cereals.  The  land  is  cold ;  a  term  un- 
doubtedly applicable  to  this  class,  in  which  respect,  it  differs  from 
the  prairies  of  the  west.  It  differs  also  from  the  swamp  soils  in  the 
absence  of  vegetable  matter,  and  from  the  uplands  by  compactness 
and  firmness  of  material,  and  hence  too  the  explanation  of  the 
fact,  too  cold  and  moist,  for  the  cultivation  of  the  cereals  or  even 
>t  crops. 

The  specimen  of  soil  which  has  been  examined  was  taken  from  a 
savannah  in  Craven  county,  which  is  being  put  into  a  state  for 
cultivation,  and  which  is  owned  by  Mr.  "Wood.  The  Atlantic  rail- 
road passes  through  it.  These  lands  in  Craven  county,  though  not 
so  extensive  as  those  of  New  Hanover,  still  seem  to  possess  the 
same  characterics.  "We  cannot  affirm  that  there  are  not  many  va- 
rieties of  savannah  lands,  still,  there  are  good  grounds  for  1 
that  they  possess  a  greater  uniformity  of  composition  than  the 
swamp  or  gall  berry  lands. 

The  savannah  soil  of  Craven,  on  being  submitted  to  analysis, 
gave : 

•Water 4. 

Humic  acid  or  soluble  organic  matter, 2.00 

Insoluble,    1.7 

Phosphoric  acid,  undetermined, 

Silex 80.fi 

Silicic  acid,    1"" 

Alumina,    7.000 

Peroxide  of  iron,    B.4 

Carbonate  of  lime,   600 

Magnesia,    176 

Potash, 098 

Chlorine,  a  large, trace. 

Sulphuric  acid, trace. 

99.' 
Ammonia, 0387  per  cent 

The  specimen  was  dried  in  the  air  previous  to  analysis,  it  there- 
fore does  not  represent  the  quantity  of  water  held  by  the  soil  in 
its  ordinary  condition. 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  91 

The  chemical  constitution  of  the  savannah  lands  appear  to  be 
well  composed  for  durable  cultivation.  They  will  require  deep 
draining  and  the  time  required  for  the  escape  of  water  will  un- 
doubtedly be  twice  as  long  as  that  necessary  to  drain  ordinary  up- 
land soil,  in  consequence  of  the  line  state  of  division  in  which  the 
materials  exist,  and  their  natural  affinity  for  water.  When  drained 
and  dried,  we  have  reason  to  believe  that  they  will  become  good 
wheat  or  cotton  lands. 


92  X0ETH-CAR0LIXA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 


APPENDIX, 

Containiii^  brief  descriptions  of  the  mineral  springs  and  well  waters  which  occur 
in  and  about  Raleigh. 


58.   At  nnmeroos  places  in  "Wake  and  the  adjacent  connties 
.ve  been  discovered  which  are  entitled  to  the  appel- 
lation of  Frequent  inquiries  have  been  mad- 
letter  relative  to  them,  and  in  several  instances  these  waters  have 
been  sent  to  me  for  analysis.     These  requests  have  been  complied 
•     far  as  it  -eemed  to  be  necessary.     In  most  cases,  however, 
when  the  general  character  of  the  water  was  known  by  taste,  or  by 
on  standing  twenty-:  a,  I  have  merely  made  a 
quafiatative    examination.       The    water    in    this    neighborh 
or  in  the  town  of  Raleigh,  are  all  chalybeates,  and  though  they  ap- 
pear to  be  weak,  or  contain  a  small  amount  only  of  mineral  : 
ter.                 sufficient  for  medical  pur  .if  the  quantity 
larger,  it  would  be  more  disagreeable  to  the  palate,  less  1  be 
drank,  and  it  would  both  affect  the  head  and  produce  a  feeling 

H  :':ie  chest.  The  quantity  of  mineral  matter  is  there- 
fore well  adapted  for  use  in  all  cases  where  chalybeates  are  useful. 
An  essential  condition  for  the  salutary  influence  of  chalybeates 
their  solution  in  a  large  amount  of  liquid  matter.  It  insures  their 
absorption  into  the  system,  and  thereby  favors  their  specific  in- 
fluences, much  more  than  if  they  were  in  a  concentrated  ;• 

Tli e  well  waters  of  Sal     _    .  which  are  used  for  drinking  and 
cooking  rank  with  as  much  propriety  in  the  clas~ 

e  springs  referred  to.     They  differ,  however,  from  them  in  the 
:ice  of  iron,  or  if  it  o  .  and  in  the  presence 

of  chlorides,  which  exist  only  in  traces  in  the  mineral  spring  wa- 
ters How  much  influence  impure  well  waters  have  upon  the 
health  of  a  community  ell  determined.      But  it  is  well 

known  that  to  strangers  the  common  waters  of  a  locality  are  fre- 
quently highlv  injurious,  and  it  is  probably  true  that  the  purer  the 
water  for  common  n  g  the  better  it  is.  and 

there  is  verv  little  doubt  that  the  best  water  which  can  be  procured 
for  familv  use,  '-  .  collected  and  preserved  in  filtei 


XORTH-CAROLDfA    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  93 

cisterns.     In  summer  it  would  be  warm,  but  cooled  with  ice  it  be- 
comes a  luxury. 

There  is  a  great  uniformity  in  the  composition  of  the  spring 
waters  of  this  description :  the  constant  differences  being  a  varia- 
tion in  the  amount  of  solid  matter  dissolved  in  the  water.  They 
belong  to  the  class  known  as  chalybeate  waters,  which  contain  iron 
as  the  most  active  and  important  element.  Such  springs  are 
readily  recognized  by  the  yellow  or  ochreous  deposit  along  the 
line  of  flow. 

They  are  limpid  or  perfectly  transparent  when  they  tirst 
from  the  ground  and  when  first  bottled,  but  on  standing  2i  hours, 
a  yellowish  sediment  falls  down  consisting  of  iron,  lime  and  mag- 
nesia. This  takes  place  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  carbonic  acid, 
the  matter  in  solution  being  retained  by  an  extra  atom  of  carbonic 
acid,  and  hence  while  the  salts  are  held  in  solution  they  are  bi-car- 
bonates.  When  the  water  is  exposed  to  the  air  the  feeble  aft: 
of  this  extra  atom  of  carbonic  acid  is  such  that  it  soon  -  and 

the  remaining  compound  in  the  water   is  no  longer  soluble,  and 
hence,  is  deposited  in  a  powder.     A  tumbler  of  those  '  land- 

ing in  the  open  air  shows  the  escape  of  a  gas  which  is  carbonic  acid. 
When  the  fresh  water  is   shaken  with  a  solution  of  red  cab!    g 
changed  to  a  tinge  of  green  bv  ammonia  or  an  alkali,  it  becomes 
purplish  again  by  the  carbonic  acid  which  is  escaping. 

It  is  claimed  that  some  of  the  springs  contain  sulphur ;  those 
which  have  been  subjected  to  the  action  of  basic  acetate  of  lead, 
have  scarcely  a  perceptible  effect  upon  this  delicate  test  Silver 
vessels  which  have  been  used  many  times  become  slightly  tarnished 
in  certain  spots.     Hence,  it  is  ]      -  -  .Iphuretted  hydrogen  es- 

capes in  exceedingly  minute  quantities. 

The  springs  usually  flow  out  of  banks  of  gravel  and  sand  in 
place,  and  which  was  derived  from  granite  or  gneiss.     These  banks 
are  more  or  less  ferruginous,  but  in  the  best  waters  they  probably 
flow  from  the  granite,  and  thence  percolate  through  the  soil. 
C  -.oposition  of  some  of  the  waters  ot%  these  springs 

■..:  the  garden,  one  mile  and  a  half  from  town. 
The  whole  amount  of  solid  matter  held  in  solution  in  a  gallon  of 
water  is  16.72  grains.  It  consists  of  chloride  of  lime,  organic 
matter.  bi-carbonate  of  iron,  lime  and  magnesia.  In  all  cases,  the 
organic  matter  is  in  the  condition  of  humic,  crenic  and  apocrenic 


94  NORTH-CAROLINA    OKI  'LOGICAL   SURTET. 

acids,  which  are  also  in  combination  with  the  mineral  matter.  It 
contains  also  silicic  acid. 

The  IngUbicU  9prmg,  two  miles  east  of  Raleigh,  is  in  a  iine 
grove,  and  line  drives  might  be  cut  out  by  opening  roads,  or  lino 
walks,  as  they  would  be  shaded  by  avenues  of  trees. 

This  spring  contains  solid  matter,  about  15  grains  to  the  gallon, 
consisting  of  organic  matter,  iron,  lime  and  magnesia.  The  chlo- 
ride of  lime  was  not  tested  for,  but  as  it  is  usually  present,  so 
probably  it  is  in  this  water.  Its  use  has  had  a  beneficial  effect 
upon  invalids  in  several  instances. 

The  analysis  of  the  spring  upon  Mr.  Boylan's  land,  was  not  pre- 
served ;  it  scarcely  differs  from  the  foregoing  in  the  amount  of  solid 
matter,  to  the  gallon.  The  water  is  pleasant  to  drink,  and  is  pecu- 
liar in  its  taste. 

The  water  of  a  spring  in  Franklin  county  resembles  also  the  fore- 
going.    One  pint  of  this  water  contains  : 

Iron,  in  combination  with  carbonic  and  organic  acids,     ._'7 

Lime, 34 

Ifagoesia,  1ft 

Organic  matter  as  a  whole, 2.  13 

3.84 

To  the  gallon  22.77  grs-. 

The  Dodd  spring  has  a  temperature  of  G0°,  air  being  78.  The 
solid  matter  in  a  gallon  amounts  to  10  grs.     In  a  pint  it  contains: 

'  frgaoic  mutter,   90 

Iron  in  combination  with  organic  matter,    

Carb.  of  lime,    24 

Carb.  of  magnesia, 10 

Besides  the  foregoing,  we  obtained  both  the  chlorides  of  lime 
and  magnesia,,  the  latter  in  a  large  trace.  The  Dodd  spring  differs 
from  the  Franklin  county  spring  in  containing  less  organic  matter, 
and  hence,  it  is  that  the  iron  in  it,  is  more  distinct  to  the  taste. 

The  yellow  powder  deposited  from  mineral  Bprings  has  a  com- 
plex composition.  It  consists  of  hnmic  acid,  crenic  and  apo- 
crenic  acids  in  combination  with  the  iron,  a  portion  of  the  carbonic 


NORTH-CAROLINA   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY.  95 

acid  having  escaped.  The  two  last  acids  are  detected  by  the  action 
of  acetate  of  copper  upon  the  alkaline  solution  of  this  ferruginous 
deposit.  There  is  no  doubt,  also,  that  phosphoric  acid  is  present 
in  the  compound. 

§  60.  The  wells  of  Fayetteville  street  deserve  a  place  among  mineral 
waters.  They  differ  from  the  springs  simply,  in  the  absence  of  iron. 
The  well  at  the  corner  of  Fayetteville  street  leading  to  the  depot, 
contains  23.92  grains  of  solid  matter  to  the  gallon,  containing  alu- 
mina, sulphuric  and  muriatic  acids,  lime,  magnesia  and  organic 
matter,  both  vegetable  and  animal.  Mr.  Askew's  well  contains  to 
the  gallon,  21.30  grains;  organic  matter  11.68;  saline  matter 
9.68.  The  market  well  contains  18.80  grs.  to  the  gallon  ;  organic 
matter  7.20  ;  saline  matter  13.20. 

The  Doctor's  well  contains  21.44  grains  of  solid  matter  to  the 
gallon,  saline  matter  8.16.  organic  matter  13.28. 

To  repeat  once  more,  the  saline  matter  in  the  foregoing  wells 
consists  of,  1,  chlorides,  or  we  may  call  them  muriates,  muriates  of 
lime  and  magnesia;  2,  sulphates,  as  sulphate  of  lime,  together  with 
organic  matter.  The  saline  matter  is  white  and  free  from  iron,  or 
merely  traces  of  iron.  The  In-own  or  gray  crust  upon  the  tea 
kettles  consists  of  the  sulphates  and  carbonates  of  lime ;  the  latter 
is  formed  probably  from  the  organic  salts. 

The  salutary  effects  of  the  spring  water,  which  we  have  wit- 
nessed in  several  instances,  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  iron,  which 
is  perfectly  dissolved  in  the  water  when  it  issues  from  the  fountain, 
in  which  condition  it  is  readily  absorbed  into  the  system.  The 
other  substances,  however,  are  regarded  as  aiding  in  the  general 
effects. 


GEOLOGICAL   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   SURVEY 


OP 


NORT  H-  O  AROL  IN 


PART    III, 


BOTAWY; 

CONTAINING  A  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  PLANTS  OF  THE  STATE, 

WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  AND  HISTORY  OF  THE  TREES, 

SHRUBS,  AND  WOODY  VINES, 


REV.    M.    A.    CURTIS,    D,    D. 


RALEIGH: 
W.     W.     HOLDEN,    PRINTER    TO    THE    STATB. 

1860. 


RALEIGH,  June  1st,  1860. 

To  His  Excellency,  John  W.  Ellis, 

Governor  of  North- Carolina  : 

Sir  :— I  herewith  transmit  the  Report  of  the  Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis, 
D.  D.,  upon  the  Woody  Plants  of  this  State. 

The  valne  of  this  Report  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the  fact  that  it 
embodies  the  labor  of  more  than  twenty  years.  Dr.  Curtis,  in 
reviewing  the  whole  subject  with  a  view  to  a  publication  of  the 
results  of  his  labor,  has  felt  constrained  to  furnisn  descriptions  of 
only  the  most  conspicuous  and  important  plants  indigenous  to  the 
State  ;  and  of  the  less  important  ones  a  Catalogue  simply,  noticing, 
with  each  species,  its  geographical  range  in  the  State,  and,  where 
desirable,  its  economical  or  medicinal  uses. 

Notwithstanding  the  latter  portion  of  his  Report  may  thus  appear 
to  consist  chiefly  of  technical  names,  and  thus  be  of  no  general 
practical  use,  it  will  be  regarded  by  the  scientific  public  as  a  con- 
tribution of  great  value,  not  merely  for  its  indication  of  the  vege- 
table productions  of  this  State,  but  also  as  containing  a  large 
amount  of  information  not  elsewhere  to  be  found.  The  position  of 
this  State  is  such  that  it  forms  the  north  and  south  limits  of  many 
interesting  productions  in  Natural  History,  belonging  both  to  the 
vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms ;  and  it  has  been  regarded  an  im- 
portant work  to  fix  definitely  the  true  north  and  south  boundaries 
of  species  belonging  to  these  kingdoms. 

In  view  of  these  considerations,  together  with  many  others  which 
will,  no  doubt,  be  suggested  on  reflection  upon  the  whole  subject, 
it  is  hoped  that  your  Excellency,  with  the  Honorable  Gentlemen 
constituting  the  Litkraky  Board,  will  give  publicity  to  the  labors 
of  Dr.  Curtis,  who  has  consented  to  assist  me  in  this  part  of  the 
State  Survey. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  obedient  Servant, 

E.  EMMONS, 
State  Geologist. 


To  Prof.  E.  Emmons,  Geologist 

of  the  State  of  North-  Carlina  : 

Dear  Sir:  In  compliance  with  your  request,  that  I  would  fur- 
nish, in  connexion  with  your  general  Survey  of  the  natural  resour- 
ces of  the  State,  an  account  of  its  vegetable  productions.  I  have 
prepared  the  following  paper  upon  the  Woody  Plants  of  North- 
Carolina.  I  have  brought  these  together  in  one  view,  because  they 
are  the  most  important,  the  best  known,  and  can  be  more  intelligi- 
bly arranged  for  general  use,  than  upon  a  plan  strictly  scientific. 
Botanists  will  of  course  find  fault  with  it;  but  as  my  cole  purpose 
herein  is  to  make  this  essay  of  popular  service,  and  as  intelligible 
as  possible  to  those  who  know  nothing  of  systems  and  would  not 
take  the  time  or  trouble  to  master  a  scientific  treatise,  I  have  adop- 
ted the  present  course  as  the  most,  likely  one  that  occurred  to  me 
to  accomplish  the  end  proposed.  It  has  its  difficulties,  as  you  will 
readily  see,  but  yon  will  at  the  same  time  confess,  I  think,  that, 
though  it  might  be  J)etter  done,  the  end  could  not  be  so  well  at- 
tained but  by  some  such  arrangement.  I  must  therefore  crave 
your  indulgence  for  this  departure  from  established  usage  in  this 
first  portion  of  my  Report. 

I  have  felt  somewhat  hampered  by  the  limits  to  which  I  was  re- 
stricted, and,  as  it  is,  have  unavoidably  over-run  them;  but  I  hope, 
nevertheless,  that  nothing  essential  has  been  often  omitted,  either 
in  the  descriptions,  or  in  noticing  the  valuable  uses,  of  the  various 
Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines  of  the  State.  In  instances  where  the 
plant  is  well  known  and  needed  no  discrimination  from  similar  or 
kindred  species,  I  have  omitted  all  description,  as  being  in  such 
cases  superfluous.  But  whenever  one  is  tass  known,  or  may  be 
easily  confounded  with  others,  I  have  endeavored  to  present  all  the 
distinctive  characters  by  which  it  may  be  discriminated  from  them. 
How  far  I  have  been  successful  must  be  left  to  the  proof  hy  trial; 
but  I  am  pretty  confident  that  a  person  wholly  unpractised  in  this 
kind  of  investigation  can,  by  means  of  the  Tabular  View  given  at 
the  end  of  this  Report,  very  soon  learn  to  discriminate  and  find  the 
name  of  most  of  the  Woody  Plants  of  the  State. 


6  LETTER   TO    PROF.    EifM 

1  state  in  conclusion,  what  yon  were  not  before  aware  of, 
that  this  Report  is  one  of  the  fruits  of  your  long  continned  service 
in  the  field  of  Science.  M\  first  knowledge  of  the  elemei. 
terms  ot  Botany  was  derived  from  yourself  and  your  distinguished 
Preceptor,  Prof.  Eaton,  at  the  beginning  of  your  public  career. 
Though  I  was  then  too  young  to  be  admitted  to  your  course  of  in- 
struction, an  impulse  was  then  given  which  never  abated,  and  now, 
forty  years  afterward,  returns  back  to  you  with  this  humble  offer- 
ing. The  contribution  is,  therefore,  most  appro;  pat  into 
your  hands  by 

Your  friend  and  servant, 

A.  CUKnfl 


INDEX. 

[X.  B.     Xarues  in  Italics  are  synonymes  of  others  :n  the  Index] 


PAGE. 

Alder 108 

Dwarf,    .  106 

"       White,    .  100 

(Andromeda,)  .  .  !'0 

Apple,   Crab,    ..  09 

Arbor  Yita\   ...  109 

Arrow  Wood,  . .  90 

(Ascyram,)  ....  110 

Ash,* 53 

"     Mountain,  .  70 

"     Prickly.  . . .  91-103 

■•     Stinking,    .  53 

Aspen 73 

i  Atragene,) 120 

Balsam, 36 

Bamboo,    116 

Barbery 84 

Bass    Wood,    ...  7S 

Bay,  Loblolly,   .  80 

,:     Red.    ......  68 

11     Sweet,    ...  66 

Bearberry,    ...  86 

Bear  Grass. 94 

Beech 47 

M       Water,  ..  76 

Birch 73 

Bittersweet,    ...  119 

Blackberry 88 

Bladder  Nut,    .  .  107 

Box 107 

Box  Elder 53 

Box  Wood,    ....  60 

Buckeye 4S 

(Buckleya.) 105 

Buckthorn 65 

"      Carolina,  92 

Buffalo  Tree,   ..  95 

Burning  Bush,  .  102 

Bursting    Heart,  102 

Butternut 45 

Button  Bush,   . .  107 

Button  Wood,   .  76 

Cabbage  Tree,   .  64 

Calico  Bush,    . .  99 

Cane, 109 

Canoe  Wood,  . .  77 


PAQ& 

(Cassandra,)  ...     97 

Catalpa 50 

Cedar,  Red 71     . 

"     White,  .  .  .     38 

Cherry 56 

Chestnut,    46 

China  Root,    ...   116 
China  Tree,   ...     65 
Chinquapin,   ...     47 
Choke  Berry.   . .      69 
(Cocculus, )  ....  117 

Coffee  Tree,    ...     50 
Coral    Berry,    .  .      87 
(Cornus,)  ......      01 

Cotton  Tree,  ...     73 

Cranberry 87 

Creeper,    Virg'n,  114 

Cross  Vine, US 

Cucumber   Tree,     07-8 
Currant,    ......     85 

Cypress,    29 

(Darby  a,) 105 

(Decumaria.)  .  .  .  119 
Deer  Berry,  ...  86 
Devil's     Shoe 

Strings,  ......     87-91 

Devil  Wood,  ...  57 
Dew  Berry,  ...  88 
Dog  Wood 60 

Do.  Striped,  52 
Eglantine,  ....  89 
Elder 89 

-      Marsh,    ..   108 

Elm, 54-5 

Fern,  Sweet,  .  .  .  106 
Fetter  Bush,  ...  95 
Ft  i\r  Bush,  ...     91 

Fir 26 

Fish  W.od,   102 

Flowering  Moss,  110 
(Forsteronia,)  . .  119 
Fringe   Tree,    . .     95 

Gall  Berry,    60 

Goose  Berry,    . .     84—5 
Goose  Berry,    .  .     86 
Grapes,   111-115 


PAGE. 

Groundsel 108 

Gum,  Black 69 

"     Sweet 77 

Hackbcrry 01 

Hardback, 103 

Hazel  Not 106 

Hazel,    Witch,    .  .  106 

Haw,  Black,    89-90 

"     Red 82-3 

Heath,  False,    ...  100 

He  tn  lock,  96 

Hemlock    Spruce,     27 

Hickory 43—4 

Hobble  Bush,   ...     91 

Holly,    58 

"      Dahoon,  . .     58 
Honeysuckle,    ...     98 

Hop  Tree 107 

Hornbeam 75 

"         Hop,    .     75 
Huckleberry,    .  . .     85-6-7 

He,  .  105 

(Hudsonia.)    110 

Hydrangea,    ....  100-1 

(Ilex,)    59-60 

Indian  Physic,  .  .      68 

Ink  Berry 60 

Iron  Wood,    75 

(Itea,)    100 

Ivy,    99 

Jessamine,    119 

Juniper,    28 

Laurel 97 

41     Bij, 66 

"     Dog, 96 

"     High  Bush,     65 

"     Sheep,     ...     99 

Leather  Wood,  .  .     92 

(Leucothoe,)  ....     96 

Lime  Tree,   78 

linden 78 

Linn  Tree,    79 

Locust,  48-9 

"      Honey,    . .     49 

Loosestrife, 109 

Magnolia,    66 


VIII 


INDEX. 


.... 

Mistletoe 



M 

Mulberry 

i:  : 
id, 

Wax. 

Ni  n  e  Bai    .    . 

Oak 

Oil  Nut 

Beard, 

Palmetto 

•■     Dwarf,  . 



'• 

'•     Sweet,    . 

•■<',     .  . 

mason,  . . . 

PilK-S,       ....... 

Planer  Tree,  .  . 

Pin 

PIuiIlS 

Poison  ( >ak,  . . . 
Poison  Vine,  .  . 

"*,)  • 
Pond  Bush,   . . 


77 

103  "      Carolina, 
Pride  oi  India.   . 

7.7-101   Privet 91 

116  Queen   of   the 

Meadow 

Raspberry,    

71  Rattan,  .'. 117 

•  .'1 .",n 

100  Red  i:  »t,   ....   104 

1".;  Reed 109 

61  ...   109 

104  Rose 

104  _-<ivtia.  | 117 

SarsapariUa,  ...    116 
Big,  .   lie 

Sheep  Berry,   . .     90 
......... 

w  Drop  Tree, 

Sorrel  Tree 

ir  Wood,   ... 
100 

irkleberry,   .  . 
Spice  Bush,  .    .  .      91 

•     Spruce -J  7 

Stag  -  •.   .     96 

(Stillingia,) LOS 

I  .  Strawb'ry   Bush,   102 

Stuartia,      108 

118  Sumach 

110  "      Mountain,     70 

Supnlc  Jack,    ..    110 


Brier,  .  .  . 

PAGE 

89 

'    Fi  in,  .  . . 

106 

Sweet  Leaf,  .... 

Sweet  Shrub,   .  . 

re 

101 

Tangle  Legs,   . . 

■.a 

Thorn 

Tooth 

103 

Trailing  Arbutus 

,  110 

Trumpet    Flower 

,  118 

Tulip  Tree,    .... 

77 

Tupi  lo 

02 

Umbrella  Tree,  . 

81 

Virginia   Creeper,   116 

er, 

in 



51 

Walnut 

45 

Work,   ... 

119 

Wayfarer's    Tree 

.     91 

White  Wood,    .. 

77   - 

Wicky 

Wild 

.      91 

Wild  Ginger,   .  . 

120 

Willow 

.      7" 

II",.     ',    ,■"       1   !>/,       .    . 

.     60 

. 

.     94 

Ibine 

115 

Yellow  Root,  .  .  . 

104 

fellow  Wood,   . 

.      65 

59 

PREFACE. 


The  Plants  of  North-Carolina  have  long  been  considered  by 
Botanists  as  unsurpassed  in  variety  and  beauty  by  those  of  any 
States  of  the  Union,  excepting:  a  few  ot  those  which  lie  upon  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Flora  of  this  State  should  properly  be  re- 
garded as  forming  the  transition  between  the  Northern  and  South- 
ern Botanical  Districts,  as  it  is  within  our  boundaries  that  many  of 
the  Northern  plants  have  their  Southern  limits,  and  some  of  those 
which  form  a  peculiar  feature  of  Southern  vegetation  commence. 
Of  the  latter  species  are  the  Pond  Pine,  several  Magnolias, 
Palmetto,  &c.  There  is  still  another  circumstance  which  gives  a 
much  greater  variety  to  our  vegetation  than  could  be  derived 
from  mere  difference  of  2£  degrees  of  latitude  between  her 
Northern  and  Southern  boundaries.  The  Mountains  on  the  West- 
ern border  of  the  State  are  several  hundred  feet  higher  than  any 
others  in  the  Union,  so  that  the  difference  of  elevation  between 
these  and  our  sea-coast  occasions  a  difference  of  vegetation  equal 
to  that  of  10  or  12  degrees  of  latitude.  Thus  upon  the  higher 
summits  are  found  species  such  as  belong  to  the  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  those  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  New  York,  and  to 
Canada.  The  intervening  ranges  of  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania 
partake,  in  part  only,  of  the  same  peculiarities,  but  the  greater 
elevation  of  some  of  our  summits  permits  the  growth  of  some 
species  which  are  unknown  between  them  and  the  Northern  regions 
above  mentioned. 

In  the  distribution  of  Plants  over  the  State  we  have  three  dis- 
tinctly marked  Districts,  as  well  characterized  by  their  Flora  as  by 
their  Geological  features.  As  in  the  Geology  of  the  State  the 
peculiar  formation  of  one  District  may  penetrate,  overlie,  or  under- 
lie that  of  another,  yet  the  predominating  characters  of  each  be 
sufficiently  marked  and  striking  to  arrest  the  notice  of  the  most 
casual  observer;  so  it  is  with  the  vegetation  of  these  Districts. 
The  analogy  of  distribution  between  the  objects  of  these  sciences 
may  be  extended  still  further.  For  as,  in  the  one  case,  we  often 
2 


PREFACE. 


meet  with  misplaced  Rocks,  so,  in  the  other,  the  Botanist  is  some- 
times surprised  by  meeting  with  species  of  Plants  quite  out  of 
their  proper  range,  and  for  whose  location  it  is  not  always  easy  to 
account.  Thus  the  Cranherry,  an  inhabitant  of  elevated  regions 
and  not  uncommon  in  our  Mountain  Marshes,  is  also  found,  to  a 
limited  extent,  in  the  low  lands  of  the  Northeastern  part  of  the 
State.  The  beautiful  Calico  Bush,  or  fry,  rarely  found  but  in 
rocky  regions,  as  in  the  mountains  or  along  the  rocky  banks  of 
water  courses,  occurs  abundantly  in  the  Dismal  Swamp,  especially 
along  the  line  of  the  Canal.  The  pretty  Roanole  B<ll  (Mertensia 
Yirginica,)  a  native  of  the  Mountains,  is  scattered  along  the  banks 
of  the  River  from  which,  in  this  State,  it  derives  its  name,  as  far 
down  as  Halifax  county.  In  this  last  case,  and  perhaps  in  some 
others,  we  may  suppose  that  seeds  have  been  carried  down  by 
streams  which  head  in  the  mountains.  Rut  in  regard  to  some 
species,  as  the  fragrant  Wintenjreen  or  Jfou?itai?i  Tea  (Gaultheria 
procumbens,)  they  sometimes  attain  such  a  wide  distribution  in 
their  new  (?)  position,  and  at  such  a  distance  from  the  larger  streams, 
as  to  suggest  a  doubt  whether  they  are  not  truly  indigenous  to  the 
spots  they  occupy.  Still,  as  above  remarked,  the  general  aspect  of 
the  vegetation  of  either  region  is  no  more  affected  by  these  rare 
exceptions,  than  is  that  of  the  geological  features  of  a  district  by  a 
few  scattering  boulders.  The  most  careless  observer  can  not  fail 
to  observe  how  essentially  the  vegetation  changes,  as  he  passes 
from  our  sandy  low  country  into  the  red  clay  region  of  the  middle 
country.  The  difference  is  as  remarkable  as  that  of  the  soils.  The 
absence  of  the  Long-leaf  Pine  marks  the  transition  to  the  Middle 
Botanical  District.  A  line  drawn  from  Blakely  on  the  Roanoke,  in 
the  direction  of  Cheraw  on  the  Pee  Dee,  will  very  nearly  indicate  the 
Western  termination  of  the  Lower  District;  although  the  actual 
boundary  limit  between  these  two  is  as  irregular  as  a  line  of  sea- 
coast,  which,  very  probably,  this  once  was.  Occasionally,  as  before 
hinted,  the  vegetation  of  the  Lower  District  is  found  considerably 
overlapping  that  of  the  Middle,  and  the  Ijnuj-leaf  Pine  to  occur 
some  miles  within  the  red  clay  region.  Thus  a  patch  of  this  tree 
may  be  seen  on  the  gravelly  hills  eight  miles  west  of  Wadeeborp', 
which  is  probably  the  most  western  limit  of  its  appearance  within 
the  State.  Not  unfrequently  also  there  are  found  small  portions 
of  land  in  the  Middle  District,  very  much  resembling  the  Savannas 


PREFACE.  XI 

and  low  pine  woods  of  the  Lower,  the  soil  being  sandy,  turfed  with 
coarse  grasses,  and  shaded  with  Short-leaved  Pines.  In  these  situa- 
tions, which  are  met  with  as  far  West  as  Henderson  county,  will 
always  be  found  some  species  of  plants,  which,  except  in  such 
places,  are  peculiar  to  the  Lower  District. 

The  Lower  District  might  easily  be  divided  into  three  Botanical 
regions,  each  characterized  by  certain  species  of  plants  of  well  de- 
lined  range.  These  will  be  only  indicated,  as  details  are  unneces- 
sary to  the  purpose  in  view.  The  first  region  includes  only  the 
line  of  sea-coast  which  produces  maritime  species,  or  those  which 
grow  only  within  the  influence  of  a  saline  atmosphere.  These  are 
not  numerous,  and  the  only  ones  of  much  note  are  the  Live  Oak  and 
Palmetto.  The  second  region  extends  inland  as  far  as  the  Long 
Moss  is  produced.     The  third,  from  thence  to  the  Middle  District. 

The  Middle  District  reaches  westward  to  the  base  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  In  this  the  forests  are  characterized  by  a  predominance  of 
Oak*,  as  the  Lower  is  by  the  presence  of  Pines.  It  is  far  less  pro- 
ductive of  rare  and  peculiar  plants,  than  either  of  the  others. 
Though  it  furnishes  some  that  do  not  belong  to  the  others,  the  great 
majority  ot  them  are  common  over  a  large  portion  of  the  Southern 
and  Middle  States.  I  can  not  recal  any  one  species  which  can  be 
considered  as  giving  a  character  to  this  district  distinct  frota  that 
of  the  States  lying  north  or  south  of  it.  There  are,  indeed,  a  few 
of  the  smaller  plants  which  are  not  found  elsewhere,  bus  these  are 
so  rare  and  inconspicuous  as  not  to  foi  m  a  noticeable  feature  in  the 
vegetation  of  this  district. 

The  LTpper  or  Mountain  District  is  as  peculiar  and  interesting  in 
its  vegetable  products,  as  it  is  attractive  in  its  scenery.  The  as- 
cent of  every  hundred  feet  presents  new  and  varying  species,  un- 
til we  reach  the  region  of  the  dark  and  sonabre  Firs,  where  we 
have  a  vegetation  almost  entirely  Northern*  There  is  also  a  strik- 
ing peculiarity  in  the  vegetation  of  these  higher  regions,  which 
can  rarely  fail  to  arrest  the  eye  of  a  visitor  from  the  Lower  or  Mid- 
dle Districts,  in  the  profusion  of  graceful  Ferns  and  delicate  Mosses 
that  cover  the  earth,  and  of  numerous  and  various  colored  Lichens 
that  clothe  the  rocks  and  trees.  These,  for  the  most  part,  are  iden- 
tical with  species  found  in  the  mountains  of  the  Northern  States. 
and  many  are  common  to  similar  situations  in  the  Old  World ; 
though  there  are  some  which,  seem  to  be  confined  to  our  own 


xu 

mountains.     In  these  orders  of  Plants  this  district  abounds  much 
beyond  tiie  product  <»f  all  the  rest  c»t*  tl     Su  e,  and  lie 
in  their  -  ircely  find  elsewhere  a  more  luxur 

for  r  collection.       Bat  not  less   peculiar,  and  wl 

still  iix-re  likely  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  eomirn  b     ver. 

arc  the  variety  and  beau-  I  ornamental  shrubs, 

>und  in   no  other  part  of"  the  State.     Indeed,  in  all 
elements  wl 

tha-  tedS  nts  thein  in  hap- 

pier combination,   in  greater   j-c  -r  in  lars. 

do  tlie  i  :ia.   esp- 

i  Hayw 
levation  and  extent  of  our  Mountains,  - 
-  of  plants  to  much  higher  latin 

ber  peculiar  to  the  Southern  ranges,  it  is  not  snrpris 
Mountains  attracted   the  early  attention 
an-.]  ontinued  to  be  visited  by  a  larger  numb'. 

:hcr  portion  of  our  country,     A  brief  ace 
oft"  .  -      \  ho  have  examined  other  par 

II  be  an  appropriate  introduction  to  the  accompanying 
list  and  description  of  the  objects  by  them  lirst  brought  to  public 
not 

itram,  of  Philadelphia,   visited  the 
Cherokee  in  ]77»;.     He  also  paesed  through  the  lowei  -        oof 
iteresting  volume  of  his  "Travels"  was 
I  the  book  has  been  long  out  of  print. 
A  '  x.  under  the  patronage  of  the  French  governn. 

viail  -.une  region  in  17s7.     In  the  following  year  he  explored 

twu  tains  of  Burke  and   Yancey  counties,  y^g 

awav  in  the  Fall  2£       -  1,8    rubs  and  Plants.     En 

1  the  same  region,  ascending  Linville,  Black, 
Yell  grandfather  and  Table  Mountains.     In  the  foil 

ing  year  he  twice  passed  over  portions  of  the  same.     Tiaditioi- 
this  indefatigable  and  eccentric  traveller  are  current  in  the  westers. 
con:  M  are  probably  yet  living  who  remember  him. 

The  late  Col.  Davenport,  of  the  Yadkin  Valley,  was  his  .guide  on 
raJ  occasions.     A  very  large  and  interesting  portion  of  our 
Mountain  species  was  first  discovered  by  Michaux,  and  published 
in  his  Floba  Boriuli-Americasa,  which  is  yet  a -standard  and 


PREFACE. 


xiii 


classical  work  in  Botanical  literature.     With  rare  exceptions   his 
species  have  been  since  identified  l>y  other  explorers. 

Mr.  Fraser,  a  Scotchman,  made  botanical  collections  in  our 
mountains  between  the  years  1787  and  17S9.  Under  the  patronage 
of  the  Russian  government  he  explored  them  again  in  17!>9,  ac- 
companied by  his  eldest  son.  It  was  on  this  journey  that  the 
splendid  Laurel,  or  Rhododendron  Catavvbiense  of  Botanists,  was 
discovered,  which,  with  the  varieties  obtained  by  skilful  cultivation, 
was  for"  fomg  the  pride  of  the  English  Florists.  Both  revisited  the 
country  in  1S<»7.  After  the  decease  of  the  father  in  1S1 1 ,  the 
younger  Frazer  returned  hither  and  passed  several  years  in  diligent 
examination  of  the  Mountains,  annually  sending  large  quantities 
of  ornamental  plants  and  seeds  to  Great  Britain.  lie  is  well  and 
respectfully  remembered  by  those  who  made  his  acquaintance, 
especially  in  Burke  county. 

M0N8.  Delile,  French  Consul  at  Wilmington,  in  the  early  part 
of  this  century,  sent  valuable  collections  of  plants  from  the  Cape 
Fear  region  to  Paris,  which  are  acknowledged  in  the  writings  of 
several  European  authors. 

Mr.  John  Lyon,  of"  Great.  Britain,  was  an  assiduous  collector  of 
our  plants,  and  contributed  very  largely  of  our  most  interesting 
species  to  the  English  gardens.  lie  probably  was  in  our  mountain 
region  previous  to  1S<)2,  but  of  this  I  have  no  positive  information. 
He,  however,  spent  several  years  there  at  a  subsequent  period,  and 
died  at  Asheville  in  September.  1S14,  aged  49  years.  A  plain 
marble  stone  marks  his  last  resting  place  in  the  grave-yard  at  Ashe- 
ville. A  manuscript  Flora,  which  he  seems  to  have  compiled  for 
convenient  use  as  a  manual,  from  such  works  as  had  then  been 
published  on  American  plants,  is  now  in  my  possession. 

F.  A  MrciiAix,  son  of  the  Miehanx  mentioned  above,  and  who 
accompanied  his  father  in  some  of  his  visits  to  this  country,  tra- 
versed a  portion  of  our  mountain  district  in  1Si>2.  The  result  of 
his  explorations  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  is  contained  in  his 

2  ■  work  on  the  Forest  Trees  of  North  America,*  illustrated 
with  beautiful  colored  Plates.     I  am  much  indebted  to  this  valua- 


*  An  exquisitely  beautiful  edition  of  this  work,  was  published  in  1857,  by  Kice 
and  Hart  of  Philadelphia,  in  five  volumes  ;— the  last  two  added  to  the  original 
work  by  Mr.  Nuttall. 


XIV  1'liKFACE. 

ble  work  for  information  upon  the  economical  value  of  our  timber 
trees  given  in  the  following  description  of  our  Woody  PlanN. 

Frederic  Pursh,  a  German,  author  of  a  valuable  Flora  of  North 
America,  and  who  travelled  extensively  in  the  Northern  and  Mid- 
dle States,  pretends  to  have  extended  his  journeying*  to  North- 
Carolina  ;  but  his  statement  is  deemed  rather  more  than  doubt- 
ful. 

Mr.  Kin,  a  German  Nurseryman,  living  at  Philadelphia,  visited 
our  State  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century.  He  was  a  man 
of  little  cultivation,  not.  properly  a  Botanist,  and  his  discoveries 
were  published  by  others. 

Thomas  Ndttall,  an  Englishman,  but  long  a  resident  in  this 
country,  a  most  accomplished  Botanist,  who  has  contributed  as 
much  as  any  one  man  to  the  discovery  and  elucidation  of  the  floral 
treasures  of  North  America,  examined  portions  of  our  mountain 
ami  lower  districts.  He  is  the  author  of  Genera  of  North  Ameri- 
can Plants,  and  of  many  important  botanical  papers  in  the  scien- 
tific journals  of  this  country.     He  died  in  1859. 

H.  B.  Croom,  E>q.,  and  Dr.  H.  Loomis,  made  a  pretty  careful 
exploration  of  the  vicinity  of  Newbern,  and  their  observations  were 
published,  in  1S33,  in  a  Catalogue  of  Plants  of  Newbern  and  vicini- 
ty. A  second  and  enlarged  Catalogue  was  printed  in  1887  by  Mr. 
Croom.  In  this  the  services  of  Mr.  Geo.  Wilson  are  acknowl- 
edged for  valuable  contributions  to  the  knowledge  of  plants  around 
Newbern. 

In  1833,  I  published,  in  the  Boston  Jonrnal  of  Natural  History, 
an  Enumeration  of  the  Plants  growing  around  Wilmington,  the 
fruit  of  diligent  examination  made  during  a  residence  there  of  two 
years  and  a  half.  Occasional  visits  since  made  have  increased  the 
number  of  species  known  in  that  most  interesting  locality,  the 
Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  of  which  exceed  one  thousand. 

Dr.  James  F.  MoRee,  of  Wilmington,  has  devoted  much  time  to 
a  study  of  the  Plants  of  that  neighborhood,  and  the  completeness 
of  the  above  Knuineration  is  not  a  little  due  to  his  observation  and 
assistance. 

The  late  Rev.  Dr.  L.  D.  von  Sen  w  kin  it/.,  of  Salem,  has  contri- 
buted very  largely  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Botany  of  this  State,  par- 
ticularly in  its  lower  orders,  or  those  having  no  proper  flowers,  as 
Mosses,  Fungi,  &c.     In  these  departments  he  was  the  most  expert 


PREFACE.  XV 

and  accomplished  Botanist  that  our  country  has  produced.  In 
1821  he  printed  at  Raleigh  a  small  Tract  of  27  pages  upon  the 
Hepatic  Mosses  or  Livencorte^  most  of  which  he  had  observed  near 
Salem.  In  1820  lie  published  in  a  Scientific  journal  at  Leipsic  a 
paper  upon  the  Fungi  of  North  Carolina,  containing  descriptions 
of  a  large  number  of  species  previously  unknown,  some  of  which 
are  illustrated  by  very  good  figures.  A  similar  paper  upon  the 
Fungi  of  the  United  States,  printed  in  1831  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Philosophical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  contains  a  large  amount  of 
North-Carolina  species  not  included  in  the  former  paper.  These 
were  the  first  treatises  of  the  kind  produced  in  this  country,  and  the 
list  of  species  given  in  the  following  report  will  embrace  a  large 
number  derived  from  them.  This  learned  and  most  estimable 
gentleman,  a  worthy  descendant  of  the  celebrated  Count  Zinzendorf, 
departed  this  life,  February,  1834,  at  the  age  of  54  years. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Mitchell,  during  one  period  of  his  Professorship 
at  our  University,  was  an  assiduous  cultivator  of  Botanical  Science, 
and  had  made  a  considerable  collection  of  specimens,  which  he 
generously  shared  with  Dr.  Schweinitz  and  myself.  I  am  indebt- 
ed to  him  for  several  species  which  had  otherwise  been  yet  un- 
known to  our  North-Carolina  Flora.  A  species  of  Carex,  named 
after  him,  commemorates  his  devotion  to  the  beautiful  science. 
This  is  a  petty  tribute  to  his  name  ;  but  others  have  honored  it  in 
better  proportion  to  its  worth.  Mt.  Mitchell,  the  loftiest  summit 
of  the  Black  Mountain  range,  the  witness  of  his  laudable  triumph 
when  he  first  ascertained  its  surpassing  height,  and  which  alone 
saw  the  sad  catastrophe  of  his  death  in  the  darkness  of  night  and 
storm,  is  his  noble  monument  and  his  tomb. 

Dr.  Cyrus  L.  Hunter,  of  Lincoln  county,  has  devoted  consider- 
able attention  to  the  study  of  Plants  in  his  vicinity,  and  I  am  in- 
debted to  him  for  information  which  will  be  acknowledged  in  an- 
other place.  He  published  in  the  Charlotte  Journal  (for  1834?)  a 
list  of  such  plants  as  he  had  observed  in  his  neighborhood. 

Prof.  A.  Gray,  of  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  John  Carey, 
Esq.,  of  New  York,  examined  the  principal  mountains  of  Ashe  and 
Yancey  in  1841,  and  detected  several  species  of  plants  which  had 
escaped  the  notice  of  previous  investigators.  An  interesting  ac- 
count of  this  expedition  may  be  found  in  an  article  by  Prof.  Gray 
in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  XLII,  to  which  I  am  in- 


XVI  PREFACE. 

debted  for  much  of  the  information  here  given  of  the  early  explor- 
ers of  our  alpine  district. 

The  same  distinguished  Botanist,  with  Mr.  Stluvant  of  Ohio,  in 
lv4."!,  entered  our  mountains  from  Virginia,  the  former  continuing 
along  the  range  to  Georgia;  the  latter  leaving  the  State  by  t he 
French  Broad  River.  The  results  of  this  tour  have  not  been  form- 
ally published.  Large  collections,  however,  were  made  by  Prof. 
Gray  for  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Cambridge  ;  and  two  beautiful  vol- 
umes of  specimens  of  Mossts  and  /.  rf»  were  prepared  by  Mr. 
Sullivant,  which  were  gratuitously  distributed  among  Naturalists 
in  this  country  and  Europe.  In  a  subsequent  year  Mr.  S.  made  a 
Botanical  reconnoisance  in  the  low  country  of  North-Carolina. 

Mr.  S.  B.  Buckley  has  also  made  valuable  contributions  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  Flora  of  Western  Carolina.  In  1S42,  he  entered 
the  State  by  the  Hiwassee  River,  spending  the  summer  in  a  care- 
ful examination  of  the  principal  summits  and  water-courses  as  far 
as  Yancey  county.  Several  new  species  were  detected  by  this 
gentleman  and  published  in  Vol.  XLYot  Silliman's  Journal.  Since 
the  above  date  he  has  made  several  visits  to  the  same  region. 

Mr.  Rugkl,  a  German  collector  of  plants,  spent  some  time  in  our 
mountains  in  1842.  His  discoveries  were  published  by  Shurtle- 
wortk  and  others. 

Mr.  Dow,  a  3'oung  Botanist,  traversed  the  whole  length  of  our 
mountain  range  in  1S44-,  but  I  have  never  learned  if  his  observa- 
tions and  discoveries  have  been  made  public. 

The  writer  of  this,  during  a  residence  near  the  mountains  in 
1*.;5-'C,  had  occasional  opportunities  of  visiting  the  high  ranges  in 
Burke  and  Yancey,  a-  also  the  counties  of  Lincoln,  Mecklenburg, 
and  Caldwell.  In  1S39,  he  spent  the  summer  in  traversing  the 
mountains  from  Ashe  to  Ge»  rgia.  A  visit  of  a  few  weeks  was  again 
made  to  Ashe  and  Yancey  in  lv4.r>;  and  another  in  1854  !•■  Ban- 
combe  and  Henderson.  Besides  Miese,  a  residence  of  some  years 
in  various  portions  of  the  middle  and  lower  sections  of  the  State, 
comprising  in  all  about  20  years,  lias  given  him  opportunities  of 
becoming  acquainted  with  the  vegetable  productions  of  the  State, 
of  which  he  has  assiduously  availed  himself,  and  the  results  have 
been  published  in  various  journals  in  this  country  and  England. 
The  accompanying  li>t  pi  species  contains  all  that  is  known  of  the 
plants  of  North-Carolina  ;  a  longer  list  than  has  yet  been  publish- 
ed of  any  State  in  the  Union. 


PREFACE.  Xvii 

It  may  be  expected,  perhaps,  that  in  enumerating  those  who 
have  contributed  to  a  knowledge  of  the  natural  productions  of  our 
State,  I  should  not  omit  a  notice  of  Lawson's  History  of  North- 
Carolina,  the  first  printed  work  devoted  to  this  subject.  But 
besides  that  this  book  is  now  nearly  inaccessible,  there  being  but 
a  single  copy  in  the  State,  we  cannot  always  recognize  the  objects 
described  in  it,  the  application  of  Indian  names  being  lost,  and 
that  of  English  names  rather  variable  and  uncertain.  So  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  authenticate  species  noticed  by  Lawson  and 
other  old  journalists  quoted  in  Dr.  Hawks'  History  of  North- 
Carolina,  I  have  done  so  in  the  April  No.  (1S60)  of  the  North- 
Carolina  University  Magazine.  The  information  upon  the  Natural 
History  of  the  State  contained  in  their  works  is  now  of  no  scientific 
or  economical  value,  and  their  errors  in  statement  are  not  few. 

In  the  following  arrangement  of  our  Woody  Plants,  I  shall  not 
be  governed  by  established  scientific  rules,  but  shall  adapt  it,  as 
well  as  I  can,  to  the  comprehension  of  those  who  know  nothing  at 
all  of  Botany  as  a  science.  I  hope,  in  this  manner,  so  to  present 
our  Trees  Shbubs  and  Cumbers,  that  the  most,  if  not  all  of  them, 
shall  be  easily  recognized  with  very  small  expenditure  of  patience 
and  study.  The  well  known  popular  names  applied  to  most  of  the 
species  and  genera  will  greatly  facilitate  the  success  of  this  ar- 
rangement. 

The  above  mentioned  Divisions  will  be  sub-divided  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  fruit  in  each,  some  groups  having  cones,  like  the 
Pines;  some,  nuts,  like  Oaks  and  Hickories;  others,  fleshy  or 
pulpy  fruit,  like  the  Apple  and  Plum.  A  tabular  view  of  this 
classification  will  be  given  at  the  end  of  this  Report. 

**~  The  scientific  names  will,  in  all  cases,  correspond  with  those* 
in  Dr.  Chapman's  Flora  of  the  Southern  United  States. 


THE    TREES 


NORTH-CAROIiIN  -A. 


PINES. 


These  have  their  fruit  in  large  scaly  cones,  popularly  called 
burs,  and  have  evergreen  needle-shaped  leaves,  two  to  five  enclosed 
in  a  sheath  at  their  base. 

1.  Yellow  Piste.  (Pinus  mitis,  Michx.)  This,  with  us,  is  called 
Short-leaved  Pine  and  Spruce  Pine.  The  first  is  objectionable, 
because  we  have  at  least  two  species  with  shorter  leaves;  and  the 
second,  because  another  is  more  appropriately  called  by  that  name. 
I  have  therefore  adopted  the  name  by  which  it  is  known  in  the 
Middle  States,  and  recommend  its  use  here,  as  it  is  much  to  be 
desired  that  there  be  a  greater  uniformity  in  the  popular  designa- 
tions of  our  forest  trees.  In  the  great  confusion  now  prevalent,  it 
is  often  quite  impossible  to  ascertain  what  is  meant  by  the  names 
of  our  most  common  trees  and  other  plants.  This  is  perhaps  the 
most  widely  diffused  of  all  our  Pines,  it  being  common  from  New 
England  to  Florida,  mostly  in  light  clay  soils.  With  us  it  is  found 
from  the  coast  to  the  mountains,  but  more  rarely  in  the  Lower  Dis- 
trict, and  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  most  of  our  upland  for- 
ests. It  is  from  40  to  60  feet  high,  with  a  circumference  of  4  or  .". 
and  even  6  feet.  The  limbs  on  the  upper  part  of  the  tree  are  more 
inclined  towards  the  trunk  than  those  of  our  other  species,  so  as  to 
give  somewhat  of  a  pyramidal  form  to  the  top.  The  leaves  are  'J 
to  5  inches  long,  generally  two,  but  sometimes  three,  in  a  sheath. 
The  cone  or  bur  is  the  smallest  of  all  our  species,  rarely  attaining 
a  length  of  2  inches,  the  tips  of  the  scales  armed  with  slender  short 
prickles.  The  heart-wood  is  fine  grained  and  but  moderately  re- 
sinous ;  but  the  sap-wood  soon  decays.     The  timber  is  extensively 


'2   '  THE    TREKS    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA. 

1  in  lionse  and  ship  building,  though  not  deemed  so  valuable 
as  that  of  the  Long-leaf.  When  grown  in  very  rich  soils.  I  believe 
its  timber  is  coarser  thau  when  raised  in  less  fertile  iand. 

%  .!  -  Pins.  (P.  mope,  Ait  — This  tree  is  generally  con- 
founded in  tiii?  State  with   the  preceding,  and   also  called  8h 

Pine.  In  some  parts  of  the  country  it  is 
known  also  under  the  names  of  i  .  /•.'■'■■■/■.  and  Scrub  Pine. 
The  name  which  I  have  adopted,  after  Michanx,  seems  to  have 

j'nated  from  its  being  a  prevalent  tree  in  New  Jersey,  where 
it  ha-  it-  northern  limit,  and  from  whence  it  is  found,  <>n  barren 
and  gravelly  hills,  to  the  tipper  part  of  Georgia.  In  such  situations 
it  is  found  in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts  of  this  State,  but 
nowhere  very  abundant.     It  is  from  2"  I  I  high,  and  19  to 

15  inches  in  diameter,  with  rather  distant,  spreading  and  drooping 
branches.  The  yonng  brandies  are  smoother  in  this  than  in  other 
species.  The  leaves  are  two  in  a  sheath.  1  to  *2  inches  long,  shout 
half  the  length  of  those  of  the  preceding  species,  while  the  cones 
are  considerably  larger  than  in  that,  being  _  l  inches  long,  and 
armed  with  long'  stonter  sharp  prickles.      This   tree   is  too 

small,  often  crooked,  and  generally  with  too  much  s  <1.  to  be 

of  any  value. 

3.  Pan  ki.v  Pink,  i  P.  pnngens,  Mtehx.) — The  name  here  given 
is  but  a  translation  of  the  scientific  one.  as  I  could  never  'earn  that 
it  was  distinguished   from  the    )  i  /'  '■     by  the  inhabitants  of 

the  j    _  iere  it  grown.     In  some  books  it  is  cal  '  <nx- 

riginally  supposed  to  be  pretty  much 
confined  to  that  mountain  and  its  immediate  neighborhood.  But 
as  I  have  seen  it  from  the  mounts  irgtnia  and  Georgia,  and 

Mountain  in  this  State,  far  east  of  the  Pine  Ridge,  :md 
bars  found  it  common  on  all  the  eastern  spurs  of  the  Pine   Ri 
■never  west  of  it.i  in  the  northern  portion  of  our  mountain  ra: 
such  a  name  i?  too  local  t<>  be  at  all  appropriate.     This  species  is, 
however,  the  least  widely  1   of  any  North-American    Pine. 

The  tree  ?ery  symmetrical,  is  from  50  feet  high,  and 

12  to  i>(|  inches  in  diameter:  The  leaves  are  in  pairg,  a<  hi  the  two 
preceding-]  it  much    thicker  and  stitier  than  in  -those,  and 

about  i'A  incheslong.  Put  the  cones  give  the  chief  peculiarity  and 
interest  to  thi*  Pine.     Ti  f  a  light  yellow  color,  very  com- 

pact, 3  inches  long  and  -  inches  broad  at  the  base,  the  scales  armed 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTII-CAROLINA.  21 

with  very  broad  strong  sharp  spines,  which  are  one  sixth  of  an  inch 
long  and  bent  toward  the  top  of  the  cone.  In  the  strength  and 
sharpness  of  these  spines  we  have  no  other  species  witli  which  we 
can  compare  this.  I  have  never  learned  that  the  timber  of  this 
tree  is  of  any  special  value. 

4.  Pitch  Pink.  (P.  rigida,  Mill.) — Generally  known  by  this 
name,  but,  according  to  Michaux,  sometimes  called  Black  Pine  in 
Virginia.  I  think  it  is.  in  North-Carolina, confounded  with  the  Yel- 
low Pint,  as  I  have  not  heard  any  distinctive  name  for  it,  though 
its  leaves  are  in  threes,  (rarely  in  fours.)  3  to  5  inches  lonjr,  and 
more  rigid  than  in  the  latter.  The  tree  is  30  to  50  feet  high,  with 
a  rough  blackish  bark,  the  branches  numerous  and  occupying  two- 
thirds  of  the  trunk,  thus  rendering  the  wood  very  knotty.  The 
cones  are  2  or  3  inches  long,  of  a  light  brown  color,  of  en  growing 
in  clusters  of  3  to  5,  and  the  scales  having  sharp  reflexed  prickles. 
The  wood  is  compact  and  heavy,  filled  with  resin,  though  when 
grown  in  low  grounds  it  is  much  lighter  and  has  much  more  sap- 
wood.  It  is  a  good  deal  used  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  but 
being  inferior  to  the  Yellow  Pine,  and  much  less  common  with  us, 
it  is  not  deserving  of  much  consideration.  It  is  no  where  common 
in  this  State,  and  I  have  not  observed  it  any  where  east  of  Lincoln 
county,  though  it  is  probably  scattered  sparingly  through  the  Mid- 
dle District.  It  is  found  northward  as  far  as  New-England,  and 
southward.  I  think,  to  Georgia. 

5.  Poms  Pixe.  (P.  serotina,  Michx.) — This  has  considerable  re- 
semblance to  the  Pitch  Pine,  but  is  as  remarkable  for  its  scattered 
branches  as  that  is  for  its  crowded  ones.  They  are.  however,  in 
no  danger  of  being  confounded  in  this  State,  as  I  do  not  think  thev 
are  found  in  the  same  sections.  Put  it  is  very  frequently  confoun- 
ded in  the  low  country  with  the  PMolly  Pine,  though  very  read  Un- 
distinguished from  that  by  its  cones.  It  is  common  in  the  small 
swamps  or  bays  of  the  Lower  District,  in  company  with  8w  et  Bay, 
Sour  Gum,  &c,  and  occasionally  in  similar  situations  in  the  Mid- 
dle. It  sometimes  covers  pretty  large  tracts  of  rich  swampy  and 
peaty  lands,  but  never,  I  think,  constitutes  any  extensive  forest. 
In  some  localities  it  is  called  Savanna  Pine.  The  leaves  of  this 
species  are  in  threes,  and  5  to  7  inches  long.  The  cones  are  re- 
markable for  their  short,  form,  compared  with  their  size,  being  about 
2£  inches  long  and  5  in  circumference  at  their  base,  armed  wfth 


•_'•_'  TIIK   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

very  short  fragile  prickles.  They  grow  in  clusters,  often  surround- 
ing the  branch,  are  of  shining  light  brown  color,  and  remain  closed 

until  the  second  year.  They  are  deemed  ornamental  enoagb  to 
grace  the  mantel  in  some  houses.  This  tree  is  generally  abont  #0 
or  50  feet  in  bight,  bat  in  favorable  soils  rises  as  high/as  00  and 
even  SO  feet.  The  wood  is  of  better  and  more  durable  qualities 
than  that  of  the  Lohlolly,  and  is  occasionally  used  for  the  masts  of 
small  vessels.     It  is  nut  known  to  exist  north  of  this  State. 

0.  Loblolly  <  r  <  >i.n  Field  Pink.  (P.  Ta?da.) — This  tree  has  its 
northern  limit  in  or  near  the  District  of  Columbia,  gradually  be- 
coming more  abundant  to  the  southward,  until,  in  this  State,  it  is 
the  most  common  Pine,  next  to  the  Long-leaf*  in  the  lower  district. 
It  is  there  found  wherever  the  soil  is  dry  and  sandy,  as  well  as  in 
some  of  the  smaller  swamps;  but  is  replaced  by  the  Yellow  P 
<>n  clayey  and  gravelly  soils.  In  exhausted  fields  out  of  cultivation 
it  almost  invariably  springs  up,  which  gives  the  origin  of  one,  and 
in  this  State  the  most  common,  of  its  names.  Its  leaves  are  from 
'*.  to  10  inches  long,  clustered  by  threes  (very  rarely  2  or  4,)  in  a 
sheath.  The  cones  are  3  to  5  inches  long,  the  scales  armed  with 
rather  strong  sharp  prickles.  The  trunk  rises  to  the  height  of  50 
and  7t  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2  and  3  feet,  and  has  a  spreading 
top.  The  wood  is  sapp}'  and  coarse-grained,  liable  to  warp  and 
shrink,  and  soon  decays  on  exposure.  It  is  among  the  least  valua- 
ble of  our  Pines,  but  is  sometimes  applied  to  inferior  uses.  It  af- 
fords a  good  deal  of  Turpentine,  which  is  less  fluid  than  that  from 
the  Long-leaf ".  This  tree  extends  somewhat  into  the  Middle  Dis- 
trict. 

I  am  indebted  for  the  knowledge  of  an  important  variety  of  this 
tree,  known  as  the  Swamp  or  Slash  Pine,  and  about  Wilmington 
a-  Rotemary  /''/>■,  to  some  articles  in  Kussel's  Magazine,  written 
by  Mr.  Edmund  Puffin,  of  Virginia,  who  has  made  a  careful  ex- 
amination of  the  characters  and  habits  of  our  southern  Pines.  He 
says  :  "This  .Slash  Pine]  tree  grows  only  on  low  and  moist  land, 
and  is  the  better  for  timber,  and  grows  larger  in  proportion  to  the 
greater  richness  of  the  land.  It  is  the  principal  and  largest  timber 
Pine  in  the  original  forests  of  all  the  low,  flat  and  firm  but  moist 
lands  bordering  on  Albemarle  Sound,  and  also  farther  South  ;  and 
I  have  seen  it  growing  as  well,  but  much  more  sparsely,  on  the 
rich  swampy  borders  of  the  Roanoke  and  in  the  best  Gum  lands 


THE   TREES    OF  NORTH-CAROLINA.  2d 

bordering  on  the  Dismal  Swamp,  and  some  on  the  low  bottom  lands 
of  Tar  River.  Among  the  other  gigantic  forest  trees  on  the  rich 
and  wet  Roano'<e  Swamps,  (on  the  land  of  Henry  Burgwyn,  Esq..) 
mostly  of  Oak,  Gum,  Poplar,  &c,  the  few  of  these  Pines  which  yet 
remain,  tower  far  above  all  others  (20  feet  or  more)  so  as  to  be  seen 
and  distinguished  at  some  miles'  distance.  I  have  visited  several 
standing  trees  and  the  stumps  of  others  which  had  been  cut  down, 
which  measured  nearly  or  quite  live  feet  in  diameter,  and  were 
supposed  to  have  been  from  150  to  170  feet  in  height.  But  the 
sizes  and  heights  of  the  tiees  may  best  be  inferred  from  the  list  be- 
low of  hewn  (or  squared)  stocks,  which  was  furnished  to  me  from 
Mr.  Herbert's*  timber  accounts.  These  stocks  were  cut  in  Bertie 
county,  made  the  whole  of  one  raft  which  was  then  (May,  1856,) 
on  its  passage  through  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal  to  New- York. 
The  stocks  were  thence  to  be  shipped  to  Amsterdam  for  naval  con- 
struction, under  a  contract  with  the  Dutch  government. 


Length. 

Inches  Square. 

No.  of  Cubic  Feet. 

1 

47 

25 

204 

2 

66 

19 

165 

3 

86 

30 

537 

4 

79 

31 

527 

5 

88 

23 

337 

6 

65 

20 

181 

7 

74 

26 

347 

8 

80 

26 

376 

9 

68 

24 

272 

10 

58 

22 

195 

11 

86 

30 

537 

12 

58 

30 

363 

13 

74 

26 

347 

14 

74 

2G 

347 

15 

70 

28 

381 

16 

70 

27 

368 

But  even  the  longest  of  these  stocks  do  not  approach  the  magni' 
tude  of  one  which  was  cut  at  a  previous  time  in  Bertie  and  sold  in 
New-York  by  Mr.  Herbert.  This  was  80  feet  in  length  and  30 
inches  square  at  the  lower  end.     He  sold  it  to  a  dealer  for  $500. 


Of  Virginia,  a  large  contractor  for  the  supply  of  timber  to  the  Navy  Yards. 


24  THE  TR1  ROLTNA. 

and  tlie  buyer  re-old  it  1      -  This  stock  did  not  retain  it?  - 

ted  diameter  <at  the   butt)  to  its  upper  extremity,  but  there  was 
aches  square.     All  of  these  stock?  were  nearly  all 
Of  course   this  condition    permits  but  little  sap- 
d  that  only  in  the  angles  of  the  squared  stocks.     Thence, 
rs  that  the  proportion  of  heart  wood  in  these  trees  must 
iarsre.     The  timber  must  he  resinons  or  it  won! 
i.  and  it  must  be  durable  or   it  would  not  serve  for  the  u. 

;:eat  spa'-        -       s  of  war.  exposed  to  alternations  of 
drying,  and  for  which  the  host  materials  only  are  per- 
mit' ••     The  grain  of  thi<  heart  wood   is  not  generally 
verv               bnt  more  so  than  th      I  .  and  still  more  than 
f  [or]  }V      •  /' 
7.   L"N'.-i.kak  Pink.     (P.  australis.  Mi          — The  invaluable  tree 
bv  which  the  country,  and  tli  -    E            specially,  have  sola;_ 
pr</             generally  known   among  us   by   the  name  here  given, 
th<>                               -    is  calk- d     )'•            Pi  In    tin    N:v    and 
;k  yards  of  the  country  it  bears  the  latter  name,  though  this  de- 
ation  there  includes  also  the  s                 /'  .  as  well 
-  ties  first  described   in  this  list.      It  begins  to  appear  in 
th  Eastern  part  of  Virginia,   and  from  thence  to  la  it 
the  tree  of  the  Lower  Districts  of  the  Southern  S 
occ                 early  all  the  dry  sandy  soil  for  many  hundred  miles. 
It  i -                      <  0  f<  et  high,   in   favorable  situations  stii! 

30  inches  in  diameter.  The  leaves  are  1"  to  15  inches 
lonir.  on  young  si  -  sometimes  much  longer,  and  clustered  on 
the  <  the  branches  like  a  broom.  The  cones  are1  lies 

lonsr.     The  w  ery  little  sap.      The  r 

triboted  very  uniformly  through  it.  and  hence  the  wood  is  n 
durabh..  1  more  compact  :  which  qualities,  in 

to  its  being  of  tine  grain,  give  it  the  preference  over  al!  our  Pines, 
The  quality  of  the    w  -  upon  the  kind  <  : 

in  which  it  is  grown,  as  in  a  richer  mould  it  is  sinons.      This 

inferior  kind  is,   in   some  places,  distinguished  as    }'  . — 

am  ••  in  point,  illustrating  the  vague  and  indiscriminate  ap- 

plication of  the  popular  names  of  our  forest  trees.  In  some  soils 
-  of  a  reddish  hue  :  and  this,  in  the  northern  dock-yards, 
is  denominated  Red  Pine,  and  considered  better  than  the  others. 
I  am  informed,  that  trees  which  have  a  small  top  indicate  a  stock 
with  the  best  heart-wood. 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  25 

The  great  value  of  this  tree  in  both  Civil  and  Naval  Architec- 
ture is  too  well  known  to  justify  a  full  enumeration  of  its  uses,  and 
statistics  of  trade  in  it  belong  rather  to  a  Gazetteer  than  to  an  es- 
say like  this.  But  it  is  not  the  wood  only  that  gives  value  to  this 
tree.  The  resinous  matter,  in  various  forms,  is  shipped  from  our 
ports  in  large  quantities  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  to 
foreign  countries.  Turpentine  is  the  sap  in  its  natural  state  as  it 
flows  from  the  tree.  When  it  hardens  upon  the  trunk,  and  is  got- 
ten off  by  proper  implements,  it  is  called  scrapings,  of  very  inferior 
value  to  the  virgin  article.  Tar  is  made  by  burning  the  dead 
limbs  and  wood  in  kilns.  Pitch  is  tar  reduced  about  one  half  by 
evaporation.  Spirits  of  Turpentine  is  obtained  by  distillation  from 
Turpentine,  including  Scrapings.  Rosin  is  the  residuum  left  by 
distillation.  The  greater  part  of  these  articles  found  in  the  markets 
is  derived,  I  believe,  from  this  State. 

Large  tracts  of  this  Pine  are  sometimes  suddenly  destroyed,  as 
by  a  blight,  to  the  irreparable  injury  of  the  owners,  as  the  forests 
can  not  be  reproduced  in  a  life  time.  From  the  great  value  of  the 
tree  its  destruction  has  attracted  more  especial  notice ;  but  our 
Yellow  Pine  (P.  mitis,)  is  subject  to  the  same  casualty.  In  Eu- 
rope the  same  kind  of  fatality  happens  to  the  Firs.  The  mischief 
is  caused  by  swarms  of  a  small  insect  penetrating  through  the  bark 
into  various  portions  of  the  stock,  and  against  which  there  is  no 
remedy  yet  discovered.  Other  species  of  insect  sometimes  attack 
the  Oaks  and  effect  a  similar  destruction. 

8.  White  Pine.  (P.  Strobus,  Linn.) — This  beautiful  tree,  of  such 
immense  value  to  Canada  and  New  England,  extends  along  the 
Alleghaniesto  our  own  mountains,  where  it  is  found  in  considerable 
quantities,  forming  peculiar  and  handsome  forests  in  the  rich  ele- 
vated vallies,  especially  of  Ashe  and  Yancey.  It  is  found  as  far 
south  as  Georgia.  Though  at  the  North  this  tree  is  as  important, 
and  its  timber  as  extensively  used,  as  our  own  Long-leaved  Pine, 
yet  from  its  inaccessibility  in  our  mountains  it  has  no  marketable 
value  with  us,  and  does  not  seem  to  be  much  used  in  the  region 
where  it  grows. 

There  are  peculiarities  about  this  tree  which  distinguish  it  at  first 
sight,  and  at  any  distance,  from  all  our  Pines,  in  the  pale  green 
color  of  its  fo'iiage,  the  smooth  light  bark  of  the  trunk,  and  the  cir- 
cular disposition  of  the  limbs,  which  gradually  diminish  in  length 
3 


26  THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

toward  the  summit,  so  as  to  give  this  the  symmetry  ot*  a  Fir  more 
than  of  a  Pine.  The  leaves  are  also,/?''--  in  <'  sheath,  which  is  the 
<■  with  no  other  of  our  Pines.  In  favorable  situations  at  the 
North,  this  tree  has  been  known  to  reach  a  height  of  ISO  feet,  with 
a  diameter  of  7  feet.  In  our  mountains  it  is  found  from  00  to  70 
feet  high,  with  a  proportional  diameter.  The  wood  is  light,  soft, 
free  from  knots,  very  easily,  worked,  and  durable,  though  not  very 
strong,  and  is  applied  to  a  far  greater  variety  of  economical  uses 
than  that  of  any  other  Pine. 

FIRS  AND  SPEUCES. 

These  are  distinguished  from  the  Pines  by  their  leaves  growing 
singly  upon  the  branches,  (not  included  by  twos,  threes,  Arc.,  in 
a  common  sheath,)  and  by  their  cones,  which  are  composed  of  thin 
scales  without  prickles,  somewhat  like  llojis.  They  are  all  possi 
of  singular  beauty,  and  are  indispensable  to  the  perfection  of 
artificial  groves  and  parks.  It  is  only  in  cool  and  moist  situations, 
however,  that,  they  can  be  fully  developed;  though  they  thrive  and 
are  very  ornamental  in  private  grounds  through  the  Middle  Dis- 
trict of  the  State.  They  are  impatient  of  the  heat  in  the  Lower 
District,  and  unless  well  shaded  there,  are  apt  to  remain  dwarfed, 
or  to  die  out. 

1.  Balsam  Fir.  (Abies  Fraseri,  Pursh.) — This  is  the  handsomest 
of  our  Firs,  and  is  very  similar  to  the  Silver  Fir  of  Europe,  though 
everyway  smaller;  the  latter  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of 
150  feet,  while  ours  seldom  reaches  4(»,  with  a  diameter  of  1.2  to  1.". 
inches.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  higher  mountain.-  from  Pennsyl- 
vania southward  as  far  as  this  State.  Farther  north  it  is  replaced 
by  a  larger  but  very  similar  species  known  as  the  Canada  Balsam, 
(A.  balsamea.)  It  is  not  uncommon  on  our  highest  summits,  but 
I  think  is  not  found  upon  any  which  do  not  exceed  4000  fret  above 
the  sea.  Some  of  these  summit-  appear  to  In-  occupied  almost  ex- 
clusively with  forests  of  this  tree,  and  tin-  dark  color  of  these  and 
of  masses  of  the  next  specie.-,  has  probably  given  its  name  to  the 
Black  Mountain.  Several  knobs  and  ranges  south  of  the  French 
Broad  river  are  called  Balsam  .Mountain  from  the  prevalence  of 
this  tree  upon  them.  \Y  hen  not  too  much  crowded  this  has  a  close 
pyramidal  top.     The  leaves  are  of  a  bright  green  above,  and  silvery 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  '2~ 

white  beneath.  When  the  branches  are  loaded  with  cones,  (which 
in  this  species  only  stand  erect,)  the  tree  is  very  beautiful.  The 
cones  are  from  1  to  2  inches  lung.  The  timber  is  of  little  value, 
though  sometimes  sawed  or  hewed  out  for  mountain  cabins;  yet 
if  valuable,  it  could  not,  from  its  location,  be  available.  The  tur- 
pentine or  balsam  is  a  clear  thin  liquid,  obtained  from  small  blisters 
od  the  bark  of  the  trunk  by  means  of  sharp  horn  spoons  or  bqoom 
inserted  into  their  lower  side.  It  is  of  an  acrid  taste  and  is  much 
used  by  the  inhabitants  on  cuts  and  sores ;  but  the  application  is 
painful  and  as  likely  to  promote  inflammation  as  to  allay  it. 

2.  Black  Spruce.  (A.  nigra,  Poir.) — Common  in  our  mountains, 
especially  on  the  Black,  but  at  a  lower  elevation  than  the  preceding 
species.  It  extends  from  this  State  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Xew- 
England  and  Canada.  In  our  mountains  it  is  sometimes  very  im- 
properly called  Jumper,  and  it  is,  I  believe,  what  is  most  commonly 
and  absurdly  called  lie  Balaam.  With  us  it  is  a  small  tree  of 
darker  green  foliage  than  the  preceding,  but  of  similar  form.  In 
higher  latitudes  it  has  a  height  of  70  or  SO  feet,  and  is  there  an  ele- 
gant tree.  The  wood  has  strength,  lightness  and  elasticity,  and  is 
much  used  both  in  the  Northern  States  and  abroad,  for  the  vards 
and  topmasts  of  vessels.  The  drink  so  popular  at  the  North,  and 
known  as  Spnun  Beer,  gets  its  name  from  the  use  of  the  small 
branches,  chiefly  of  this  species,  which  are  steeped  in  the  brew. 

8.  White  Spruce.  (A.  alba,  Michx.)— This  has  about  the  same 
range  in  the  United  States  as  the  Black  Spruee,  but  does  not  ex- 
tend quite  so  tar  to  the  northward.  It  is  rather  rare  in  our  moun- 
tain-, but  is  occasionally  met  with  in  similar  situations  with  the 
other,  and  with  which  it  is  generally  confounded  by  the  inhabitants. 
In  one  instance  I  heard  it  called  Lavender,  a  name  belonging  to  a 
garden  herb.  It  is  very  distinct  from  the  preceding,  and  its  whole 
aspect  is  lighter ;  the  summit  of  a  similar  pyramidal  form,  but  less 
compact,  is  of  less  size,  with  slender  and  more  drooping  branchlets, 
the  pale  green  leaves  of  more  delicate  form,  and  the  cones  narrower. 
The  wood  is  employed  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  Black 

•A.  Hemlock  Spruce.  (A.  Canadensis,  Michx.) — Universally 
known  in  our  mountains  as  Sprue*  Pine,  though  the  name  here 
preferred  is  not  unknown.  The  latter  is  a  very  common  appella- 
tion of  the  I'tUoc:  1'ine  in  this  State.    The  Hemlock  is  found  a- 


ff  THE   TREES    OF    NORTH-CAR MSA. 

far  Hudson's  Day  ;  whether  south    f  N   rth  Carolina  I 

not  learned.     It  is  almost  entirely  confined,  in  the   moon 

-  .»f  torrents  and  cold  swamps,  but  '.own  to  their 

This  ■   ■  larger  tree  than  the   preceii     _  but 

.in  here,  as  in  higher  latitudes,  the  statur. 

.  and  a  diameter  of  2  or  3  feet.     In    its  light   spread:: 
and  delicate  foliage  it  is  a  more  graceful  tree  than  the  others.     The 
leave;  are  light  green  above  and  silvery  beneath. 
two  ways  upon  the  brandies,  while  in  all  the  other  Sj 
spread  from   every  part  of  them.     T:  -    .         to  1  inch  I 

and  gracefully  depend  from  the  ends  of  the  branchlets.     The  tim- 
ber •  some  extent  at  the   N   rth,  1     *  >    f  inferior  in. 
tance.     The  bark,  however,  is  extensively  and  almost  exc    - 

1  for  tanning  in  some  par-  v-England. 

to  <  >ak  bark  it  is  said  that  the  two  united  are  preferable  to  either 

.e. 

:e  Cedar.  (Cnpressus  thyoides,  Linn.) — In  North-Carolina, 
and  some  other  portions  of  the  South,  this  seems  to  be  known  only 
under  the  name  of  Juniper.  Bnt  as  it  is  not  Juniper.  I  do  not 
ate  to  reject  the  name.  The  one  above  given  is  in  common 
in  the  Middle  and  Northern  States  wherever  the  tree  is  found. 
The  true  Juniper  < Juniperus  communis*  of  Europe  and  the  North- 
ern States  is  related  to  our  .  and  its  fruit  is  an  aromatic  bet 
while  that  of  the  present  species  is  a  small,  dry.  v. 

scales  which  spread  open  in  maturity  after  the  mann-. 
a  Pine  or  Cypress  bur.     This  tree  is  found  from  Florida  I 

S  and.     In  our  State  it  is  confined  to  swamps  in   tiie  lower 
trier,   where,  in   some  places,  it  is  very  abundant.     Il  -  80 

feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  2  or  3  feet.     The  various  n  -  ich 

its  wood  is  applied  make  it  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  in  the 
try.  It  is  line  grained,  soft,  light,  and  easily  worked,  and  after 
■ning  acquires  a  light  rosy  tint.  It  has  a  strong  ar 
and  the  flavor  given  to  water  kept  in  buckets  or  pig<rins  of  this 
material  is  generally  esteemed.  From  the  little  effect  produced 
upon  it  by  moisture  or  dryness,  as  well  as  for  its  lightness  and  free- 
dom from  splitting,  the  shingles  made  of  it  are.  in  some  places.  | 
ferred  over  all  others,  and  last  from  30  to  35  years.  "Where  it 
abounds,  it  is  used  in  the  frames  of  building,  it  being  durable  and 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  29 

mostly  free  from  worms.  In  cooper-work  it  is  extensively  used, 
and  lias  been  found  very  serviceable  for  vessels  in  which  to  pre- 
serve oils.  Charcoal  for  gunpowder  is  made  from  the  young  stocks — 
lampblack,  lighter  and  more  deeply  colored  than  that  from  Pine, 
is  made  from  the  seasoned  wood — rails  for  fencing,  made  of  the 
young  stocks  deprived  of  their  outer  bark,  will  last  from  50  to  60 
years. 

X.  B.  The  Red  Cedar,  according  to  its  natural  affinity,  should 
be  placed  in  this  Group  ;  but  as  its  fruit  is  what  is  popularly  called 
a  /"  mj,  the  present  mode  of  arrangement  requires  its  transfer  to 
the  Group  having  that  kind  of  fruit.  The  Arbor  Yitw,  also  belong- 
ing here,  may  be  found  among  the  Shrubs. 

Cypress.  (Taxodium  distichum,  Rich.) — This  tree,  so  well  known 
under  this  name  only,  needs  no  specific  description,  and  I  will  only 
remark  that  it  is  the  only  one  in  this  group  of  trees  that  has  not 
evergreen  leaves.  Its  range  is  along  the  lower  region  of  the  At- 
lantic and  Gulf  States  from  Delaware  to  Texas.  In  this  State  it 
has  about  the  same  range  as  the  White  Cedar  and  Long-leaf  Pine ', 
but  is  always  confined  to  swamps.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  large 
dimensions  as  well  as  for  its  various  uses.  Its  height  with  us  is  from 
6<)  to  100  feet,  with  a  circumference  above  the  swollen  base  of  20 
to  36  feet,  though  in  the  original  forests  of  the  country  it  has  still 
larger  dimensions.  The  wood  has  much  strength  and  elasticity,  i9 
fine  grained,  lighter  and  less  resinous  than  that  of  the  Pines.  Heat 
and  moisture  affect  it  much  less  than  most  of  our  timbers,  and  it  is 
therefore  particularly  valuable  in  those  parts  of  the  State  where 
both  these  agents  have  peculiar  force.  The  timber  has  been  much 
nsed  in  some  places  for  the  frame  and  wood-work  of  houses,  and  is 
said  to  be  twice  as  durable  as  White  Oak  or  Pine.  The  shingles 
made  of  it  are  of  the  most  valuable  kind,  and  will  last  40  years. 
The  business  of  making  these  is  a  very  profitable  branch  of  indus- 
try in  the  lower  parts  of  the  State.  For  fencing  and  tor  water- 
pipes  the  wood  is  of  high  value. 

There  are  three  varieties  ot  this  tree  recognized  by  those  who 
deal  in  its  timber — the  Red,  Black  and  White  Cypress,  character- 
ized by  the  different  color  of  their  heart-wood.  The  Red  Cypress 
has  its  heart  of  a  reddish  tint,  is  preferable  to  the  others  for  timber, 
and  cannot  be  split.     This  variety  is  easily  recognized  by  its  straight 


THE   TREES   OF   KORTn-CAEOLrS'A. 

trunk,  (not  always  having  a  swollen  basej  generally  with  a  small 
top.  and  by  the  wounded  bark  having  a  reddish  tinge.      J 
and  WIi      <  -     .Mnot,  so  far  as  I  k:.  'minated  without 

the  aid  of  the  axe.     The  Black  has  its  wood  duskier  ivier 

than  the  White,  whi:  -  resinous.    According 

-  in  land  constantly  inundated,  and  the  former  in  drier 
situations;  but  I  am  assured  by  others,  that  all  three  varieties  may 
be  found  in  precisely  similar  situations. 

•  ire  of  this  tree  usually  spreads  in  only  two  directions 
from  the  branchlets,  like  that  of  the  H  v  /  but  there  is 

a  variety,  not  uncommon  in  some  local:1    s,     specially  upon  the 

-avannas  near  "W  ihuington.  on  which  the  leav* --  aall, 

n  four  sides  of  the  branchlets  and  press 
them,  much  like  those  of  the  Cedar. 

I   from   the  roots  of  the  tree  to  a  height 
corresponding  with  the  usual  depth  of  the  water,  and  constituting 

snlar  peculiarity  in  pyj  ae  -  amps,  are.  I  suppose,  the  re- 
sult of  b  hy.  Whatever  be  the  economy  or  final  purpose 
of  these  excrescences,  there  are  probably  few  of  the  present  da}- 

will  endorse  the  theory  of  St.  Pierre,  that  they  were  designed 
to  protect  the  trunk  against  damage  from  icebergs ! 

ae  has  not  ordinarily  a  very   attractive  form   in  our 
swarnps  ;  but  when  standing  alone  in  favorable  situations,  it  has 
a  regular  pyramidal  top  and  is  of  imposing  beauty.     In  the  i 
tram  Gard en,  near  Philadelphia,  I  have  seen   a  stock  (oveflOO 
years  ol  I)  of  I  -  I    -vmmetry.  that  I  could  not  be  persuad- 

ed it  was  a  Cypress,  until  I  had  satisfied  myself  by  a  close  inspec- 
tion. 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLTNA.  31 

The  next  Group  to  be  noticed  is  the  most  important,  whether 
considered  in  reference  to  its  numbers  or  its  economical  value,  in 
the  whole  circle  of  Forest  Trees.  There  will  be  included  in  it  all 
those  which  bear  a  fruit  popularly  called  Nuts,  without  reference  to 
the  more  restricted  scientific  meaning  of  the  word.  This  Group 
will  thus  include  the  Oak,  Beech,  Chestnut,  Hickory,  Walnut,  and 
Buckeye. 

OAKS. 

This  genus  of  Trees  contains  more  species  than  any  other  in  our 
country  ;  and  of  these  there  is  a  larger  number  in  North-Carolina 
than  in  all  the  States  north  of  us,  and  only  one  less  than  in  all  the 
Southern  States  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Some  of  the  species,  how- 
ever, hardly  rise  to  the  dignity  of  trees,  though  I  shall  bring  them 
all  together  in  this  place,  where  they  will  most  naturally  be  looked 
for. 

For  the  better  understanding  of  the  species,  they  are  divided  in- 
to two  Sections.  The  iirslis  that  of  the  White  Oaks — characterized 
by  the  acorns  being  annual,  the  foliage  of  a  pale  or  grayish  aspect 
and  without  bristles  at  the  ends  of  the  leaf  divisions — the  bark  of 
an  ashy  hue,  and  the  wood  generally  lighter  colored  and  of  more 
compact  texture  than  in  the  other  Section.  The  second  Section  has 
acorns  biennially,  and  the  leaves  (except  in  the  Live  Oak)  are  point- 
ed with  a  bristle  at  the  end  of  each  division. 

Section  I  is  again  arranged  in  two  Divisions: — the  first  having 
for  its  type  the  common  White  Oak,  characterized  by  the  leaves 
being  deeply  cut  from  the  margin  toward  the  central  nerve.  The 
second  has  for  its  type  the  Swamp  White  Oak,  in  which  Division  the 
leaves  are  generally  larger  than  in  the  first,  and  only  scolloped  or 
round-toothed  on  the  edge.  The  species  of  the  White  Oak  Section 
are,  then,  as  follows: 

Division  1st.  Division  '2nd. 

White  Oak,  (Quercus  alba.)  Swamp  White  Oak,  (Q.  Prinus.) 

Post  Oak,  (Q.  obtusiloba.)  Chestnut  Oak,  (Q.  Castanea.) 

<»ver-cup  Oak,  (Q.  lyrata.)  Chinquapin  Oak,  (Q.  prinoides.) 

1.  White  Oak.  (Quercus  alba,  Linn.) — This  is  found  from  Can- 
ada to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  appears  to  be  universally  known  by 


32  the  nana  of  north-carolina. 

the  name  here  given — one  of  the  few  instances  among  the  Oaks, 
in  which  there  is  not  more  or  less  confusion  of  popular  names,  so 
that  there  is  no  need  of  offering  a  specitic  description  of  it.  It  is 
id  in  this  State  from  the  coast  to  the  mountains  ;  but  is  most 
abundant  in  the  Middle  District.  In  the  Lower  it  avoids  the  bar- 
rens, and  is  found  chiefly  on  or  near  the  borders  of  swamps.  It  is 
only  in  the  most  favorable  situations  that  this  tree  rises  to  the 
height  of  TO  or  80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  four  or  live.  It  is  then, 
with  its  light  foliage,  compact  and  even  head,  and  straight  shaft, 
one  of  the  most  imposing  trees  in  our  forests.  It  is,  however,  sel- 
dom met  with  in  our  State,  having  a  diameter  of  more  than  2  feet, 
though  I  have  seen  stocks  here  with  a  diameter  of  3  feet.  This  is 
probably  of  more  general  use,  and  more  extensively  serviceable, 
than  any  other  of  our  Oaks,  it  being  valuable  for  house  frames,  for 
mills  and  dams,  vehicles,  agricultural  implements,  coopers'  ware, 
ship-building,  and  for  all  purposes  where  strength  and  durability 
■re  required.  The  bark  has  been  deemed  by  some  Tanners  as  the 
be?t  kind  for  preparing  leather  for  saddles  and  similar  objects.  It 
netimesused  medicinally  as  a  tonic  and  astringent. 

The  variety  of  this  species  known  as  the  Scaly  Bark  White  Oak 
is  distinguished  by  the  thin  plates  of  bark  that  scale  off  from  the 
trunk.  1  have  not  learned  if  its  timber  differs  essentially  from 
that  of  the  other. 

_'.  Poei  Oak.  (Q.  obtnsiloba,  Michx.) — The  northern  limit  of 
this  is  in  New  Jersey,  but  it  is  not  abundant  and  flourishing  north 
of  Maryland.  From  thence  southward  it  enters  largely  into  the 
Composition  of  the  forests  which  cover  the  dry  and  poorer  soils  of 
the  Middle  Districts  of  the  South.  In  the  Lower  Districts  it  is  less 
common,  being  mostly  confined  to  the  region  of  swamps  and  lands 
that  have  <:one  out  of  cultivation.  With  us  it  does  not  appear  to 
be  known  under  any  other  name  than  the  one  given  above,  and  by 
which  it  is  most  generally  designated:  but  it  is  elsewhere  sometimes 
called  Iron  (>al-  and  Box  White  Oak  The  leaves  are  more  coarsely 
cut  than  those  of  the  White  Oaky  their  divisions  often  enlarged  at 
their  outer  ends,"  rather  rough  on  the  upper  side,  and  with  a  gray 
down  underneath.  The  acorns  being  very  sweet  and  much  eaten 
by  wild  Turkeys,  it  is  in  some  localities  called  Turkey  Odk.  This 
tree  is  rarely  found  as  high  as  5<>  feet  and  with  a  diameter  of  18 
inches,  but  I  have  seen  it  with  a  diameter  of  26  inches.     Hence  it 


THE    TREES    OF    XORTII-CAROLKNA.  33 

cannot  be  employed  for  all  the  purposes  for  which  the  White  Oak 
is  used,  although  in  fineness  of  grain,  strength  and  elasticity,  it  is 
superior  to  it.  It  is  serviceable  for  fence-poets,  (hence  its  name,) 
fur  the  work  of  wheelwrights  and  coopers,  and  is  used  advantage' 
oasl)  for  the  knees  in  ship-building;  Fur  the  staves  of  liquor-casks 
this  and  the  White  Oak  supply  material  far  superior  to  any  other 
of  our  Oaks. 

3.  Over-cup  Oak.  (Q,  lyrata,  Walt.) — This  is  unknown  north  of 
this  S;ate  and  does  not.  seem  to  be  common  anywhere.  In  this 
State  I  know  of  its  existence  only  in  the  rich  swampy  lands  of  the 
Nense  and  Cape-Fear  and  their  tributaries  as  far  up  the  country  as 
Chatham  and  Orange.  The  foliage  has  more  resemblance  to  that 
of  the  Pod  Oak  than  of  any  other,  for  which  reason  it  is.  farther 
south,  called  Swamp  Post  Oak.  It  is  also  sometimes  called  II 
White  Oak.  The  acorn  is  almost  wholly  enclosed  in  its  cup, 
(whence  its  name,")  by  which  character  this  tree  may  easily  be  dis- 
tinguished from  all  others.  It  sometimes  attains  the  height  o\'  BO 
feet  and  a  diameter  of  2  and  3  feet,  and  is  then  a  majestic  tree. 
The  wood  is  inferior  to  that  of  the  two  preceding  species,  yet  is 
sufficiently  compact  to  be  serviceable,  if  it  was  more  accessible  and 
more  extensively  diffused. 

-i.  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak.  iQ.  Prions,  Linn.) — Xot  known  north 
of  Pennsylvania,  but  is  pretty  common  in  the  maritime  parts  of  the 
Southern  States,  where  it  is  met  with  in  the  rich  soils  of  the  river 
swamps.  "With  a  height  of  SO  or  90  feet  and  proportional  diameter, 
a  straight  trunk  and  expansive  tufted  summit,  it  forms  a  beautiful 
and  majestic  tree.  The  leaves  are  6  to  S  inches  long,  broader  to- 
ward the  outer  end,  with  coarse  rounded  teeth  on  the  edges,  and 
pale  down  underneath,  and  of  that  ashy  hue  which  distinguishes 
all  the  species  of  this  section  of  Oaks.  The  acorns  are  about  1  inch 
long,  nearly  half  covered  by  the  cup,  and  with  a  stem  about  $  inch 
long.  In  economical  value  this  can  hold  but  a  second  or  third 
rank  among  the  White  Oaks.  The  timber  has  strength  and  dura- 
bility, and  is  therefore  employed  for  various  purposes;  but  it  is 
more  porous  than  that  of  White  or  Post  Oak.  It  has  a  straight 
split  and  shreds  easily,  and  is  therefore  employed,  especially  by  the 
negroes,  in  the  making  of  baskets  and  brooms.  Rails  from  this  tree 
will  last  12  or  15  years,  and  the  fuel  is  considered  valuable. 

"We  have  two  varieties  of  this  tree,  so  well  marked  that  some 


84  THE   TREES    OE    WORTH-CAROLINA. 

LTiista  have  regarded  them  as  distinct  species.     Bet  our 
living  Botanists  now  consider  them  as   variations  from  one  type 
1  by  difference  of  soil  and  situation.     They  are  a<  follows: 
s       rip    White  Oak.     (var:  .   Michx.) — It   is  generally 

known  throughout  the  United  States  by  tin's  name,  and  takes  the 
place  of  the  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak  as  we  proceed  inland  from  the 
:'  the  latter,  and  is  found  on  the  edges  of  swamps  and  inun- 
dated hanks  of  rivers,  not  in  the  open  and  drier  forests.  It 
handsome  tree  ot  70  or  SO  feet  high,  with  luxuriant  foliage,  the 
silvery  whiteness  of  the  underside  of  the  leaves  beautifully  contras- 
ting with  the  bright  green  of  the  upper  surface,  when  they  are 
stirred  by  a  gentle  wind.  The  leaves  are  5  or  6*  inches  long,  in 
form  like  the  preceding,  hut  with  the  marginal  teeth  more  unequal. 
The  acorns  are  supported  on  a  stem  1  to  3  inches  long,  by  which 
character  this  variety  may  he  easily  distinguished  from  every  other 
Oak  in  this  section.  The  wood  is  strong  and  elastic,  and  heavier 
than  White  Oak,  to  which  it  nearly  approaches  in  value :  though 
not  being  common,  it  is  much  less  nsed  in  the  arts. 

Chestnut  Oak.  (var:  monticola,  Michx.) — This  is  some- 
times called  Rock  Oak  and  Chestnut  Oak,  and  is  found  as  far  north 
as  New  England.  It  is  an  inhabitant  only  of  high  rocky  or  gravel- 
s,  and  hence  occurs  only  in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Dis- 
tricts of  this  State.  It  is  a  showy  symmetrical  tree  in  favorable 
•situations,  with  a  luxuriant  foliage,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of 
50  or  60  feet,  and  a  diameter  of  3  feet :  but  from  the  usual  barren- 
ness of  the  soil  where  it  grows,  it  is  seldom  seen  of  these  dimen- 
sions, and  k  commonly  not  more  than  30  or  40  feet  high.  In  the 
leaves  and  fruit  it  differs  very  slightly  from  the  Swamp  Chestnut 
Oak.     The  timber  is  valuable  but  not  equal  to  117  its  pores 

being  more  open.  In  ship-building  it  is  used,  in  some  places,  for 
the  lower  part  of  the  frame,  for  knees  and  ribs.  It  has  a  reddish 
tinge  like  that  of  Whit*  Oak.  For  fuel  it  is  inferior  only  to  Hick- 
ory.    The  bark  is  among  the  best  for  tanning. 

5.  Chestnut  (  >ak.  (Q.  Castanea,  Willd.) — Not  uncommon  in  the 
Middle  and  Western  States,  but  it  occurs  very  scatteringly  in  the 
Southern.  I  have  not  noticed  it  in  North-Carolina,  bu1  Michsnx 
mentions  a  single  tree  seen  by  him  on  the  Cape  Fear,  a  mile  from 
Fayetteville.  He  also  found  it  on  the  Holston  and  Nolachncky 
Rivers  in  East  Tennessee,  and  it  may  perhaps  be  found  on  those 


THE   TREES    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA. 


35 


streams  in  the  western  part  of  our  State.  The  tree  rises  to  a  height 
of  TO  and  80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2  feet,  the  branches  rather 
erect  than  spreading.  It  is  so  sparingly  diffused,  that  the  value  of 
the  wood  has  never  been  tested ;  but  its  excessive  porousness 
promises  poorly.  It  ha?  a  yellowish  tinge,  and  is  therefore  known 
in  some  localities  under  the  name  of  Yellow  Oak.  This  species  is 
often  confounded  with  the  Swamp  Oaks  described  above,  which  it 
certainly  resembles ;  but  its  leaves  are  narrower,  shaped  more  like 
those  of  the  Chestnut,  (whence  its  popular  name,)  with  the  teeth 
nearly  sharp  ;  and  its  acorns  are  only  about  f  inch  long.  With  its 
tine  form  and  handsome  foliage,  this  would  be  very  ornamental  in 
private  grounds. 

6.  Chinquapin  Oak.  (Q.  prinoides,  Willd.) — Sometimes  called 
Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak.  Its  foliage  is  somewhat  like  that  of  the  Rock 
Chestnut  Oak,  and  also  has  some  likeness  to  that  of  the  Chinqua- 
pin, which  gives  it  its  common  name.  It  is  a  mere  shrub,  2  to  4 
feet  hi'_di,  of  no  value,  and  is  here  mentioned  only  to  give  a  com- 
plete view  of  the  genus.  It  is  found  very  sparingly  in  the  Lower 
District,  but  is  not  uncommon  upon  poor  soils  in  the  upper  parts  of 
the  State. 

SectIon  II  contains  three  distinct  Divisions  ;  the  first,  with  leaves 
narrow  and  entire  ; — the  second,  with  leaves  broad,  generally  entire, 
and  pear-shaped  ;  the  tkiird,  with  leaves  broad  and  cut  into  several 
segments. 


Division  1st. 

Live  Oak.  (Quercu6  virens.) 
Willow  Oak,  (Q,  I'Lellcs.) 
Shingle  Oak.  (Q.  imbricaria.) 
Laurel  Oak.  (tj.  laurifolia.) 
Upland  Willow  <  >ak.  (Q,  einerea.) 


T'insion  2nd. 

Water  Oak,  (Q.  aquatica.') 
Black  Jack,  (Q.  nigra.) 


Divi&ion  or*!. 

Spanish  Oak,  (Q.  falcata.) 
Bkek  Oak,  (Q.  tinctoria.) 
Scarlet  Oak,  (Q.  coceinea.) 
Bed  Oak.  (i  l  rubra.) 
Scrub  Oak,  (Q.  cateebtsL) 
Lear  Oak,  (Q.  ilicitblia. 


7.  Live  Oak.  (Q.  virens.  Ait.) — "Well  known  under  this  name 
wherever  it  exists,  and  needing  no  description.  It  is  found  along 
the  sea-shore  from  near  Norfolk,  Va.,  to  the  coast  of  Texas.  It  is 
commonly  40  or  50  feet  high,  and  1  or  2  feet  through  the  trunk. 
Of  all  the  <  >aks  this  is  most  highly  prized  for  ship-building,  the 
timber  hardening  with  age,  and  being  closer  grained  and  more 
durable  than  any  other.     The  bark  also  is  excellent  for  tanning- 


38  IBB  TREKS   OF  N0RTII-CAR<>I.INA. 

8.  WillowOajc.  (Q.  rhellos,  Linn.) — This  beautiful  tree,  re- 
markable for  the  narrowness  of  its  leaves,  whicli  gives  the  foliage 
much  the  appearance  of  that  of  a   Willow,  ami  by  which  it  is  easily 

gnized  at  considerable  distance,  extends  north  as  tar  as  New 
Jersey,  it  affects  cool  moist  situations,  and  is  not  uncommon  on 
the  borders  of  swamps  in  the  Lower  District,  where  it  rises  to  the 
height  of  50  to  00  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  '2  feet.  In  the  Middle 
District  it  is  more  scattering  found  in  similar  situations.  It  is 
more  to  be  admired  for  its  beauty  than  its  use.  as  the  wood  is  very 
coarse  grained,  and  ill  adapted  to  purposes  requiring  much  strength 
and  durability:  though  it  is  said  to  answer  tolerably  well,  if  tho- 
roughly st'a«»ned.  for  the  felloes  of  wheels. 

9.  Laurel  Oak.  (Q.  laurifolia.  Michx.) — This  is  a  stately  tree, 
of  similar  dimensions  to  the  preceding,  which  it  somewhat  resem- 
bles, though  the  leaves  are  neither  so  long  nor  narrow,  and  are  not 
always  entire.  It  holds  a  middle  place,  in  its  general  appearance 
and  qualities,  between  the  Willow  Oak  and  narrow  leaved  Water 
Oak.  The  acorns  resemble  those  of  the  latter.  I  am  not  aware 
that  it  has  any  distinctive  name  in  this  State,  as  it  seems  to  be  gen- 
erally confounded  with  one  or  other  of  the  species  just  mentioned. 
In  South-Carolina  along  a  portion  of  the  Pee  Dee,  it  has  a  loeal 
name  of  Darlington  Oak.  The  English  name  which  I  have  chosen 
is  "iily  a  translation  of  the  botanical  name.  I  believe  this  tree  is 
not  found  north  of  this  State,  but  it  is  common  southward  to  Florida. 
It  is  an  inhabitant  of  our  Lower  and  Middle  Districts  in  similar 
localities  with  the  preceding,  but  flourishes  well  in  higher  and  drier 
grounds,  and  is  a  common  and  much  admired  shade  tree  in  towns 
ami  villages,  especially  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  State. 

10.  Shdiolb  <).\k.  (Q.  imbricaria.  Miehx.) — This  takes  the  place 
of  the  preceding  Oak  in  the  Upper  District,  not  being  found  east  of 
Burke  and  "Wilkes.  From  thence  westward  it  becomes  more  abun- 
dant along  the  larger  water-courses,  especially  those  which  flow 
to  the  west,  as  the  Pigeon  and  Hiwassee.  Its  northern  limit  is  in 
western  Pennsylvania.  It  is  more  common  in  the  Western  States, 
Bfl  far  north  as  Illinois,  and  is  there  known  by  the  names  of  Jack 
0  .  Black  Jack  Oak)  Lawd  Oak,  and  Shmglt  Oak,  In  those 
part:-  (.four  State  where  it  occurs,  I  have  heard  it  called  only  Wittr 
(<  i  Oak,  a  name  very  generally  applied  elsewhere  to  a  very  differ- 
ent species.     This  is  from  40  to  50  feet  high  and  VI  to  15  inches  in 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  &i 

diameter,  branches  low,  and  casts  a  thick  shade   with  its  dark 

crowded  foliage.  The  leaves  are  3  or  4  inches  long,  about  1  inch 
broad,  and  of  a  li<rht  shining  <rreen.  The  wood  is  hard  and  heavy, 
but  porous,  and  inferior  to  that  of  Willow  Oak.  which  ir  resembles. 
In  Illinois  it  has  been  used  for  shingles,  probably  for  want  of  a  bet- 
ter material.  On  the  Pigeon  River  I  have  noticed  a  few  trees 
with  the  leaves  more  or  less  cut  or  lobed,  which  are  probably  a 
cross  between  the  Shi  .•'  Oak  and  one  of  the  JSed  Oaks,  though 
their  whole  appearance  and  habit  were,  in  other  respects,  those  of 
the  former.     This  is  Cv>.  Leans,  Nutt 

11.  Upland  Willow  Oak.  (Q.  cinerea,  Michx.  — Found  only 
in  the  Pine  barrens  of  the  Lower  District,  where  it  is  very  generally 
diffused.  It  rarely  exceeds  20  feet  in  height  and  0  inches  in  diam- 
eter, though  I  have  seen  it.  when  standing  alone  and  in  favorable 
situations,  quite  a  large  tree  with  a  circumference  of  3  feet.  As  a 
general  thing  it  may  be  considered  too  insignificant  to  merit  more 
than  a  passing  notice.  Its  foliage  is  of  an  ashy  hue.  The  bark  af- 
fords a  fine  yellow  dye  ;  but  the  tree  is  too  small  and  too  little  mul- 
tiplied to  furnish  material  for  extensive  use.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
Pee  Dee  River  this  Oak_  is  called  Blue  Jack. 

There  is  a  dwarf  variety  of  this,  called  Running  Oak  and  White 
Oak  Runners,  (var:  pumila,  Michx.,)  which  is.  I  believe,  the  small- 
est Oak  known.  It  rarely  reaches  a  height  of  3  feet,  and  bears  a 
profusion  of  acorns  at  the  height  of  15  and  20  inches.  The  foliage 
is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding,  but  is  smaller  and  becomes 
smoother  in  age.  It  abounds,  in  creeping  roots  from  which  its  small 
stocks  spring.  It  is  found  only  in  the  Lower  District,  especially 
near  Wilmington,  from  whence  it  is  sparingly  found  in  the  Barrens 
as  far  to  the  south  as  Florida. 

12.  Water  Oak.  i'Q.  aquatica.  Gates.) — This  is  not  found  beyond 
Maryland.  It  is  abundant  in  our  Lower  District,  and  in  some  parts 
of  the  Middle,  on  the  borders  of  swamps  and  in  the  river  bottoms, 
and  extends  somewhat  into  the  F/pper.  It  is  4u  or  50  feet  high, 
and  12  to  2o  inches  in  diameter.  The  leaves  are  pear-shaped,  as 
in  the  Black  Jack,  being  much  the  broadest  at  the  upper  end,  but 
are  smaller,  smoother  aad  paler  green  than  in  that  species.  The 
bark  is  seldom  used  for  tanning.  The  wood,  though  very  tough,  is 
not  much  employed  for  economical  purposes,  being  inferior  to  oth- 


:S  mi:  trees  of  nobtu-casouna. 

er  kinds  of  Oak.     On  the  Roanoke   I  have  heard  this  called  Tut- 
a  name  also  given  to  the  Spanish  and  !'■ 
The  foliage  of  this  tree  varies  very  much  in  different  situs 

tarrow  and  very  little  if  at  all  broader  at  the 

upper  than  at  the  lower,  end,  so  as  to  resemble  very  much  th;. 

Oak.     But  any  <>ne  who  is  familiar  with  the  common 
form  ami  habit  of  the  II  •  will  not  he  easily  deceived  in  its 

v;iri« 

13.  Black  Jack.     (Q.  nigra,   Linn.) — This  Binall  and  gen 
unsightly  tree,  easily  recognized  at   a  distance,  when  it  is  of  much 

bj  its  lower  limbs  hanging  downwards,  sometimes  to  the  \ 
ground,  is  found  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey  and  extends  in:"  the 
Western  St;  as  -  luthward  to  Florida.     In  this  S         we 

I  with  it  in  various  soils  and   situations  from   the  i  the 

Mnuntaii  m  exceeding  30  feet  in   height  and  12  inches  in 

diameter.     In  the  largest  stocks  the  wood  is  heavy  and  com] 
hut  coarse  grained  and  porous  in  the  smaller  ones.     When  exp 

the  weather  it  is  subject  to  rapid  decay,  and  is  not  of  any  value 

in  the  arts.      For  fuel  it  is  among  the  best  wood  we  have.     The 

to  J)  inches  long,)  of  a  dark  green  above,  and 

lor  beneath.     On  young  shoots,  as  is  frequent  on  other 

ives  are   often   twice   their  ordinary   size,  and  divided 

..•■nts  as  in  the  7.'.  d  Oaks. 

We  now  a  I  division  ut'  the  Oaks  known  as  that  oi'  th 

>,  in  which  there  is  such  a  confusion  of  popular  names  that  : 
will  be  of  little  service  in  designating  the  Bpecies.     "There  i-  no  uni- 
formity in  their  application  in  different  part-  of  th<  .   ind  with- 
in the  same  neighborhood  the  same  name  may  be  given  to  differ- 
. liferent   name-  t<>  the   same   -  -        not 
there  is  so  much   resemblance  among  them, 
apparently  a  tendency  to                      •  g  the  mem- 
It  is  indeed  BOineti]                         iiicnlt  to  de- 
particular  tree   b<                                     .  of  two 
tty  well   marked  -peel'-.     1  Bhall  therefore  be  obli 

ping  more  minutely  than  I  have  the  preced     _. 
■  the  most  common  or  typical  forms.     Hie 
low  are  those   by  which  the  B] 
monly  known  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 


THE   TREKS    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA.  o'J 

11.  Spanish  Oak.  (Q,  falcata,  Michx.) — This  is  generally  known 
in  this  State,  I  think,  by  the  name  of  Red  Oak,  though  sometimes 
called  as  above.  It  is  also,  in  some  parts,  denominated  Turkey 
Oak,  from  a  vague  resemblance  between  the  form  of  the  leaf  (when 
it  has  but  three  divisions,)  and  the  track  of  a  Turkey.  It  is  to  be 
distinguished,  even  at  some  distance,  from  other  species  of  this  sec- 
tion by  the  grayish  down  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves  and  on  the 
young  shoots  upon  which  they  grow,  giving  the  tree  a  very  differ- 
ent hue  from  that  of  the  others.  The  leaves,  too,  have  narrower 
divisions  [3  to  7  in  number.)  than  the  others,  generally  entire,  and 
slightly  curved  backwards.  The  manner  in  which  the  clusters  of 
leaves  hang  down  from  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  gives  them  a 
plume-like  aspect  very  unlike  those  of  the  other  spe-cies. 

The  Spanish  Oak  is  found  as  far  Xorth  as  New  Jersey,  and  south- 
ward to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  this  State  it  is  one  of  the  com- 
monest forest  trees  from  the  coast  to  the  mountains,  but  diminishes 
in  quantity  as  we  approach  the  latter.  It  is  often  over  feO  feet  in 
height  with  a  diameter  of  1  to  5  feet.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is- 
dark-colored,  its  outer  portion  (cellular  integument)  being  of  mod- 
erate thickness.  The  wood  is  reddish  and  coarse-grained  with 
empty  pores.  The  staves  made  of  it  are  only  adapted  to  contain 
coarse  articles,  but  are  said  to  be  more  esteemed  in  the  West  In- 
dies than  those  made  from  the  other  Red  Oaks.  The  wood  is  less 
durable  than  that  of  the  White  Oaks,  and  is  not  much  used  in  build- 
ing, Arc.  The  bark  is  held  in  high  estimation  for  tanning  hides, 
which  it  renders  whiter  and  more  supple  than  other  species. 

A  variety  of  this  species  (var:  pagodaejblia,  Ell.,)  has  larger 
leaves,  cut  into  11  to  13  divisions,  gradually  diminishing  in  length 
from  the  lower  to  the  upper  divisions.  Another  variety  (var :  tri- 
loba, MichXi,)  has  leaves  with  two  or  three  short  and  rounded 
divisions  at  the  outer  end,  but  may  always  be  recognized  by  the 
gray  down  on  the  underside  and  its  accordance  in  other  respects 
with  the  common  form. 

15.  Black  Oak.  (Q.  tinctoria,  Bartr.) — A  tree  SO  or  90  feet 
and  1  or  5  feet  in  diameter.  The  trunk  has  a  deeply  furrowed 
•  ark  brown   bark,  from   whence   the   tree  probabi;.  name. 

The  leaves  are  cut  rather  deeply  into  5  or  7  divisions,  the  divisions 
being  also  somewhat  toothed,  and  each  part  tipped  with  a  bristle. 
They  have  also  a  thin  rusty  down  on  the  underside.     The  leaf-stem 


40 


Till:  NORTH-CAROLINA. 


is  from  1  to  2  inches  long.  Daring  the  spring  and  part  of  summer 
their  npper  surface  is  ronghened  with  small  glands  which  art-  per- 
ceptible t«»  the  Bight  and  touch.  On  young  stocks  they  turn  dull 
red  in  the  Fall:  those  on  old  stocks,  yellow.  When  the  leaves  have 
fallen,  this  species  may  be  distinguished  from  the  Spanish  Oak  by 
the  longer,  more  acute  and  more  scaly  buds,  and  also  by  chewing 

•  of  the  hark  which  gives  a  yellow  color  to  the  saliva.  The 
wood    i>    reddish    and    coarse-grained,    with   empty    pores,    hut    is 

iger  and  more   d arable  than  any  other  of  the  Red  Oaksj  and 

where  White  Oak  can  not  he  obtained  is  a  good  substitute  for  it  in 

buildings.     Staves  are  largely  made  of  it  for  containing  coarse  ar- 
ts r1     .  c 

tides.  The  hark  is  very  rich  in  tannin,  ami  is  in  much  request. 
From  this  hark  is  obtained  the  Q*terciiron,  which  is  extensively 
in  dyeing  wool,  calico,  silk  and  paper-hangings.  The  decoc- 
tion is  brownish  yellow,  ami  is  made  deeper  by  an  alkali,  lighter 
by  acids,  and  brighter  by  a  solution  of  tin. 

This  tree  is  common  in  the  United  States  east  and  west  of  the 
Alleghanies.  reaching  north  to  New  England,  and  is  said  to  indi- 
cate a  good  soil  for  agriculture.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  State.  If  it  exists  in  the  Lower  District  it  must  be 
sparingly. 

16.  Scarlet  Oak.  (Q.  coccinea,  Wang*) — This  is  generally 
founded  with  the  preceding  species,  and  called  Sj>,i)n's!>  and  /<'■</ 
Oak  in  this  State.  It  can  be  distinguished  from  the  Block  Oak  by 
the  leaves  being  more  deeply  cut,  the  divisions  narrower  and  more 
widely  separated,  but  especially  by  tjieir  being  quite  smooth  on 
both  sides  ami  of  a  brighter  shining   green,  turning    I  irlet 

after  frost     The  leaf-stem  is  also  more  slender  and  twice  as 
in  the  Block  (hi!.-.     The  kernel  of  the  acorn  seems  also  to  sup; 
uniform    character   of  distinction — that   of   t:      s  !  f Oak  b< 

white,  and  of  the  Block  Oak,  yellowish.  The  bark,  when  chewed, 
does  not,  like  that  of  the  Black  <>nh\  impart  a  yellowish  tinge  to 
the  saliva.  The  wood  i-  wry  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  - 
Cies,  but  is  not  very  durable,  and  is  not  used  for  building.  &C.,  when 
better  material  can  be  had.  What  is  known  as  Red  <>■• 
are  made  from  this  as  well  a<  from  the  two  preceding  species.  The 
bark  is  much  inferior  for  tanning  to  that  of  the  />/</<•/•  Oak. 

This  tree  ranges  from  New  England  to  Georgia  and  Florida.  In 
this  State  it  abounds  chiefly  in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts,  it 
not  being  generally  diffused  in  the  Lower. 


THE  TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  41 

17.  Red  Oak.  (Q.  rubra,  Linn.) — This,  like  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, is  sometimes  called  Spanish  Oak,  though  it  is  as  strongly 
marked  a  tree  as  can  be  found  in  our  forests.  The  leaves  are  larger 
(6  to  9  inches  long,)  than  any  others  in  this  Division,  not  so  deeply 
cut,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  changing  in  the  Fall  to  dull 
red.  then  to  yellow.  The  acorns  in  particular  furnish  a  character 
which  at  once  discriminates  this  from  all  the  Red  Oaks,  they  be- 
ing of  larger  size  (1  inch  long,)  and  having  very  flat  shallow  cups. 
The  wood  is  reddish  and  coarse  grained,  and  the  pores  very  large. 
It  is  strong  but  not  durable,  and  is  much  inferior  to  the  other  Red 
Oaks,  though  staves  are  sometimes  made  of  it.  The  bark  is  infe- 
rior for  tanning  to  that  of  the  Black  or  Scarlet  Oak. 

This  tree  extends  farther  north  than  any  other  of  our  Oaks,  reach- 
ing into  Canada.  It  is  tall  and  wide  spreading,  sometimes  over  SO 
feet  high,  and  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter.  For  its  full  development 
it  requires  a  cool  and  fertile  situation,  and  hence  abounds  more  in 
the  interior  parts  of  the  State.  In  the  Lower  District  it  is  found 
but  sparingly. 

18.  Scrub  Oak.  (Q.  Catesbeei,  Michx.) — This  grows  only  in  the 
sandy  barrens  of  the  Lower  District,  but  may  be  found  from  the 
coast  westward  to  the  counties  of  Richmond  and  Moore.  I  am  not 
aware  of  its  existence  north  of  this  State,  but  it  is  found  southward 
to  Florida.  It  seldom  exceeds  a  height  of  25  feet,  and  is  most  com- 
monly from  10  to  15  feet  high.  Among  the  Red  Oaks  this  species 
is  easily  recognized,  not  only  by  its  situation  and  humble  size,  but 
by  the  very  short  leaf-stem.  In  this  last  particular,  as  well  as  in  its 
habit,  and  in  the  color,  texture  and  weight,  of  the  wood,  it  has  a  close 
relation  to  the  Black  Jack  ;  and  in  South-Carolina  is  called  Forked- 
leaf  Black  Jack.  Indeed,  when  the  leaves  are  fallen,  the  two  are 
rather  difficult  to  be  distinguished.  For  fuel  they  hold  about  the 
same  rank.  The  bark  is  said  to  be  valuable  for  tanning,  but  is  too 
scanty  to  be  much  used. 

10.  Bear  Oak.  (Q.  ilicifolia,  Wang.)— A  shrub,  ordinarily  about 
3  or  5  Jeet  high,  extending  from  Xew  York  southward  through  the 
mountains  of  Virginia  (where  it  is  common,)  and  Xorth-Carolina 
I  very  rare,)  to  Georgia.  The  leaves  are  2  or  3  inches  long,  cut 
about  halfway  to  the  middle  nerve  into  two  divisions  on  each  side, 
and  with  a  white  down  on  the  underside.  Worthless  in  itself,  but 
a  good  indicator  of  barren  soil. 
4 


42  THE   TREES   OF   N'ORTH-CAROLIN'A. 


hickori: 

•?  general  qualities  of  the  wood  of  these  species  are  so  similar, 
that,  to  avoid  repetition,  they  may  as  well  be  indicated  here,  so  far 
as  thev  belong  to  the  whole  genus  or  to  any  of  its  Division?.  For 
weight,  strength,  and  tenacity  of  fibre,  we  have  no  wood  superior  ; 
but  its  value  is  impaired  by  a  tendency  to  rapid  decay  on  exposure 
and  its  peculiar  liability  to  injury  from  worms.  Hence  it  cannot 
be  used  in  buildings.  But  the  wood  of  the  different  species  is  in- 
discriminately used  tor  axel  trees,  axe-handles,  carpenters  tools, 
screws,  cogs  of  mill  wheels,  the  frames  of  chairs,  whip  handles, 
musket  stocks,  rake  teeth,  flails.  &c,  &c  For  hoops  we  have  no- 
thinc  equal  to  it.  These  are  made  from  young  stocks.  Fur  fuel, 
there  is  no  wood  which  gives  such  intense  heat  and  heavy  long- 
I  coals.  For  this  use,  although  discrimination  is  seldom  made, 
the  Common  Hickory*,  is  said  to  be  the  best,  and  the  B'dUrnut 
IV  Icmry  the  poorest.  For  timber.  Shtfl  Bail-  and  Pignut  11 
;re  reputed  the  best. 
I:  is  to  be  observed  upon  this  genus  of  trees,  that  the  species  are 
•  :o  considerable  variation  both  in  foliage  and  fruit, — some- 
times apparently  from  crosses,  as  well  as  from  difference  of  situa- 
tion,— and  hence  are  very  difficult  of  discrimination  without  long 
and  patient  attention.  This  I  have  not  given  them,  and  am  there- 
fore unable  to  indicate  any  thing  like  an  accurate  range  of  the 
species  enumerated  below,  which  have  been  carefully  examined 
only  in  particular  localit 

The  Hickories  are  peculiar  to  North  America,  of  which  we  have 
In  this  State  I  have  seen  but  six,  though  I  give  seven 
in  the  following  list.     The  species  are  very  naturally  arranged  in 
three  Divisions.      The  first  Division  is  characterized  by  the  husk 
falling  away  from  the  Nut  in  four  entire  pieces,  and  the  bark  of 
•  •Id  trunk  peeling  off  in  long  flakes  or  plates.     These  are  the 
-  or  Shay  Bark*.      The  second  has  a  husk  which  does 
not  divide  <iown  to  its  base,  and  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is  not  shag- 
gy.    These  .-dally  the  first,  have  Xuts  with  a  sweet  eata- 
ble kernel.    The  third  Division  has  Nuts  with  a  thin  shell  and  husk, 
and  an  astringent  bitter  kernel. 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

Division  1st.  Division  2nd. 

Shell-bark  Hickory,  (Carya  alba,)  Common  Hickory,  (C.  tomentosa.) 

Thick  Shell-bark  Hickory,  (C.  sulcata.)  Pignut  Hickory,  (C.  glabra.) 

Small-nut  Hickory,  (C.  microcarpa.) 

Division  Zrd. 
Bitter-nut  Hickory,  (C.  amara.) 
Water  Bitter-nut  do.,  (C.  aquatica.) 

1.  Shell-Bark  Hickory.  (Carya  alba,  Nutt.) — This  is  not  abun- 
dant in  any  part  of  the  State,  and  least  of  all  in  the  Lower  District. 
It  grows  upon  the  rich  lands  on  and  near  water  courses.  It  is  much 
more  common  in  the  Northern  States  than  in  the  Southern.  It  is 
60  or  80  feet  high,  with  a  disproportionate  diameter  of  15  to  20  inches 
for  three  fourths  of  its  length.  The  narrow  strips  of  outer  bark 
loosened  from  the  trunk,  attached  only  by  the  middle,  while  the 
two  ends  are  bowed  outwards,  which  characterize  this  and  the  next 
species,  are  observable  only  on  stocks  that  exceed  10  inches  in 
diameter  and  are  8  or  10  years  old.  But  the  leaflets  are  almost 
uniformly  in  two  pairs  (rarely  three)  with  an  odd  one  at  the  end  of 
the  common  leaf-stem.  The  Nuts  are  nearly  pointless,  and  with 
a  thin  white  shell.  They  are  the  finest  nuts  we  have,  excepting 
perhaps  the  Pecan  Nut  (C.  oliveeformis,)  of  the  South-western 
States. 

2.  Thick  Shell-Bark  Hickory.  (C.  sulcata,  Nutt.) — Most  com- 
mon in  the  Middle  and  "Western  States.  I  have  not  met  with  it  in 
this  State,  and  it  is  introduced  here  on  the  authority  of  others.  It 
may  be  looked  for  only  in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  State, 
especially  along  the  rivers  flowing  westward. 

This  may  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  species  by  its  three 
paire  (sometimes  four,)  of  leaflets  on  the  common  leaf-stem,  and  by 
the  thick  yellowish  shell  of  the  nut,  which  is  also  ribbed  on  its  up- 
per half,  and  has  a  strong  point.  The  kernel  is  smaller,  and  hard- 
ly so  sweet  as  in  the  preceding. 

3.  Common  Hickory.  (C.  tomentosa,  Nutt.) — Found  in  all  the 
States  and  common  in  our  own  forests  from  the  coast  to  the  moun- 
tains, the  only  one  which  occurs  in  the  barrens.  All  the  Hickories 
are  generally  characteristic  of  a  good  soil,  and  this  is  no  exception 
only  when  it  grows  in  the  barrens,  as  it  is  most  vigorous  in  rich 
soils.    It  is  about  60  feet  high  and  18  or  20  inches  in  diameter. 


44  THE  TEEES    OF   XORTH-CABOLL. 

-     hite  to  the  heart,  for  which  reason,  probably,  it  is 
calk  in  some  parts  of  the  State.     The  other  spe- 

-  have  their  wood  more  or  less  reddish.  The  leaflets  are  from 
7  to  9,  (generally  7.  Ti;e  frnit  has  a  thick  husk,  splitting  nearly 
to  the  base.  The  nut  is  of  various  forms,  but  is  somewhat  t»-angled, 
of  a  light  brown  color,  with  a  very  thick  shell  and  small  kernel. 

4.  Pto-Nur  Hickory.     I  C.  glabra,  Torr.) — Fuund  in  most  of  the 

r  SO  feet  high,  scatteringly  disseminated  among  the 
other  Hickories  throughout  North-Carolina.  It  can  be  distinguished 
in  winter  by  the  shoots  of  the  preceding  summer,  which  are  brown, 
and  not  half  the  size  of  those  of  the  preceding  species.  These  are 
exceedingly  tough  and  of  the  best  quality  for  Hickory  withe*.  The 
leaflets  are  smooth  on  both  m  7   in  number.     The  fruit  is 

generally  pear-shaped,  the  husk  thin  and  green,  the  shell  of  the 
nut  verv  hard  and  smooth,  and  the  kernel  small  and  sv 

5.  Small-Nut  Hickory.  (C.  microcarpa,  Nutt. ) — This  is  more 
common  in  the  northern  States  than  with  us.  I  have  observed  it 
only  in  Caldwell  though  it  probably  exists  in  most  of  the 

-ern  counties,  intermingled  with  the  Common  Hickory.  It  is 
of  similar  dimensions  with  the  latter,  but  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
much  more  even.  The  foliage  is  much  like  that  of  the  Pig-nut. 
The  nut  is  roundish,  not  much  larger  than  a  nutmeg,  with  a  thin 
shell. 

6.  Bitter-Nut  Hickory.  <C.  amara,  Nutt.  ) — Not  uncommon 
from  the  coast  to  the  mountains,  preferring  rich  and  cool  soils, 
where  it  rises  to  the  height  of  70  ith  a  diameter  of  two 
or  more.  It  is  sometimes  called  fl  The  foliage  ap- 
pears later  than  that  of  the  other  species.  The  leaflets  are  7  to  11 
and  smooth.  It  can  be  recognized  in  winter  by  its  small  yellow 
buds.  The  fruit  has  a  thin  husk  which  has  prominent  seams  open- 
about  half  way  to  the  base,  and  a  nut  with  a  thin  shell  that  can 

be  crushed  with  the  fingers.     The  kernel  is  <~  v  bitter  and 

'ngent,  not  likely  to  be  forg  any  who  have  eaten  it 

•imber  is  inferior  to  that  of  the  ot: 

7.  Wl&m  Hitter-Nut  Hickory.     <C.  aquatica.  Nutt.) — This  is 

:  high,  found  only  in  the  swamps  and  river  !>..;;,, in? 
from  North-Carolina  southward.  It  is  generally  confounded  with 
the  preceding,  from  which  it  can  be  cl  _  .ed  at  some  distance 
by  the  more  numerous  (9  to  13)  and  more  slender  leaflets,  which 


THE  TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 


« 


are  shaped  very  much  like  the  leaves  of  the  Peach,  though  larger. 
Fruit  with  a  thin  husk  parted  nearly  to  the  base;  a  nut  with  thin 
shell  and  of  a  reddish  color,  and  the  kernels  bitter  as  in  the  prece- 
ding.    The  timber  is  rather  inferior,  even  to  that  of  Xo.  6. 

WALNUTS. 

1.  Black  "Walnut.  (Juglans  nigra,  Linn.) — This  tree  is  well 
known  throughout  the  State  by  this  name,  and  needs  no  particular 
description.  With  us  it  is  40  or  50  feet  high ;  but  in  the  richer 
lands  of  the  "Western  States  it  is  often  70  feet,  with  a  diameter  of 
6  and  7.  It  is  most  abundant  in  our  Middle  District.  The  tim- 
ber is  much  used  in  cabinet  work,  is  of  a  dark  brown  color,  strong 
and  tenacious,  the  grain  fine  and  compact  enough  for  receiving  a 
polish,  and  when  well  seasoned  does  not  warp  and  split  It  is  also 
exempt  from  attacks  of  worms.  The  Nut  is  globular,  and  its  kernel 
sweet  and  agreeable  to  most  persons,  though  inferior  to  the  Euro- 
pean Walnut  (J.  regia.)  The  young  fruit  is  highly  esteemed  for 
Pickles  and  Catsup.  The  husk  is  employed  in  domestic  use  for 
dying  Woollens.  This  is  a  pleasant  shade-tree,  and  mingles  well 
with  others  about  a  residence. 

2.  White  Walnut.  (J.  cinerea,  Linn.) — This  is  the  common 
name  of  the  tree  in  the  section  of  State  where  it  grows,  though  that 
of  ButUrnv.t,  applied  to  it  in  the  Northern  States,  is  not  unknown. 
It  is  found  upon  bottom  lands  and  river  banks  in  the  vallies  of  the 
Mountains.  I  have  not  met  with  it  east  of  Wilkes,  but  am  inform- 
ed that  it  is  occasionallv  found  as  far  down  the  countrv  as  Orange 
and  Randolph.     Its  general  aspect  is  very  much  that  of  the  Black 

TI  alnutj  but  it  is  a  smaller  tree,  and  when  in  fruit  can  be  at  once 
recognized  by  the  Xuts,  which  are  about  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
"V\  hen  not  in  fruit,  the  pitchy  clamminess  of  the  leaf-stems  and 
young  branchlets,  together  with  the  smooth  gray  bark  of  the 
branches,  will  readily  distinguish  it.  In  favorable  localities  at  the 
North,  this  tree  attains  the  height  of  50  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  3 
or  more  ;  but  with  us  it  is  rather  smaller.  The  timber  is  of  a  red- 
dish hue,  not  of  much  strength,  but  durable  and  free  from  attacks 
of  worms.  It  is  used  in  light  cabinet  work  and  in  the  panels  of 
carriages,  as  it  is  light,  not  liable  to  split,  and  receives  paint  re- 
markably well.     It  is  also  used  somewhat  in  the  lower  frame-work 


46  THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CABOLINA. 

of  buildings  and  for  the  various  purposes  in  rural  economy  which 
require  material  not  easily  affected  by  heat  and  moisture.  The 
bark  is  sometimes  used  for  dyeing  Woollens  a  dark  brown,  though 
not  equal  for  this  purpose  to  that  ot  Black  Walnut.  It  is  also  a 
domestic  remedy  for  cases  where  a  sure  but  safe  and  gentle  cath- 
artic is  needed.  The  kernel  of  the  Nut  is  more  oily  than  in  the 
I  Walnut,  but  is  palatable.  The  young  fruit  is  used  for  Pickles. 
The  sap  of  the  tree  is  slightly  saccharine,  and  sugar  has  been  made 
from  it,  but  not  equal  to  that  from  the  J/<\ 

CHESTNUTS. 

1.  Chestnut.  (Castanea  vesca,  Linn.) — This  is  an  inhabitant  of 
all  the  cooler  parts  of  the  United  States.  With  us  it  is  chiefly  con- 
fined to  the  mountains  from  Ashe  to  Cherokee,  and  is  found  but 
sparingly  on  hills  in  the  Middle  District  as  low  down  as  Guilford 
and  liandolph.  It  rinds  its  proper  soil  and  temperature  on  the  sides 
of  our  high  mountains,  where  it  probably  acquires  as  large  dimen- 
sions as  anywhere  in  the  Union  ;  stocks  being  sometimes  met  with 
which,  at  6  feet  from  the  ground,  measure  15  or  1G  feet  in  circum- 
ference. Its  usual  height  is  from  50  to  70  feet,  but  is  sometimes 
90,  with  a  capacious  and  well  formed  top.  The  wood  is  light,  tol- 
erably strong,  elastic,  and  capable  of  resisting  the  effects  of  atmos- 
pheric changes.  Its  durability  gives  it  great  value  for  fencing,  and 
the  rails,  which  are  split  out  straight  and  easily,  are  said  to  last  50 
years.  For  shingles  it  is  superior  to  the  Oais,  but  is  liable  to  warp. 
It  is  sometimes  used  for  cooperage,  but  is  too  porous  for  anything 
but  dry  wares.  For  fuel  it  is  little  esteemed,  as  it  tnmp$  moat  in- 
tolerably, almost  as  much  as  Hemlock  Spruce,  But  for  charcoal  it 
is  well  adapted,  and  in  this  form  is  extensively  used  in  Forges  and 
Smithies. 

Botanists  deem  our  Chestnut  to  be  only  a  variety  of  the  Euro- 
pean. The  wood  is  not  quite  so  tine  grained,  ami  the  nuts  are  only 
it  half  the  size  of  the  European,  but  they  are  much  sweeter 
and  more  palatable.  On  Mt.  .Etna  is  a  Chestnut  tree  (but  appa- 
rently of  five  united  trunks.)  53  feet  in  diameter,  and  with  a  spread 
of  branches  sufficient  to  shelter  100  men  on  horseback!  There  are 
several  trunks  near  this  which  are  75  feet  in  circumference. 


THE   TREES    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA.  4  I 

2.  Chinquapin.  (C.  pumila,  Michx.) — This  extends  from  the 
Delaware  throughout  the  South.  In  this  State  it  is  known  from 
the  seaboard  to  Cherokee,  and  in  great  varieties  of  soil.  It  is  usu- 
ally a  shrub  from  6  to  12  feet  high,  but  in  cool  fertile  situations  it 
is  sometimes  30  or  40,  and  12  or  IS  inches  in  diameter.  The  wood 
is  finer  grained  than  the  Chestnut  and  equally  durable ;  but  the 
stock  is  too  small  for  extensive  use. 

There  is  a  distinct  variety  of  this  (var  :  nana,)  in  our  poor  forests 
with  slender  shoots  and  extensive  runners,  bearing  fruit  at  the 
height  of  a  foot. 

Beech.  (Fagus  ferruginea,  Ait.) — Common  throughout  the 
United  States,  and  the  only  species  in  the  country.  It  is  a  very 
handsome  tree,  though  rarely  seen  in  cultivation.  In  the  Lower 
District  of  the  State  it  occurs  rather  sparingly  and  of  no  great  size. 
In  the  Middle  District  it  is  more  common  and  luxuriant;  but  it  is 
in  the  Mountains  that  it  is  found  in  greatest  abundance  and  of  pro- 
per dimensions,  being  there  from  50  to  SO  and  even  100  feet  high, 
with  a  diameter  of  2  and  3  feet.  The  wood  is  compact  and  tough, 
and  of  very  uniform  texture,  by  which  it  is  well  adapted  for  plane- 
stocks,  shoe-lasts,  and  the  handles  of  mechanical  implements.  'When 
perfectly  seasoned,  it  is  not  liable  to  warp.  It  is  easily  affected  by 
variations  of  moisture  and  dryness,  but  is  very  durable  when  kept 
constantly  dry,  or  when  permanently  immersed  in  water.  The 
bark  is  sometimes  used  for  tanning,  but  is  not  equal  to  that  of  Oak. 
The  nuts  are  a  fine  mast  for  hogs,*and  a  valuable  oil  can  be  ex- 
pressed from  them. 

The  old  Saxon  word  for  Beech  is  Buck  or  Bud',  and  hence  our 
word  Bud-wheat  (i.  e.  Beechwheat)  from  the  similarity  of  their 
triangular  fruit. 

BUCKEYES. 

These  handsome  productions,  admired  both  for  their  foliage  and 
blossoms,  as  well  as  for  general  elegance  of  form,  are  of  the  same 
genus  with  the  Asiatic  Horse  Chestnut  (^E.  Hippocastanum,)  so 
much  prized  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Europe  and  parts  of  this 
country.  The  leaves  are  what  is  called  digitate ;  i.  e.  the  leaflets 
spread,  like  the  fingers  of  a  hand,  from  the  end  of  a  common  leaf- 
stem,  a  character  which  belongs  to  no  other  of  our  forest  trees. 


4-  THE   TREES    OF    NORTH-CAKOLIXA. 

There  are  4  species  in  the  United  States,  of  which  tw  .ive 

within  our  limits.     Possibly  a  third   speck's  (uE.  pan::  sistfl 

in  the  apper  part  of  the  State  adjoining  South-Carolina  and  Georj 

1.  Yellow  Bugkbtb.  i^Esculus  rlava.  Ait.) — More  ahv.ndant  in 
the  Western  than  in  the  Atlantic  States  ;  in  the  latter  it  is  not  found 
north  of  Virginia.  In  this  State  it  is  most  abundant  upon  the  sides 
of  our  high  mountains,  and  is  nowhere  of  larger  size.  It  here 
reaches  a  height  of  60  and  80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  and 
with  its  tapering  straight  trunk  is  a  very  imposing  tree.  The. 
no  better  indicator  than  this  of  a  deep  rich  fertile  soil.  The  flowers 
are  in  large  clusters,  yeli  occasionally  with  a  reddish  ting 

ami  very  bIiowj.  In  the  Middle  District  this  species  is  fonnd  along 
streams  and  in  river  bottoms  as  far  down  as  Orange,  but  is  here  a 
mere  shrub  3  to  6  feet  high. 

°.  Red  Buckets.      [JE  Pavia,  Linn.) — This  grows  only  in  the 
•hern  and  Western  States.     It  is  distinguished  by  is  dull  red 
flowers,  and  is  what  is  chiefly  known  in  our  Lower  and  Middle  Dis- 
tricts under  the  name  of  Buckeye.    It  is  usually  s  to  12  feet  high,  but 
sometimes  becomes  a  small  tree.     The  root  of  this  spe  me- 

times  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in  washing  woollen  cloths.  The 
powdered  seeds  and  bruised  branches,  if  thrown  into  small  ponds 
and  stirred  a  while,  will  so  intoxicate  fish  that  they  rise  to  the  sur- 
face and  may  be  taken  by  hand. 

The  next  Group  of  trees  is  that  whose  fruit  is  contained  in  1 
or  seed-ves-els  which  are  longer  than  broad,  like  those  of  the  Bean 
and  Pea.     It  includes  the  L<>       .  /•'  d  Ilmh  Arc. 

1.  Locest.  (Robinia  Psendacacia.  Linn.) — In  the  Atlantic  B 
well  known  ornamental  tree  first  appears  in  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania and  extends  thence  along  the  Alleganies  to  their  southern 
terminus.  It  is  more  common  in  the  Western  States.  In  North 
Carolina  I  have  met  with  it  in  a  wild  state  only  on  the  lower  ri< 
of  the  Mountains,  but  probably  it  is,  or  was.  native  tor  some  dis- 
tance east  of  the  Blue  Ridge.      The  w 1   is  hard,   compact,  and 

tak.  polish.     It  r  ay  longer  than  almo>t  any  other, 

and!  -  Ungly  valuable  for  poets  and  fences.    There  are 

diflfi  '.  in  the  quality  of  the  trees  which  it  is  impor- 

tant to  keep  in  mind.  Those  with  a  red  heart  are  deemed  the 
best: — those    with  a  heaH\   the   next. — and  those 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  4ii 

with  a  'white  heart,  the  least  valuable.  In  Civil  Architecture  the 
timber  is  not  extensively  used  in  buildings,  but  is  employed  for 
Railroad  ties  and  sleepers,  whenever  it  can  be  had.  In  Naval 
Architecture  it  is  used  to  as  great  an  extent  as  the  supply  will  per- 
mit. For  trunnels  (the  wooden  pins  that  fasten  the  planks  to  the 
frame  of  vessels,)  it  is  of  the  highest  value,  as,  instead  of  decaying, 
it  grows  harder  with  age.  The  wood  is  also  used  by  Turners  in- 
stead of  Box,  for  the  manufacture  of  small  articles,  such  as  bowls, 
salad  spoons,  &c,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted  by  its  hardness,  du- 
rability, and  capability  of  polish. 

2.  Clammy  Locust.  (R.  viscosa,  Vent.) — A  very  ornamental 
tree,  smaller  than  the  foregoing  and  much  less  known,  it  being 
chiefly  confined  to  the  southern  range  of  our  Mountains  and  the 
adjoining  ones  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  It  does  not  exceed 
40  feet  in  height.  The  young  branches  are  covered  with  a  clam- 
my matter,  and  the  flowers  are  of  a  beautiful  rose  color  ;  characters 
which  will  always  distinguish  it  from  the  preceding.  The  wood  is 
similar. 

3.  Rose  Locust.  (R.  hispida,  Linn.) — A  well  known  ornamental 
shrub  of  our  gardens,  (sometimes  known  by  the  singular  misnomer 
of  Rose  of  Sharon,)  with  large  deep  rose-colored  blossoms,  bristly 
branches,  flower-stems  and  pods.  It  is  indigenous  to  the  rocky 
summits  of  mountains  and  hills  in  the  Upper  and  Middle  Districts; 
and  a  dwarf  variety,  in  the  Pine  barrens  of  the  Lower. 

IIonkt  Locust.  (Gleditschia  triacanthos,  Linn.) — Found  in  all 
the  States  from  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  southward.  It  is  diffused 
over  this  State,  but  is  nowhere  very  abundant.  It  is  from  30  to  50 
feet  high,  and  2  or  3  feet  through.  The  heart  much  resembles 
that  of  Locust,  but  is  coarser,  and  the  pores  are  quite  open  like 
those  of  Bed  Oal:  It  is  therefore  used  only  where  other  material 
can  not  be  conveniently  had.  The  large  pods,  12  or  18  inches  long, 
contain  a  sweet  pulp  from  which  a  very  palatable  beer  is  made. 
This  thorny  tree  has  been  occasionally  employed  for  hedges,  but, 
in  all  the  cases  I  have  seen,  without  success,  the  stocks  having  all 
run  up  into  trees,  possibly  from  not  having  been  kept  down  by 
persevering  attention  to  cutting  in. 


50  THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

R]  d  Hod.  (Cercis  Canadensis,  Linn.) — Common  over  the  United 
States,  and  found  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts  of  this,  most 
abundantly  in  the  latter.  It  is  from  15  to  25  feet  high,  but  when 
the  main  stock  is  cut  generally  shoots  up  into  a  cluster  of  shrubs. 
As  it  blossoms  early,  before  the  development  of  its  leaves,  and  is 
covered  with  a  profusion  of  bright  purplish-red  flowers,  it  is  a  very 
striking  object  in  the  forests  in  early  Spring. 

Catali'a.  (Catalpa  bignonioides,  Walt.) — This  is  so  common 
around  settlements  as  to  merit  a  passing  notice,  though  it  is  no- 
where native  in  the  Atlantic  States  north  of  the  Savannah  River. 
Further  south  and  at  the  west  it  is  not  an  uncommon  forest  tree 
near  rivers,  especially  those  that  empty  into  the  Mississippi. 

Kentucky  Coffee  Trees  (Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lam.) — A 
native  of  the  Western  States,  but  occasionally  cultivated  about 
houses  as  a  handsome  shade  tree  in  our  Middle  Districts  and  spon- 
taneously multiplying  from  the  seeds.  It  has  a  general  aspect  like 
that  of  Locust,  for  which  it  is  often  mistaken.  The  pods  are  thick 
shelled,  G  to  10  inches  long  and  2  broad,  containing  seeds  £  inch 
broad. 

The  next  Group  comprises  trees  with  a  flat  winged  fruit,  as  the 
Staple,  Ash  and  Elm. 

MAPLES. 

These  are  stately  and  beautiful  trees,  as  much  prized  for  orna- 
ment as  for  their  value  in  art.  We  have  five  species  of  Maple,  all 
that  are  known  in  the  United  States,  two  of  which  are  mere 
shrubs. 

1.  Bed  Maple.  (Acer  rubrum,  Linn.) — Well  known  throughout 
the  State,  being  found  in  swamps  and  low  grounds  from  the  coast 
to  the  Mountains.  It  is  among  the  first  trees  to  throw  out  its  blos- 
soms in  early  Spring,  (as  early  as  February  in  the  Lower  District,) 
and  with  its  bright  scarlet  flowers  then  gives  a  peculiarly  pleasing 
aspect  to  the  otherwise  naked  forest.  In  Autumn,  the  brilliant 
crimson  of  its  dying  foliage  again  makes  it  a  conspicuous  object, 
though  accompanied  by  others  which  vie  with  it  in  contributing  to 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  51 

the  splendor  of  our  autumnal  scener}\  It  does  not  appear  to  be  so 
large  here  as  farther  north,  where  it  is  sometimes  70  feet  high  and 
3  or  4  feet  through.  The  wood  is  of  close  and  fine  grain,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  brilliant  polish.  It  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  chairs,  saddle  trees,  yokes,  and  various  articles  of  wooden 
ware.  It  is  not  sufficiently  solid,  however,  for  heavy  work,  and 
speedily  decays  if  subjected  to  variations  of  heat  and  moisture. 
When  the  grain  of  this  wood  has  a  winding  direction,  it  furnishes 
the  material  called  Curly  Maple,  which  is  much  used  for  cabinet 
work  and  sometimes  for  the  mouldings  of  houses.  Bedsteads  and 
gnnstocks  of  much  beauty  are  made  of  it,  and  it  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed for  inlaying  Mahogany.  The  varied  effects  of  light  and 
shade  upon  the  tortuous  veins  can  be  much  enhanced  by  rubbing 
with  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterwards  with  Linseed  oil.  The  bark  of 
this  tree  is  said  to  afford  a  dark  blue  dye,  and  a  good  black  Iuk. 
The  sap  is  somewhat  saccharine,  but  is  rarely  used  for  making  su- 
gar. This  tree  in  some  situations  has  yellowish  flowers  and  fruit, 
and  is  then  called  Yellow  Maple. 

2.  White  or  Silver  Maple.  (A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.) — This  is 
generally  confounded  with  the  foregoing,  but  is  a  much  rarer  tree, 
in  this  State.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  it  except  in  the 
Mountains.  It  is  30  to  50  feet  high  and  1  or  2  in  diameter ;  though 
in  the  Western  States  sometimes  8  or  9  feet  through.  The  top  is 
more  spreading  than  in  the  Red  Maple.  The  leaves  are  bright 
green  above,  and  of  a  silvery  whiteness  beneath,  which  gives  a 
pleasing  effect  to  their  play  in  the  sunlight,  and  helps  to  render 
the  tree  a  desirable  addition  to  ornamented  grounds.  The  flowers 
are  greenish-yellow,  and  the  fruit  (woolly  when  young,)  has  large 
spreading  wings.  The  wood  is  very  white  and  fine  grained,  but 
much  softer  than  in  the  other  Maples;  and  hence  is  little  used  in 
cabinet  work  where  the  others  can  be  had.  The  sap  is  sometimes 
converted  into  Sugar,  which  is  of  superior  whiteness  and  flavor  to 
that  of  the  Sugar  Maple  ;  but  twice  the  quantity  of  sap  is  requir- 
ed to  give  an  equal  quantity  of  Sugar. 

3.  Suoajee  Maple.  (A.  saccharinum,  Wang.)-  This  is  found  from 
Canada  to  Georgia,  and  is  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  of  our 
Maples.  It  has  a  height  of  50  to  80  feet,  a  diameter  of  2  and  3, 
and  a  very  symmetrical  oval  top  of  compact  branches,  which  make 
it  one  of  the  most  desirable  trees  for  streets  and  avenues.     It  is 


IS  THE    TREKS    OF    X<  >RTII-CAROKtNA. 

very  abnndant  in  our  mountains,  and  occurs  also  in  the  Middle 
Lower  Districts.  The  wood  is  white  when  freshly  cut,  but  be- 
comes of  a  taint  rosy  hue  on  exposure.  It  has  a  fine  cl<  Be  grain, 
takes  a  fine  polish,  and  is  heavy  and  strong.  It  is  not  as  durable* 
as  ( >ak,  and  is  not  much  used  in  Civil  or  Naval  Architecture. 
"When  well  seasoned,  it  serves  for  axles  and  spokes  of  wheels, 
chairs.  Arc.  This  tree  produces  a  curled  variety  of  wood  like  the 
Red  Maple.  But  there  is  yet  another  and  more  beautiful  vari 
called  Bird's  /://<.  which  is  much  used  for  ornamental  wood  work. 
The  wood  makes  excellent  fuel.  The  ashes  abound  in  Alkali,  and 
they  furnish  the  largest  part  of  the  Potash  shipped  from  northern 
ports. 

It  is  the  production  of  Sugar  from  the  sap  of  this  tree,  which 
gives  it  its  highest  value.  In  some  of  the  Northern  Stat  3,  par- 
ticularly in  Vermont,  it  is  made  to  an  extent  that  constitutes  them 
almost  as  ranch  a  Sugar  producing  country  as  Louisiana.  In  our 
Mountains,  which  are  too  remote  from  a  market  to  permit  any 
effort  to  produce  this  article  in  sufficient  quantity,  and  of  suitable 
quality,  for  purposes  of  commerce,  it  is  annually  made  to  some 
extern  for  home  use,  but  not  enough  for  the  "sweetening"  re- 
quired even  in  the  Mountains.  It  is  only  in  the  colder  regions  that 
the  tree  can  be  used  for  this  purpose.  In  our  low  country  Sugar 
cannot  be  made  from  it. 

4.  Striped  Maple.  (A.  Pennsylvanicnm,  Linn.) — This  grows  in 
the  colder  parts  of  the  country  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  and  is 
known  under  the  names,  besides  the  one  already  given,  of  .If 

I  and  Striped  Dogwood.  In  North-Oarolina  if  is  confined  to 
the  Mountains.  It  is  but  a  shrub,  rarely  over  10  feet  high.  The 
bark  »th   and   green,  with   longitudinal   dark  stripes,  which 

distinguishes  it  at  all  seas'-u-,  and  makes  it  an  object  cu- 

riosity and  interest  in  shrubberies.     The  fruit  is  like  that  of  other 
Maples,  and  of  greenish  color. 

5.  Mountain  Maple.  (A.  spicatum.  Lam.) — This  has  nearly  the 
same  range  in  the  country  with  the  preceding  one.  In  this  State 
it  is  tonnd  only  in  the  Mountains,  and  is  also  a  shrub  6  to  10 
high.  From  its  insignificance  it  does  not  seem  to  have  attra 
sufficient  attention  to  acquire  a  popular  name;  but  is  known  far- 
ther north  by  the  above,  and  also  as  TJow  Maple.  Europeans,  who 
have  paid  far  more  attention  than   ourselves  to  the  uses  and  ca- 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  53 

pacities  of  our  forest  productions,  have  ascertained  that  this  and 
the  Striped  Mapk  acquire  double  their  natural  size,  when  engraft- 
ed on  other  species  of  Maple.  Its  leaves  and  fruit  have  the  com- 
mon characters  of  a  Maple,  the  latter  being  rather  small. 

Ash-Leaved  Mai>le.  (Xegundo  aceroides,  Moench.) — I  have  not 
learned  the  name  by  which  this  is  known  in  North-Carolina,  and 
have  adopted  the  one  very  appropriately  used  in  other  parts  of  the 
United  States.  In  the  "Western  States,  where  it  is  more  common, 
it  is  called  Box  Elder.  In  South-Carolina  I  have  heard  it  called 
Stinking  Ash.  It  has  the  leaves  of  an  Ash,  and  the  fruit  of  a 
Maple.  It  is  rare  in  the  Lower  District,  but  is  common  on  the 
borders  of  streams  in  the  Middle  District  to  the  Mountains. 

Its  ordinary  height  is  from  15  to  25  feet,  a  rather  handsome  tree, 
of  light  green  branches  and  trunk,  and  the  bark  of  rather  dis- 
agreeable odor.  The  wood,  though  fine  grained,  is  not  much  used, 
as  it  is  liable  to  rapid  decay.  In  the  West,  it  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed for  inlaying  furniture  made  of  Mahogany  and  Cherry. 

ASHES. 

This  is  a  genus  of  handsome  trees,  and  next  to  the  Oaks,  fur- 
nishes the  most  valuable  timber  of  our  forests.  The  distinguish- 
ing properties  of  the  wood  are  strength  and  elasticity.  The  species 
have  a  great  similarity  of  general  aspect,  and  are  subject  to  con- 
siderable variation  in  different  soils,  so  that  their  discrimination  re- 
quires some  attention  and  experience.  In  this  State  they  are  all 
called  simply  Ash,  without  any  discriminating  adjuncts,  and  I  have 
not  the  advantage  of  names,  therefore,  to  assist  me  in  pointing  out 
the  species.     Xone  of  them  are  very  abundant. 

1.  Water  Ash.  (Fraxinus  platycarpa,  Michx.) — This  is  a  South- 
ern species,  peculiar  to  the  marshy  borders  of  creeks  and  rivers  in 
the  Lower  Districts,  and  where,  as  far  as  I  have  learned,  there  is 
no  other  species.  It  is  the  only  one  in  the  State  in  which  the 
wings  of  the  fruit  extend  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  seed,  and  is 
sometimes  even  three-winged.  The  locality  and  the  fruit  will 
Therefore  readily  determine  this  species.  The  tree  is  30  or  40  feet 
high,  its  timber  probably  less  valuable  than  some  of  the  others, 
though  partaking  of  the  same  general  qualities. 


54  THE   TREES    OF   XOETH-C  PROLIX  A. 

S  •■::• :  n  Ash.  •  Y.  viridia,  Michx.i — I  have  seen  this  only  in 
the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts,  upon  the  banks  of  rivers.  The 
fruit  is  gradually  dilated  from  the  base  upward.     The  leaf:-  tx    5  to 

ire  more  or  less  toothed,  amuotb  and  green  on  both  sides  This 
is  a  middle  sized  tree,  with  greenish  branchlets.  The  timber  is 
much  like  that  of  the  others,  but  hardly  equal  to  117  ' 

3.  Bbd  Ash.  (F.  pnbeacena,  Lam.) — I  have  seen  this  only  in 
Lincln,  but  it  is  doubtless  an  inhabitant  of  rich  swampy  grounds 
in  other  counties  of  the  Middle  District.  It  is  50  at  hi^h. 
the  underside  of  the  leaves,  and  also  the  young  shoots,  clothed  with 
a  thick  whitish  down,  which  changes,  in  the  Fall,  to  a  reddish  tint, 
from  whence  is  probably  derived  its  common  name.  The  leaflets 
(7  to  S»)  are  but  slightly  notched.  The  fruit  is  very  much  like  that 
of  the  G  A  -1:.  The  wood  is  redder  than  in  the  H  L,  is 
harder  and  less  elastic,  but  used  for  the  same  purp 

4.  Whxib  Ash.  (F.  Americana,  Linn.) — Diffused  through  the 
L'nited  States.  With  us  it  is  not  very  abundant,  but  occurs  along 
streams  and  the  borders  of  low  grounds  in  the  Middle  and  Upper 
Districts.  It  is  50  to  70  or  BO  feet  high,  and  2  or  3  feet  through. 
It  has  a  straight  trunk,  with  grayish  furrowed  bark,  and  smooth 
bluish-gray  branchlets  and  shoots.  The  leaflets,  in  Summer,  are 
very  smooth,  of  a  light  green  above  and  whitish  beneath,  ? 
slightly  toothed  on  the  edges.  The  fruit  is  about  li  inch  long,  nar- 
row, and  with  a  long  slender  base,  the  wing  springing  from  near 
the  summit  of  the  seed.  The  heart-wood  is  reddish,  and  is  consid- 
ered superior  to  the  other  Ashes  in  strength  and  elasticity. 

all  the  purposes  which  require  these  properties,  it  is  employed  bj 
Carnage  makers.  Wheelwrights.  Shipwrights,  Turners,  and  Coop- 
ers.    There  are  but  few  trees  of  the  American  forests  more  valua- 
ble and  more  extensively  used  than  this.     It  is  withal  a  ve: 
tree  in  private  grounds. 

ELMS. 

qua  of  Trees  too  well  known  to  need  a  particular  spe 
tion  of  their  characters.      The  fruit  is  small,  flat,  and  with  a  thin 
winged  margin. 

1.  Elm.  (Ulmus  Americana,  Linn.) — This  magnificent  shade 
tree  is  well  known  throughout  the  country.     In  the  most  favorable 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  55 

situations  with  us,  it  is  uot  often  seen  above  60  or  70  feet  high  ;  but 
in  some  sections,  as  in  the  Middle  States,  it  reaches  the  heignt  of 
100  feet,  and  a  diameter  of  4  or  5  feet.  The  timber  of  this  tree  is 
not  iu  much  demand,  but  is  occasionally  used  by  Wheelwrights  for 
the  naves  of  wheels,  where  other  material  can  not  be  obtained. 

There  is  a  difference  in  the  spread  of  this  tree,  the  term  with 
drooping  branches  being  much  more  graceful  and  showy  than  the 
one  with  more  erect  branches.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted,  that 
this  is  generally  so  crowded  in  our  streets  as  to  prevent  its  attain- 
ing its  widest  spread,  and  its  most  natural  and  attractive  form. 

2.  Small-lkaved  Elm.  (U.  alata,  Michx.) — Generally  known  in 
this  State  by  this  name,  but  more  commonly  known  elsewhere, 
perhaps,  as  Wahoo.  It  is  not  uncommon  with  us,  except  on  the 
higher  Mountains.  Its  Xorthern  limit  is  in  lower  Virginia.  It  is 
only  30  to  45  feet  high,  not  only  smaller,  but  of  much  less  graceful 
form,  than  the  preceding,  though  often  seen  as  a  shade  tree  in  our 
streets.  It  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  much  smaller  leaves,  and 
by  the  corky  excrescences  which,  as  in  the  Sweet  Gum,  wing  the 
smaller  branches. 

The  wood  is  more  compact  and  finer  grained  than  in  the  former 
species,  and  is  used  for  the  naves  of  wheels,  for  which  some  prefer 
it  to  Black  Gum. 

A  variety  of  this  occurs,  in  which  the  excrescences  are  wanting 
and  the  branches  more  slender  and  flowing.  Tiie  small  leaves 
however,  determine  the  species. 

3.  Slippery  Elm.  (U.  fulva,  Michx.)— Widely  diffused  over 
North  America,  but  in  no  localities  so  abundant  as  either  of  the 
preceding.  It  is  occasionally  met  with  in  our  Lower  District  but 
more  frequently  in  the  Middle,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  Upper. 
It  is  from  30  to  50  feet  high,  and  12  or  IS  inches  through.  The 
wood  is  coarser  than  that  of  the  other  species,  but  is  stronger  and 
more  durable,  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  than  the  common 
Elm,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  the  "Western  States  in  buildings  and 
vessels.  For  ship  blocks  it  is  said  to  be  of  the  highest  value.  As 
the  trunk  splits  well,  it  is  convenient  for  the  making  of  rails,  which 
are  very  durable.  The  inner  bark  of  this  tree,  especially  of  the 
branches,  contains  a  large  amount  of  mucilage  which  is  servicea- 
ble in  colds  and  bronchial  affections,  and  for  emollient  plasters. 


§6  THE   TREES    OF   NORTII-CA.E0UN A. 

The  next  Group  comprises  those  trees  which  have  a  fruit  more 
or  1'  .  whether  stone  fruit  like  Plums  and  Cherries,  or  those 

which  contain  seeds  like   the  Crab  Apple,  and  those  smaller  forms 
which  would  popularly  be  called  Berries. 

1.  Red  Plum.  (Prunus  Americana,  Marsh.) — A  small  tree  or 
Bhrub  not  uncommon  from  Canada  to  Louisiana;  and  in  this  State 
from  the  coast  to  Cherokee,  especially  in  the  Upper  District,  along 
streams  and  on  the  border  of  woods.  The  leaves  are  quite  veiny 
and  coarsely  toothed.  The  fruit  is  red,  orange  or  yellow,  with  a 
rather  tough  skin,  generally  acerb  and  uneatable,  but  occasionally 
of  good  flavor  and  then  makes  an  excellent  preserve.  Some  very 
good  varieties  have  been  produced  by  cultivation. 

2.  Clin  kasaw  Plum.  (P.  Chicasa,  Michx.) — A  shrub  very  com- 
mon in  old  fields  and  about  settlements  throughout  the  State,  some- 
times becoming  a  small  tree.  It  has  every  appearance  of  being  an 
introduced  plant,  and  it  was  a  tradition  of  the  Indians  that  they 
brought  this  fruit  from  be\*ond  the  Mississippi,  where  it  is  now 
known  to  be  indigenous.  The  leaves  are  smooth,  not  very  veiny, 
and  finely  toothed.  The  fruit  varies  very  much  both  in  color  and 
flavor,  but  generally  quite  pleasant,  and  is  much  improved  by  cul- 
tivation. 

3.  Sloe.  (P.  spinosa,  Linn?) — I  have  seen  this  only  in  Lincoln 
county,  where  it  was  pointed  out  to  me  by  Dr.  Hunter,  and  called 
by  the  above  name.  As  I  have  no  notes  upon  this  small  tree,  I 
am  now  in  uncertainty  whether  it  be  identical  with  the  English 
Slot  or  Blackthorn,  which  is  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, and  is  considered  by  the  best  Botanists  to  be  the  parent  of  the 
common  cultivated  Plum,  (P.  domestica,  Linn.) 

1.    Wii.n  (  SheeRY.     (P.  serotina,   Ehrh.) — This   ranks  among  the 

largest  and  finest  trees  of  the  American  forest,  and  is  very  widely 

diffused  through  tin-  United  States.     In  this  State  it  is  found  through 

all  the  Districts,  but  is  less  common   in  the  Lower,  where  the  soil 

and  climate  arc   not  so   favorable   to  its  growth.     It  is  on  the  rich 

and  cool  declivities  of  our  mountains  that  it  acquires  its  full  dimen- 

18  and  attains  a  height  of  60  or  80  feet  and  a  diameter  of  2  or  3 

The  smooth  straight  shaft,  symmetrical  summit,  bright  green 

•id   profuse   spikes  of  white  flowers,  give  it   a  character  of 

much  beauty.     The  fruit   is   nearly  black,  (from   which  the  tree  is 

often   called  Bla<I>-  Okerryl)  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  57 

vinous  flavor,  and  was  formerly  much  used  as  a  cordial  in  spirit- 
uous infusion.  The  wood  is  of  a  light  red  tint  which  deepens  with 
age.  is  compact  and  tine  grained,  and  not  liable  to  warp  when  pro- 
perly seasoned.  If  selected  from  the  part  of  the  trunk  near  the 
branches,  it  is  almost  equal  to  Mahogany  in  appearance.  It  was 
once  extensively  used  in  nearly  ;ill  kinds  of  Cabinet  work,  but  has 
been  pretty  much  superseded  by  Mahogany  and  Rosewood.  The 
bark  of  this  tree  is  a  valuable  tonic,  and  forms  the  basis  of  some 
quack  medicines. 

5.  Wild  Red  Cherry.  (P.  Pennsylvania,  Linn.) — Chiefly  found 
at  the  North,  but  within  our  limits  grows  sparingly  upon  Black, 
Grandfather,  and  a  few  others  of  our  highest  mountains.  I  have 
but  once  heard  it  designated  by  any  distinctive  name,  viz:  Mac- 
noly,  which  may  possibly  be  a  corruption  of  Magnolia,  and  so  a 
misapplication.  It  is  20  or  30  feet  high.  The  flowers  grow  in 
clusters  from  lateral  buds,  and  not  in  racemes  from  the  end  of  the 
branchleta  as  in  the  preceding.  The  fruit  is  small  and  red,  with  a 
thin  sour  flesh.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  a  light  red.  The  wood 
is  reddish  and  fine  grained,  but  the  tree  is  too  small  to  admit  of 
much  use. 

6.  Mock  Orange.  (P.  Caroliniana,  Ait.) — This  much  admired 
species  is  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  Ocean,  and  is  not 
native,  I  think,  much  if  any,  north  of  the  Cape  Fear.  From  thence 
southward  it  is  rather  common  along  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts. 
It  is  20  to  30  feet  high,  in  proper  soil  farther  south  becoming  40  or 
50,  with  thick  oval  summit,  clothed  with  evergreen  leaves  and  cast- 
ing a  deep  shade.  The  racemes-of  white  flowers  (growing  from  the 
fork  of  the  leaves)  are  numerous  and  showy.  The  fruit  is  black, 
globular,  not  eatable,  and  remains  all  winter  on  the  tree.  The 
wood  is  rose  colored  and  fine  grained,  rather  brittle,  I  think,  but  is 
not  abundant  enough  to  be  of  use  in  the  arts,  and  is  not  superior 
to  others  more  easily  obtained.  The  chief  value  of  the  tree  is  as 
an  ornament,  for  which  it  is  very  extensively  cultivated  about 
houses,  either  singly  or  as  borders  and  hedges  to  private  grounds 
throughout  the  Lower  Districts  of  the  Southern  States,  thriving 
very  well  in  sandy  soils. 

Devdl  Wood.     (Olea  Americana,  Linn  )— This  has  about  the 
same  range  with  the  Live  Oak,  and,  like  that,  is  found  but  a  short 
5 


THK    3KEB8    OK   NOUTU-CAKOLINA. 

distance  from  the  ceast,  I  am  not  informed  of  any  popular  name 
by  which  it  is  designated  in  this  State,  and  have  above  gives  the 
one  appropriated  to  it  farther  South.  As  it  is  an  Olive,  it  might 
properly  be  called  Am*  rican  Olive.  It  is  commonly  about  10  or  15 
feet  high,  but  is  sometimes  30  aad  more.  The  leaves  are  evergreen, 
entire,  thick  and  very  smooth,  and  give  the  tree  a  very  pleasing 
aspect.  The  fruit  is  rather  larger  than  a  buckshot,  of  a  bluish- 
purple  color,  presenting  a  pleasant  contrast  to  the  foliage.  The 
tle.-h  is  rather  thin  over  a  hard  stone,  and  not  eatable.  The  bark 
is  of  a  whitish  green.  The  wood  has  a  fine  grain,  and  when  dry 
is  exceedingly  hard,  and  very  difficult  to  cut  or  split,  which  may 
furnish  a  clue,  perhaps,  to  the  origin  of  its  name.  This  tree  is 
well  worthy  of  culture.  I  have  seen  it  in  private  grounds  under 
the  name  of  Dahoon  //"////,'  but  the  latter  is  a  very  different 
thing,  being  a  true  Holly  or  Ilex. 

The  remainder  of  this  Group,  with  the  exception  of  the  Crab 
Apple  and  Persimmon,  have  fruit  which  would  popularly  be  called 
Merries,  and  I  therefore  bring  them  together,  though  the  first 
eight  succeeding  genera  would  not  be  so  called  by  Botanists. 

1.  Holly.  (Ilex  opaca,  Ait.) — Common  south  of  New  York, 
and  well  known  through  the  whole  of  our  State.  It  is  30  or  40 
feet  high,  and  12  or  15  inches  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  heavy, 
with  a  line  compact  grain,  and  takes  a  brilliant  polish.  When  dry 
it  is  very  hard,  and  serves  well  for  pullies,  screw-,  &C.  Tne  black 
lines  iidaid  in  Mahogany  furniture  are  often  the  dried  wood  of  this 
tree,  intended  to  simulate  Ebony.  The  berries  are  purgative,  and 
15  or  20  of  them  will  produce  vomiting.  The  #ne  form  of  this 
tree,  with  its  evergreen  leaves  and  scarlet  berries,  gives  it  much 
beauty,  especially  in  winter;  but  it  is  said  to  be  less  attractive 
than  the  European  Solly.  For  avenue;  and  hedge-rows  we  have 
few  trees  superior  to  it. 

2.  Dahoon  Holly.  (I.  Dahoon,  Walt.) — A  shrub  or  small  tree 
from  0  to  25  feet  high,  growing  on  the  holders  of  the  Tine-barren 
ponds  and  swamps  of  our  Low  Uoun  i  Virginia  to  Florida. 
The  leaves  are  1  or  2  inches  long,  \  Eo  \  inch  wide,  entire,  or 
with  a  few  sharp  teeth  mar  the  upper  end,  evergreen.  The 
berries  are  red,  as  in  the  Holly  and  Yop  >n,  and  the  plant  is  well 
worthy  of  cultivation. 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  59 

3.  Yqbqn.  (I.  Cassine,  Linn.)— An  elegant  shrub,  10  to  15  feet 
high,  but  sometimes  rising  into  a  small  tree  of  20  or  25  feet.  Its 
native  place  is  near  salt  water,  and  it  is  found  from  Yirginia  south- 
ward, but  never  far  in  the  interior.  Its  dark  evergreen  leaves  and 
bright  red  berries  make  it  very  ornamental  in  yards  and  shrubbe- 
vies.  The  leaves  are  small,  f  to  1  inch  lung,  very  smooth,  and 
evenly  scolloped  on  the  edges  with  small  rounded  teeth.  In  some 
sections  of  the  Lower  District,  especially  in  the  region  of  the  Dis- 
mal Swamp,  these  are  annually  dried  and  used  for  Tea,  which  is, 
however,  oppressively  sudorific, — at  least  to  one  not  accustomed 
to  it.  The  Mate,  or  Paraguay  Tea.  of  South  America,  is  of  the 
same  genus  a  the  I.  Paraguay  ensis.)  but  a  very  different  spe- 

cies. Our  Yopon  is  the  article  from  which  the  famous  Black 
Drink  of  the  Southern  Indians  was  made.  "  At  a  certain  time  of 
the  year  they  come  down  in  droves  from  a  distance  of  some  hun- 
dred miles  to  the  coast  for  the  leaves  of  this  tree.  They  make  a 
lire  on  the  ground,  and  putting  a  great  kettle  of  water  on  it,  they 
throw  in  a  large  quantity  of  these  leaves,  and  setting  themselves 
acouoxi  the  tire,  from  a  bowl  that  holds  about  a  pint  they  begin 
drinking  large  draughts,  which  in  a  short  time  occasions  them  to 
vomit  easily  and  freely.  Thus  they  continue  drinking  and  vomit- 
ing for  the  space  of  two  or  three  days,  until  they  have  sufficiently 
cleansed  themselves  ;  and  then  every  one  taking  a  bundle  of  the 
tree,  they  all  retire  to  their  habitations." 

4.  I.  decidua,  Walt.) — This  and  the  next  three  have  deciduous 
leaves,  and  have  not  been  honored  in  this  State,  as  far  as  I  know, 
with  popular  name?.  This  is  common  aloug  shaded  ravines  and 
branches  throughout  the  Middle  District,  and  is  from  6  to  15  feet 
high.  The  leaves  are  1  or  2  inches  long,  with  rounded  teeth  on 
the  edges,  narrow  and  tapering  down  into  a  short  stem,  somewhat 
hairy  <>n  the  veins  of  the  underside,  otherwise  smooth.  Berries 
red,  in  clusters,  each  containing  4  to  6  bony  seeds,  that  are  ribbed 
on  the  back. 

5.  (I.  ambigua,  Chapm.) — A  shrub  or  small  tree  conhned  to  our 
Mountain  region  in  this  State,  though  found  elsewhere  to  the  North 
and  South,  and  from  8  to  20  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  3  to  5  and 
son:  inches  long,  about  half  as  broad,  with  fine  sharp  teeth 
mi  the  edges,  smooth  on  both  sides,  and  tapering  at  the  upper  end. 
The  berries  are  red,  not  in  clusters,  and  with  seeds  as  in  No.  4. 


60  THE   TREE8   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

1.  verticillata,  Gray.) — This  occurs  in  all  the  Districts,  and  in 
various  b  •  Is,  _  to  10  feet  high,  and  has  clusters  of  bright  scarlet 
berries  which  hang  on  through  the  Winter.      In  -        -  it  ig 

called    Winterherry.     The  leaves  are  about  2  incl    -        _.  of  vary? 

g  width,  but  generally  broader  toward  the  upper  end. 
toothed,  pater  and  Bomewhat  downy  on  the  underside.     The  seeds 
are  smooth  and  even.     A  decoction  of  the  bark  is  a  popular  appli- 
cation to  old  BOI 

7.  Qallberkx.  iI.  glabra,  Gray.) — This  and  the  next  spec 
evergreen  shrubs,  indiscriminately  called  by  the  above  name,  some- 
times Galls,  more  rarely  Inkberrie^  names  apparently  derived 
from  their  black  bitter  berries.  This  is  from  3  to  5  feet  high, 
very  common  in  the  Branch  swamps  of  the  Lower  District,  and 
giving  it-  name  of  Galls  or  Gall-bays  to  the  low  places  chiefly  occu- 
pied by  it.     The  leaves  are  very  smooth  and  green,  sparing 

ed.  1  to  H  inch  long,  and  about  half  that  width. 

8.  Tall  Gallberry.  (I.  coriacea,  Chapm.) — This  grows  in  simi- 
lar situation-  with  the  preceding,  having  the  same  habit  and  ap- 
pearance, but  full  twice  as  large,  the  leaves  also  much  larger,  and 
either  entire  or  with  scattered  sharp  teeth. 

1.  Dogwood.     (Cornus  florida,  Linn.) — Common  throughout  the 

United  S  rnd  mostly  known   by   this  name,  but  sometimes 

.called  Baaowood.     From  the  showiness  of  its  flowers,  and  the  value 

.of  its  wood  and  bark,  it  possesses  considerable  interest.     Its 

•height   is   from    12   to  20  feet,  but  is  sometimes  30  and  35.     The 

■d  is  heavy,  hard   and    fine  grained,   and   takes   a   fine  polish. 

Pieces  can  not  be  had  of  sufficient  size  for  large  work;  but  for  the 

smaller  mechanical  and  agricultural  implements,  such  as 

cog-  o'  mill  wheel-,  harrow  teeth,  mallets,  wedges,  hames.  Arc.  the 

well  seasoned  wood  i*  well  adapted  and  much  used.     The  young 

shoots  are  used  for  light  hoops.      The  inner  bark  is  an  excellent 

substitute   for   Peruvian  Lark  in   intermittent  fevers.      The  fresh 

article  is  apt  to  produce  pain,  which   can   be  prevented,  however, 

by  mixing  it  with   Virginia  Snake  Root.     After  being  dried  for  a 

year,  this  precaution  is  unnecssary.     A  very  good  Ink  can  be  made 

of  this  bark  in  place  of  Galls.     A  pretty  variety  of  this  tree  with 

:reddish  flowers  is  occasionally  met  with. 

2.  Swamp  Dogwood.     (C.  serice^  Linn.) — This  and  the  remain- 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  61 

ing  species  of  the  genus  are  only  shrubs,  but  are  placed  here  for 
the  purpose  of  having  all  the  species  of  a  genus  together,  as  I  have 
done  in  other  genera.  With  the  exception  of  the  last  species,  they 
all  have  their  leaves  opposite,  as  in  the  Dogvoood.  This  is  the  only 
one  of  them  which  has  received  notice  enough  in  this  State,  so  far 
as  T  have  discovered,  to  get  a  name.  It  is  found  in  low  woods  in 
the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts,  has  pnrplish  brandies,  is  from  6 
to  10  feet  high,  and  having  rather  broad,  pointed,  leaves,  which 
are  smooth  above  and  with  a  silky  down  beneath.  The  flowers  are 
white,  in  flat-topped  clusters,  succeeded  by  pale-blue  berries. 

3.  (C.  stricta,  Linn.) — This  is  6  to  15  feet  high,  with  brownish  or 
reddish  branches,  found  only  in  the  wet  lands  of  the  Lower  Dis- 
trict, The  leaves  are  about  3  inches  lomr  and  1  inch  wide,  taper- 
ing to  a  point  at  the  upper  end,  the  edges  slightly  uneven,  smooth 
on  both  sides,  paler  and  with  prominent  veins  on  the  underside. 
The  flowers  and  pale-blue  berries  are  much  as  in  No.  2. 

4.  (C.  paniculata.  L'Her.) — A  branching  shrub,  4  to  S  teet  high, 
with  gray  branches,  found  in  this  State  only  in  our  mountain  coun- 
ties. The  leaves  are  only  2  or  3  inches  long,  with  a  tapering  point, 
smooth,  whitish  on  the  underside.  The  white  flowers  are  in  longer 
and  looser  clusters  than  in  the  two  preceding,  and  the  berries 
white. 

5:  (C.  alternifolia,  L'Her.) — I  have  met  with  this  only  on  the 
higher  mountains.  It  is  the  only  one  of  this  genus  of  Cornels — 
this  being  the  common  name  of  the  shrubby  Dogwoods, — which 
has  the  leaves  alternating  on  the  branches,  instead  of  being  oppo- 
site to  each  other  in  pairs.  It  is  10  or  15  and  20  feet  high,  the 
branches  also  alternate,  greenish,  streaked  with  white.  The  leaves 
are  about  3  inches  long,  hoary  and  slightly  hairy  beneath,  and 
pointed  at  the  end.  The  flowers  are  whitish  in  a  loose  flat  topped 
cluster  ;  the  berries  dark  blue  or  bluish  black. 

1 1  At  kuf.rrt.  (Celtis  occidentalis,  Linn.) — Common  over  the 
United  States,  sometimes  called  TtfetiL  Tr ■> .  and  scafteringly  found 
in  all  parts  of  Xorth-Carolina.  It  is  occasionally  seen  as  a  shade 
tree  in  our  streets,  and  is  admired  by  some  for  its  dark  green  foli- 
age, deep  shade  and  rather  graceful  branches.  The  bark  of  the 
trunk  and  larger  branches  is  roughened  by  small,  ridged  excre- 
scensces.     The  leaves  are  about  2  inches  long,  and  rather  peculiar 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CABOLI> 

in  Lavi:  .  Ie  perceptibly  smaller  than  th< 

are  al     it  i  or  £  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  M 

Vh  but  thin  flesh,  enclosi:  _       _     bular  nut.     Tliis   trt 
71 '   feet   high,  and    18  or  20   inches  in  diameter.     Tlic 
ppear  to  be  used  for  any  important  pn 
There   is  a  shrubby  form  of  this  (var.  pumila.  isi   nally  me! 

with  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  3  to  10  feet  high,  and  i 
smaller,   thinner  leaves,  but  easily  recognised   by  th<  arc 

familiar  with  the  larger  form. 

■ 

1.  Black  Gol  aquatica,  Linn.) — Common  in  sw 

and  shallow  ponds  of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  often  called 
r  Gum  Tree.     It  is  from  30  :  I   high,  12  or  lv 

inches  in  diameter.     The   leaves  are  1  or  l'   inches  lot ..  ;irk 

n  and  shining  me  what  downy  underneath  when 

The  fruit  is  commonly  in  pail  .rk  blue  col. 

on  a  common  stem  from  J  to  1  inch   long.     The  w  ree 

has  its   fibres  so  interwoven    in    various   directions   as   to  make   it 
nearly  imj — ible  to  be  split,  and  it  is  there- 
the  yellow  variety,  known  as  the    Y  5 

wheels.     Itisalsoem]  for  making  Hatter's  blocks, 

cylinders  in  mills  for  beating  rice,  and  for  caps  to  masts.     1 
are  ii  stic  use   I  a  '   r  which,  on  account 

compressibility  and  lighti    -  y  answer  very  well.     T 

hue  of  tl  this  and  the  nexl 

butes  much,  with  that  of  the  Tied  M 

peculiar  brilliancy  to  our  autumnal  scenery  so  ol 
| 

2.  [N.  multiflora,  Wang.) — "With  us  this  tree  seems  t  eTy 
confounded  with  the                   _. 

me  of  tl  called  7 

Thi>  in  the  uplands  in  ricl  .  _ 

mois  'id  is  larger  every  way.     It  > 

and  1  or  2  feet  in  diamet  J  to  6    incl 

with   a  white  down   underneath,   especially   when  _        ther 

thick,  and  shinii  .  ^  incn  long.    ' 

like  thai  of  No.  1. 

3.  Cotton  Gcm.     (N.  uuiflora,  Walt.) — TV-  is  a  Southern  'ree, 

irthern  limit  in  South-eastern  Virginia,  and  confit 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  b«J 

to  the  deep  swamps  of  the  Lower  Districts.  It  is  60  or  SO  feet 
high.  The  leaves  are  5  to  8  inches  long,  with  a  few  large  teeth  on 
the  edges,  and  a  soft  whitish  down  underneath.  The  fruit  is  an 
inch  or  more  long,  and  of  a  deep  bine  color.  The  wood  is  like 
that  of  the  two  preceding,  but  is  softer,  and  is  indeed  the  softest 
wood  we  have.  As  it  does  not  split  and  is  very  easily  worked,  it 
is  manufactured  into  light  bowls  and  trays.  The  roots  are  used  for 
making  floats  to  buoy  seines,  and  are  a  very  fair  substitute  /or  cork 
where  elasticity  is  not  important. 

Sassafras.  (Sassafras  officinale,  Xees.) — ]S"o  plant  in  the  United 
States  is  perhaps  more  extensively  diffused  than  this.  In  favorable 
soils  it  is  40  or  50  feet  high,  while  in  poor  ground  and  in  the  bor- 
ders of  old  fields  it  flowers  at  the  height  of  4  to  6  feet.  It  is  com- 
mon in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  but  is  rare  in  the  more 
elevated  parts  of  the  L'pper.  It  is  found  of  largest  dimensions  in 
the  Middle  District.  What  is  known  as  the  White  Sassafras  pre- 
vails in  the  Lower  District,  the  Bed  Sassafras  in  the  others,  their 
differences  depending  apparently  upon  a  difference  of  soil.  The 
wood  is  said  to  be  durable,  and  is  used  for  fence  posts  as  well  as  for 
the  rafters  and  joists  of  buildings.  It  is  said  also  to  be  free  from 
attacks  of  worms,  and  that  bedsteads  made  of  it  are  never  infested 
by  insects.  The  roots,  and  also  the  flowers,  are  the  basis  of  some 
diet  drinks  which  are  thought  by  some  to  be  serviceable  to  the 
human  system  in  Spring  and  Summer.  The  reputed  virtues  of  the 
root  caused  it  to  become  one  of  the  first  of  our  native  products  in- 
troduced into  Europe,  and  ship  loads  were  carried  thither  in  the 
earlier  settlement  of  this  country.  The  bark  of  the  root  is  a  power- 
ful aromatic  stimulant,  and  has  been  used  in  medicine  more  than 
800  years.  The  young  buds  and  ends  of  branches  contain  a  irood 
deal  of  mucilage,  and  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  Okra  in 
soups, — where  the  latter  cannot  be  had. 

Red  Bay.  (Persea  Carolinensis,  Xees.) — This  extends  from  Vir- 
ginia through  the  Lower  Districts  of  the  Southern  States  to  Louis- 
iana, appearing  to  be  confined  to  the  branch  swamps  within  the 
range  of  the  Long-leaved  Tine.  It  is  a  small  tree  or  shrub  here, 
but  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Gulf  it  reaches  a  height  50  and  70  feet. 
The  evergreen  leaves  are  2  to  4  inches  long,  1  or  more  wide,  smooth 
and  green  above,  pale  beneath.     The  shrubby  form  has  the  leave- 


64  THE   TREKS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

larger  and  the  underside  clothed  with  a  gray  down.  They  have  a 
strong  aromatic  odor  very  like  that  of  the  European  Laurel  and 
may  he  used  in  the  same  manner  in  cookery  and  medicine.  An 
aromatic  distillation  like  the  Bay  Rum  of  the  West  Indies  could 
doubtless  he  obtained  from  them.  The  wood  is  of  a  beautiful  rose 
c<>](  r.  strong  and  durable,  with  a  very  tine  compact  grain,  and  is 
susceptible  of  a  brilliant  polish.  Before  Mahogany  came  into  such 
extensive  use,  articles  of  furniture  of  great  beauty  were  made  from 
it  at  the  South,  the  best  having  the  appearance  of  watered  satin, 
and  they  are  still  found  in  the  houses  of  some  of  the  older  families 
of  the  country.  I  have  heard  of  a  single  log  in  Florida  sawed  into 
veneering  and  sold  for  si  0.  In  this  State  it  is  seldom  found  of 
sufficient  size  for  any  very  important  uses. 

Palmctto.  (Sabal  Palmetto,  P.  &  S.) — Cape  Ilatteras  is,  or  was, 
the  northern  limit  of  this  Palm,  from  whence  southward  it  becomes 
more  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Ocean.  This  is  the  only  rep- 
resentative in  the  United  States  of  a  large  and  remarkable  class  of 
trees  mostly  confined  to  the  Torrid  Zone.  A  trunk  40  or  50  feet 
in  height,  of  uniform  diameter,  with  a  tufted  summit  of  large  bril- 
liant green,  fan-shaped  leaves,  and  so  wholly  different  in  structure 
and  aspect  from  all  our  other  forest  trees  is  a  very  noticeable  and 
attractive  object  on  our  coast. 

The  trunk  of  this  tree  is  of  great  value  in  the  construction  of 
wharves,  as  they  are  not  subject  to  injury  from  sea-worms.  They 
have  been  found  serviceable  in  structures  for  defence,  since  balls 
pass  with  difficulty  through  the  wood  as  through  cork,  and  the  wood 
doses  upon  the  perforation  instead  of  splitting.  The  rarity  of  the 
tree  in  this  State  renders  it  of  little  economical  importance  here. 
It  is  to  be  deeply  regretted,  however,  that  a  reckless  indifference 
to  the  future,  which  has  been  charged  as  a  characteristic  of  Ame- 
ricans, is  likely  to  efface,  at  no  very  distant  time,  every  vestige  of 
this  interesting  ornament  of  oor  coast.  The  inner  portion  of  the 
young  plant  is  very  tender  and  palatable,  somewhat  resembling  tile 
Artichoke  and  Cabbage  in  taste,  (hence  its  name  of  Cabbage  2 "> 
and  is  often  taken  for  pickling,  and  the  stock  is  ruined  by  the  pro- 
cess. Thus  for  a  pound  or  two  of  pickles,  no  better  either  than 
many  other  kinds,  the  growth  of  half  a  century  is  destroyed  in  a 
moment,  and   posterity  left  to  the   wretched   inheritance   of  vain 


THE  TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLTNA.  65 

mourning  for  the  loss  of  the  greatest  beauty  of  our  maritime  forest. 
2.  Dwarf  Palmetto.  (S.  Adansonii,  Guerns.) — This  is  but  o  or 
4  feet  high,  never  forming  a  trunk  like  the  preceding,  and  found 
only  in  the  Lower  District.  The  leaves  of  b  th  these  species  are 
employed  in*  the  manufacture  of  Palm-leaf  Hats. 

Pride  of  India,  or  China  Tree.  (Melia  Azedarach,  Linn.) — is 
a  common  shade  tree  of  streets  and  yards  in  the  Lower  District, 
and  occasionally  is  seen  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Middle  District. 
It  is  quite  naturalized  in  the  former  region,  to  which  it  is  well 
adapted  by  its  free  growth  in  sandy  soil.  It  is  from  25  to  40  feet 
high,  with  a  spreading  top,  and  its  dark  green  compound  leaves 
and  large  loose  clusters  of  fragrant  lilac-colored  flowers  make  it 
quite  ornamental.  The  timber  is  of  a  reddish  hue,  and  said  to  be 
strong  and  durable  ;  bnt  is  seldom  used.  The  leaves  pounded  and 
mixed  with  laid  constitute  a  Persian  remedy  for  a  cutaneous  dis- 
ease, better  treated,  perhaps,  with  sulphur.  The  berries  are  repott- 
ed poisonous,  as  well  as  most  other  portions  of  the  tree.  Robins 
feeding  upon  them  in  the  Spring  are  so  stupefied  as  to  be  easily 
caught. 

BrcKTiioRx.  (Bnmelia  lycioides,  Gaert.) — A  small  tree  from  15 
to  25  feet  high,  found  from  North  Carolina  to  Louisiana,  rather 
sparingly  in  this  State  from  the  coast  to  Lincoln  county.  Its  leaves 
are  entire,  smooth  on  both  sides,  about  2  inches  long  and  f  of  an  inch 
wide,  with  short  stems.  The  flowers  are  whitish  and  small,  grow- 
ing in  a  thick  cluster  in  the  fork  of  the  leaves,  succeeded  by  a 
black,  cherry-like  fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  Pea.  The  wood  is  ex- 
ceedingly hard  and  heavy,  with  an  irregular  grain,  and  would 
doubtless  be  useful  for  mechanical  purposes,  were  it  not  too  rare 
to  attract  much  attention. 

Ykli.ow  Wood.  (Symplocos  tinctoria,  L'Her.) — Also  called  Street 
Leaf  and  High  Bush  Laurel.  It  does  not  extend  much,  if  any, 
north  of  James  River.  In  this  State  it  occurs  from  the  coast  to  the 
Mountains,  but  is  most  multiplied  in  the  Lower  District.  In  poor 
soils  it  is  only  a  shrub  2  to  6  feet  high;  bnt  in  those  which  are  fer- 
tile, as  on  the  borders  of  swamps,  it  becomes  a  small  tree,  20  or  25 
teet  high  and  6  or  S  inches  in  diameter.     If  the  trunk  be  wounded 


THE    BBB   OF   XOETI 

a   milky   offensive  juice.      The  If  ieh 

:hes  long  I  to  the  taste  but  rather  drv.  and 

:i  by  cattle  and  deer  in  Winl 
tion,  a  beautiful  yellow  color,   which  is  fh  n.m. 

»tton,  woollen  and  silk,  are  dyed.     It  isnol  much  i 
however.     The  fruit  is  a  small  one-seeded  berry. 
and  valu< 

MAGNOLIAS. 

Of  tin's  universally  and   deservedly    admired   genus  there  are 

'i  species  in  the   United    E  .'1  of  which  are  fonnd  within 

our  boiders.     They  all  have  an  aromatic  ami  some*  tter  bark. 

The  fruit  is  a  fleshy  cone,  from  the  cells  of  which  the  scarlet  ber- 

are  c-xpe'iled    and  hang  for  some  days  1  ■• 
berries  of  id  -  me  qnickly  corrupted,  bat  may  be  preserved 

se  in  damp  n 
1.  Magnolia.     [Magnolia  grandifloim,  Linn.) — I  retain  the 
men  designation   of  this  tree,   tboagfa  we  hat  :iers  equally 

entitled  to  the  name.     Farther  south  it  is  often  called 
The  northern  limit  of  this  tree  is  in    Brunswick  I  i  of 

the  Gape  Fear;  but  it  flourishes  vigorously  in  cultivation  I 
all  the  lower  oart  «.f  the  State.      Its   usual  height   in   the: 
from!  7"  feet,  but   has  been    found   !  gh,   and  has  a 

handsome  form.     The  leaves  are  •'»  to  1"  inches  s     en. 

very  (hick  and  leathery.     The  white  fragrant  flowers,  6  or  6  inches 

id,  contrasting  Btrongty  with  the  dark  _  this 

perhaps  the  most  beautiful  tree  in  the  On         £  .ber 

of  this  9  soft  and  very  white,  but  is  little  OK 

:  Bat.     (M.  glauca.  Linn.  — Hie  bi  talk  st  n     m  et  wide- 
ly <1  four  Mi  _  -.it  being  common  in  the  maritime 
tricts  from  Louisiana  to  New  and  in  a  single  locality  north 
of  Boston.      In   this  State  it  is  i         along   branches  and   i 
throughout  the    Lower  District,   and   in  similar  Bituati     8,  I       igh 
m>t  common,  in  the  Middle  I  from  12  1     - 

-  flowering  at  the  heig  The 

lea*  small,  the   white   nnder-snrfac 

with  the  pal  oftheupper.     The  flowers 

id.  pure  white,  and  of  powerful  but  gra 


THE  TREES  OF  NORTH- CAROLINA.  67 

3.  Umbrella  Tree.  (M.  Umbrella,  Lara.)— Tins  is  common  in 
the  Middle  and  Western  States  as  well  as  in  the  Southern.  In  this 
State  it  is  met  with  in  shaded  deep  rich  soils  from  the  coast  to 
Cherokee,  ami  is  mostly  called  Ckicumber  Tree,  a  name  more  gen- 
erally and  properly  given  to  the  next  species.  It  is  from  25  to  35 
feet  high.  The  leaves  are  18  or  20  inches  long.  6  or  7  broad,  and 
acute  at  each  end.  The  flowers  are  7  or  8  inches  broad,  white,  and 
not  of  pleasant  odor.  Though  inferior  in  beauty  to  some  others,  it 
is  an  ornamental  tree  and  deserving  of  cultivation. 

4.  Cucumber  Trie.  (M.  acuminata,  Linn.)— This  seems  to  be 
universally  known  by  the  name  here  given,  and  is  so  designated 
from  the  form  of  its  cone  or  fruit,  which,  in  this  species,  is  nar- 
rower than  in  the  otherSj  and  when  green  is  not  unlike  a  cucumber 
about  3  inches  long.  The  tree  is  found  from  the  Northern  Lakes 
to  the  mountains  of  Georgia.  In  this  State  it  gr&ws  only  on  the 
mountains,  particularly  of  Ashe,  Yancey  and  Burke,  in  moist  fertile 
soil  of  declivities  and  on  the  banks  of  torrents.  It  is  from  60  to 
80  feet  high,  and  4:  or  5  in  diameter,  comparing  well  in  its  dimen- 
sions with  No.  1 .  The  leaves  are  G  or  8  inches  long,  3  or  -i  broad, 
and  rounded  at  base.  The  flowers  are  4  or  5  inches  broad,  white, 
with  :i  bluish  or  yellowish  tinge,  and  very  slightly  odorous.  The 
wood  is  Bomewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  Ttilip  one  grained 
and  takes  a  good  polish,  but  is  not  so  strong  and  durable.  As  an 
ornamental  tree  it  is  much  admired. 

5.  Large-leaved  Umbrella  Tree.  (M.  macrophylla,  Michx. — 
This  and  Xo.  3  derive  their  names  of  Umbrella  Tree  from  the  mode 
in  which  their  leaves  spread  from  the  ends  of  the  branches.  It  is 
a  rare  product  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  having  been  found  only  on 
the  Chattahoochie  in  Georgia,  in  Middle  Florida,  and  in  Lincoln 
county  of  this  State.  West  of  the  mountains  it  is  more  common. 
though  in  scattering  groups  and  at  wide  intervals.  In  Lincoln  it 
occurs  in  several  places  not  far  from  the  road  between  Lincolnton 
and  Tuckaseege  ■  Ford;  as  near  Smith's,  the  Moore  Mine,  and 
Huntereville,  f>,  10,  and  18  miles  from  the  former  place.  Itch- 
cool,  rather  moist  and  fertile  situations,  is  from  1">  to  30  feet  high, 
and  without  any  beauty  of  form.  But  its  leaves  arid  flowers  sur- 
pass :;.  bi'z  •  those  of  any  tree  or  shrub  in  this  country.  The  former 
are  from  20  to  30  inches  long,  occasionally  even  longer,  clustered 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  spreading  from  them  like  an  Urn- 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

brella,  their  two  side-  rounded  at  the  base  and  diverging  like  ears 
from  tlie  leaf-stem.  .The  flowera  are  12  to  14  inches  broad,  white, 
with  a  broad  porple  Bpot  on  the  inner  base  of  the  petals,  and  fra- 
grant. It  bears  cultivation  very  well  in  our  Middle  District  In 
the  Lower  District  it  is  not  so  manageable,  but  can  there  be  graf- 
ted on  the  native  Umbrella  Tree,  as  was  successfully  done  by  the 
elder  Michaux  in  !en  near  Charleston. 

6.  Loxo-LEAYKi>  Cm  dmbbb  Tree.  (M.  Fraseri,  Walt.) — Found 
only  in  ravines  of  the  mountains  where  it  is  known  by  this  name, 
and  also  as  WaJtoo  and  Indian  Physic.  It  is  confined  chiefly  to 
the  mountains  of  the  Southern  States,  and  is  nowhere  more  abun- 
dant than  in  Ashe,  Yancey  and  Burke.  It  is  i  •  or  4o  feet  high, 
with  a  diameter  of  12  or  15  inches.  The  leaves  are  8  or  9  inches 
long,  4  to  0  broad,  and  though  a  third  smaller,  are  very  much  like 

•  of  No.  5  in  f>nn  ;  the  base  in  this,  as  in  that,  being  divided 
into  rounded  lobes  or  ears.  The  flowers  are  3  or  4  inches  broad, 
pure  white,  and  of  agreeable  fragrance.  The  cones  are  3  or  4 
inches  long.  and.  like  those  of  the  Umbrella  Tree,  of  a  beautiful 
>r  when  ripe.  This  tree  bears  removal  remarkably  well,  it 
having  been  cultivated  in  the  open  air  near  Philadelphia,  but  it 
would  probably  require  the  protection  of  shade  in  our  low  country. 

7.  Heart-leaved  Cugcmbke  Tree.  (M.  cordata.  Michx.i — Often 
confounded  with  the  Cucumber  Tree,  to  which  it  bears  a  general 
resemblance,  though  it  is  a  very  distinct  species.  I:  is  confined  to 
declivities  of  the  mountains  from  Ashe  conntj  rgia.  It  lias 
a  regular  oval  summit,  is  30  to  50  feet  high,  12  or  18  inches  thick, 
with  a  straight  trunk,  the  bark  of  which  has  some  resemblance  to 
that  of  S  Gum  or  of  a  young  White  ( >ak.  The  leaves  are 
roundish  and  he  ed,  4  to  6  inches  long,  The 
flowers  are  yellow,  the  inside  faintly  streaked  with  re*\,  and  nearly 
4  inches  broad.  The  cones  are  about  3  inches  long  and  1  thick. 
This  is  smaller  than  the  Cucumber  Tree,  but  is  equally  desirable  in 
private  ground-,  as  well  for  its  symmetrical  form  as  tor  the  beauty 
of  its  flowers  and  its  luxuriant  foliage. 

BngT.       Amelanchier  Canadensis,  T-rr  and  <  ir.)—  I'ni- 

-  ally  known  in  our  Mountains  under  the  name  In 

the  I  District  it  is  called  Servict   Tret  and    Wild  Currant.    In 

the  latter  section  ot  the  State,   it  is  hardly  more  than  a  r-hrub.  and 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLIXA.  69 

is  common  along  branches  and  swamps.  In  the  former,  it  inhabits 
the  shaded  sides  of  the  Mountains,  and  is  15  to  25  feet  high.  The 
fruit  is  here  much  sweeter,  more  juicy  and  palatable,  like  the  JfJ- 
Uu\  than  in  other  parts  of  the  State,  and  trees  are  sometimes  reck- 
lessly cut  down  to  obtain  it.  It  is  purplish  and  about  the  size  of 
some  of  our  Red  Haws.  This  shrub  or  tree,  when  displaying  its 
profusion  of  clustered  white  blossoms  in  early  Spring,  is  not  with- 
out beauty,  and  is  found  enumerated  in  the  catalogues  of  some 
northern  Nurseries  as  The  Snowy  Medlar.  A  name  so  promising 
has  occasionally  led  to  its  importation  into  the  State  for  the  adorn- 
ment of  a  garden  or  shrubbery;  but  I  have  never  known  it  pro- 
served  over  one  season's"  exhibition,  the  owners  apparently  depre- 
ciating a  beauty  so  common. 

1.  Crab  Apple.  ((Pyrus  coronaria.  Linn.) — Most  common  in 
the  Northern  and  North  Western  States,  but  extending  southward 
along  the  Mountains,  where  alone  it  is  seen  in  this  State.  In  Yan- 
cey and  Haywood  counties  it  is  very  abundant,  usually  about  15  or 
-10  feet  high,  and  5  to  8  inches  through  ;  but  in  some  situations 
considerably  larger.  The  leaves  are  cut  or  lobed,  not  unlike  those 
of  the  Red  Maple.  The  flowers  are  of  great  beauty  and  diffuse 
their  grateful  fragrance  to  along  distance.  The  fruit  is  too  austere 
for  eating,  but  makes  excellent  preserves  and  jelly,  though  requir- 
ing much  sugar. 

A  celebrated  Cider  Apple,  kuown  as  Hughes'  Crah,  I  suppose  is 
a  seedling  from  this  species. 

8.  NaFvR 'W-leaveo  Crab  Apple.  (P.  angnstifolia.  Ait.) — This 
extends  from  Pennsylvania  southward,  chiefly  in  those  regions  not 
occupied  by  the  former.  It  is  rather  common  in  our  Lower  and 
Middle  Districts,  and  reaches  into  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper.  It 
is  of  about  the  same  height  with  No.  1,  but  the  fruit  and  leaves  are 
much  smaller,  the  latter  being  narrow  and  merely  toothed  on  the 
edge.  The  flowers  are  beautiful  and  fragrant  as  in  the  other  spe- 
cies. 

3.  Choke  Berry.  (P.  arbutifolia,  Linn."! — A  mere  shrub  2  or  3 
feet  high,  introduced  here  only  to  complete  an  account  of  the 
genus.  The  fruit  is  berry-like,  as  in  the  Mountain  AbH\  but  has 
the  same  structure  as  an  Apple,  with  seeds  of  the  same  appear- 
ance and  taste.     It  grows  in  small  clusters,  and  is  rather  dry  and 


TO  nil.    CB  .A. 

nt.     We  have  two  varieties  of  this: — one,  with  a  red  or 
purple  fruit,  l'  und  on  the  borders  "of  branches  and  bays  in  the  Mid- 
dle and  Lower  I)i-tricts  ; — the  other,  in  the  Mountains,  and  having 
a  purplish-black  fruit. 
4.  Mountain  Ash.     (P.Am  .  D.C.) — This  charming  tree 

it  little  known  in  this  State,  even  in  the  Mountains  where  it 
s.     At  the  North,  it  is  highly  prized  as  au  ornament  in  yards, 
■the  beauty  of  its  large  clusters  of  scarlet  berrii 
which  hang  upon  the  tree  through  the  winter.     It  is  scarcely  dis- 
tingi  from  the  Mountain  Ash  or  //  treat  Bri- 

tain.    It  is  nj  rare  on  our  !  igher  Mountains,  from  Ashe  to 

is  called  Wi  ,  (frem  a  kind  of  liquor  said 

to  be  made  from  it,)  and  MounU  \ch.     The  folii  :ore 

like  that  of  a  '>  than  of  any  other  of  our  trees;  and  in  this 

resp<  ct3  ::  in  every  other,  the  general  aspect  of  the  tree  is 

bo  unlike  that  of  an  AppU  Tree,  that  none  but  a  Botanist  would 
suspect  a  relationship.  The  flowers  are  of  a  dirty  white,  in  spread- 
ing clusters  like  those  of  the  Elder,  succeeded  by  benydike  scarlet 
fruit.  In  favorable  soil  this  is  from  12  to  20  feet  high  ;  in  roek\ 
ground,  often  a  mere  shrub. 

;mm"N.  Diospyros  Virginiana,  Linn.) — Common  in  the 
United  Star-:.-  from  Rhode  Island  and  New  York  southward,  and  in 
all  the  Di  -  State.     It  varies  much  in  height  according 

-nation  i  .  but  is  usually  from  30  to  40  feet,  though  some- 

time 60,  with  a  diameter  of  18  or  20  inches.     When 

standing  alo  .  .  ■  ry  symmetrical  form  and  is  a  handsome 

The  he;     -wood  is  of  a  brownish  tint,  hard,  compact 
and  elastic,  I  ;  I   to  be  lial  :    :■    split.     It  bas  been  used  for 

idered  equal  made  of 

ch,)  and  for  the  vehicles,  which  are  said  to  be  better 

than  those  made  With  u    the  wood  does  not  appear  to  be 

much  used.     The  inner  bark  at  and  tonic,  and  has  had 

ltol- 

y  of  the  green  fruit  is  well  known.  ripe 

[s  the  b    :-  of  ;■.  :  ans 

B     .     .    is  sometimes  pounded  up  with 

i,  and  the  cakes,  I  in  an  "ved  for  i. 

with  the   addition  of  hops  and  y<      :.      Brandy  has   been   di.  tilled 

from  the  fermented  fruit,  which  is  said  to  become  good  with  age. 


THE    TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  71 

Mulberry.  (Mortis  rubra,  Linn.) — Well  known  throughout  the 
Union,  but  most  abundant  in  the  Western  States.  It  glows  in  all 
parts  of  this  State,  but  is  least  abundant  in  the  Lower  District.  It 
is  from  50  to  TO  feet  high,  and  1  or  2  in  diameter.  When  in 
proper  soil,  and  unobstructed  in  its  lateral  expansion  by  surround- 
ing trees,  this  becomes  a  tree  of  fine  form  and  casts  a  very  thick 
shade.  The  heart-wood  is  yellowish,  hue  grained  and  compact, 
but  lighter  than  WhUi  Oak.  It  has  much  strength  and  solidity, 
and  is  thought  by  many  to  be  as  durable  as  Locust.  It  is  much 
used  in  fencing  and  in  ship  and  boat  building.  The  leaves  arc  too 
thick  and  rough  for  feeding  silk-worms,  though  they  have  been  used 
for  the  purpose  in  the  absence  of  better.  The  fruit  is  deep  red  or 
purple,  of  a  sweet  and  acidulous  flavor  quite  agreeable  to  the  taste. 
Though  gently  laxative,  it  is  probably  a  wholesome  fruit. 

The  White  Mulberry,  (M.  alba,)  a  native  of  Asia,  is  occasionally 
seen  about  houses,  and  is  the  tree  chiefly  used  on  the  old  Continent 
for  rearing  silk- worms.  The  Chinese  Mulberry  (ML  mnlticaulis)  is 
only  a  variety  of  the  White,  of  smaller  size  and  larger  leaves.  The 
Black  Mulberry  (M.  nigra)  of  Europe  is  sometimes  cultivated  in 
this  com; try,  but  I  have  not  observed  it  in  this  State.  The  Otahi  it- 
or  Pa/pei  Mulberry  (Broussonetia  papyrifera,)  a  native  of  the  Pa- 
cific Islands,  is  common  in  our  yards,  and  is  commendable  for  its 
rapid  growth  and  heavy  shade,  but  becomes  a  nuisance  from  its 
numerous  shoots  springing  everywhere  from  its  spreading  roots. 

Cedau,  on  Red  Cedar.  (Jnniperus  Yirginiana.  Linn.) — X 
common  throughout  the  country  from  New  England  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  but  the  soil  and  climate  of  the  South  are  most  favorable  to 
its  complete  development.  It  is  from  30  to  40  feet  high,  with  a 
diameter  of  10  or  12  inches,  but  is  smaller  in  the  mountains  and 
western  parts  of  the  State  than  in  the  Lower  District.  In  <>ld  fields 
solitary  trees  are  sometimes  seen  of  larger  dimension.-,  than  are 
above  given.  It  is  not  abundant  enough,  however,  in  any  part  of 
the  State,  to  be  used  in  the  arts.  The  heart-wood  is  of  a  red  color, 
but  the  sap  is  white.  It  is  odorous,  compact,  line  grain 
light,  but   heavier  and  stronger  than  <  It 

ity  in  an  eminent  degree,  and  is  applied  to  all  pur- 
poses which  require  this  quality.  That  which  is  grown  near  the 
coast  is  of  better  quality  than  what  is  produced  farther  inland. 


72  THE   TREES    OF    XORTH-CAROMXA. 

This  tree  varies  bo  much  in  the  color,  length  and  spread  of  the 
leaves  in  different  situations  and  at  different  ages,  that  some  per- 
Bons  make  two  species  of  it,  one  of  which  thej  ca      v  They 

are.  however,  but  one  Bpeciee,  The  berries  of  tine, tree  have  been 
a  little  employed  in  the  United  States  in  the  preparation  of  Gin.  as 
those  of  the  Juniper  are  used  in  Europe.  Boxes  and  cabinets  made 
of  the  wood  are  exempt  from  insects,  its  edor  being  offensive  to 
them. 

The  remaining  trees  have  all  a  dry  fruit,  but  of  various  kinds, 
and  no  very  intimate  relationship — to  be  arranged   in  two  Groups. 

The  first  Group  includes  those  trees  which  have  either  flowers 
or  fruit  in  somewhat  the  form  of  tassels,  as  in  the  "Willow,  Cotton- 
wood, and  Birch. 

POPLARS  OR  OOTTONWOODS. 

These  are  generally  designated  by  the  latter  name  in  this  country, 
but  they  are  true  Poplars.  Those  of  them  called  Aspens  are  re- 
markable for  the  easy  vibration  of  the  leaves  when  scarcely  a  breath 
of  air  is  perceptible.  This  results  from  one  end  of  the  leal-stem 
being  flattened  contrary  to  the  plane  of  the  leaf.  The  constant 
motion  of  the  leaves  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  reason  for  giving 
these  trees  the  name  of  Populus  or  Poplar,  because  they,  like  the 
populaa  .  are  never  at  rest.  It  is  a  more  malicious  spirit  of  slander 
that  has  given  them  the  name  of  Womens*  Tongues.  The  wood 
of  all  the  species  is  soft  and  brittle,  but  6ome  of  them  are  wed  in 
various  kinds  of  light  wood-work. 

1.  Cakoi.ina  Poi-lar.  (Populus  angulata.  Ait.)— This  does  not 
reach  northward  farther  than  southern  Pennsylvania.  It  becomes 
more  abundant  in  the  low  country  of  all  the  Southern  States  upon 
the  marshy  banks  of  rivers,  in  company  with  (  .  /.'■  I  MapUi 

&C.  It  is  tare  in  the  Middle  District,  but  is  sometimes  cultivated 
there  about  houses.  It  is  60  or  80  feet  high,  with  an  expanded 
summit  and  pleasing  foliage.  The  leaves  are  3  to  5  inches  long, 
(on  young  shoots  C  to  8,)  thin,  always  smooth  and  bright  on  both 
sides,  and  their  edges  have  small  scolloped  teeth.  They  are  round- 
ed at  the  base,  and  are  marked  with  yellowish  nerves.  The  buds 
are  short,  deep  green,  and    not  covered    with   gum.      The  young 


THE   TREES    OF   XOETH-CAKOLES'A.  73 

branches  and  annual  shoots  are  angular,  from  which  character  its 
botanical  name  of  an-juh.ita  is  derived.     The  wood  does  not  appear 
to  be  nsed.     This  is  very  similar  to  the  Cottonwood  ox  Cotton  1 
so  common  on  the  "Western  Rivers. 

'2.  Cotton  Tree.  {F.  heterophylla,  Linn.) — A  native  of  the  Mid- 
dle, Western  and  Southern  States,  yet  is  so  rare  as  to  escape  gen- 
eral notice.  I  do  not  remember  to  have  met  with  it  in  this  State, 
except  in  rich  swamp  lands  on  the  lower  course  of  the  Cape  Fear  ; 
but  it  probably  occurs  in  similar  ground  elsewhere.  It  is  a  majes- 
tic, showv,  tree,  7"  or  80  feet  high.  2  or  3  in  diameter,  with  a  very 
thick,  deeply  furrowed  bark.  The  young  branches  and  shoots  are 
round.  The  leaves.  3  to  5  inches  long,  and  with  rounded  teeth, 
are  covered  on  the  underside  with  a  thick  soft  down,  which  par- 
tiallv  falls  off  with  age.  The  wood  is  much  like  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding. 

3.   Large  Toothed  Aspex.     (P.  grandidentata.  Michx.) — Nol 
common  in  the  Southern  as  in  the  Middle   and  Northern  Si 
"With  us  it  belongs  to  the  upper  part  of  the  Middle  District,  is  about 
40  feet  hi°m,  and  has  a  smooth  grav  bark  that  seldom  cracks.     The 
leaves  are  3  to  5  inches  long,  about  the  same  breadth,  with  large 
open  teeth  on  the  edges,  and  the  underside  clothed,  when  young, 
with  a  thick  white  down  which  wholly  falls  away  before  the  end 
of  Summer.     This  tree  is  occasionally  seen  adorning  the  stree- 
our  villages. 

The  Lombardy  Poj:>!a/\  (P.  dilatata,  Ait.,)  a  native  ot  Italy,  is 
common  in  cultivation  about  old  settlements. 

BIRCHES. 

These  are  products  chiefly  of  high  latitudes,  both  on  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Continents.  In  this  State  we  have  but  a  single  spe- 
cies below  the  Mountains. 

1.  Red  BmcH.  (Betula  nigra,  Linn.) — Common  on  the  banks  of 
rivers  from  the  coast  to  the  mountains,  and  known  here  only  as 
Birch.  This  is  sufficient  designation  where  no  other  species  occurs, 
but  it  is  called  Bed  Birch  in  those  States  and  regions  where  it  is 
accompanied  by  others.  It  is  from  40  to  60  feet  high,  and  1  or  2 
in  diameter.  It  has  wood  of  compact  grain,  and  light  reddish 
^int,  but  not  of  very  high  value,  nor  is  it  much  used.  It  is  some- 
6 


74 


THE   TKEE8    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 


times  employed  in  this  State  for  the  railing  of  balustrades,  and  the 
like  purposes.  Hoops  for  casks  may  be  made  from  the  branches 
and  shoots,  but  of  inferior  quality. 

2.  Black  Birch.  (B.  lenta,  Linn.) — In  our  Mountains,  where 
alone  this  tree  is  found  within  this  State,  it  is  simply  called  Birch, 
The  most  common  name  for  it  in  the  United  States  is  the  one  above 
given.  In  the  mountains  of  Virginia  it  is  called  Mountain  Mia- 
hogany ;  in  New  England  Sweet  Birch  and  Cherry  Birch.  It  is 
from  30  to  50  feet  high,  with  a  smoothish  trunk,  resembling  that 
of  a  Cherry  tree.  The  wood,  freshly  cut,  is  of  a  rosy  hue,  which 
becomes  darker  by  exposure,  and  similar  to  that  of  Wild  Cherry, 
and  is  used,  like  that,  for  several  sorts  of  cabinet  woik.  It  has 
considerable  strength,  is  of  fine  close  grain,  and  susceptible  of  a 
brilliant  polish,  and  is  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  Birches  known r 
though  hardly  equal  to  Wild  Cherry.  Furniture  made  of  it,  as 
chairs,  tables,  &c,  will  in  time  and  by  careful  use,  acquire  very 
much  the  appearance  of  Mahogany.  The  leaves  and  blossoms 
Lave  considerable  fragrance,  and  the  bark  of  the  young  shoots  has 
a  delightful  spicy  flavor  like  that  of  the  Mountain  Tea  or  Spicy 
Winter  green.     The  tree  is  one  of  much  beauty,  with  dark  graceful 

foliage,  and  a  symmetrical  form. 

3.  Yellow  Birch.  (B.  excelsa,  Ait.) — This  is  a  northern  tree,  as 
south  of  the  mountains  of  New  York,  with  the  exception  of  small 
patches  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  the  three  or  four 
stocks  which  I  found  near  the  (highest)  summit  of  Black  Mountain, 
it  is  unknown.  Its  yellowish-silvery  bark,  scaling  off  in  thin  sheets,, 
like  that  of  the  Paper  or  Canoe  Birch,  will  at  once  distinguish  this 
from  the  two  preceding.  It  is  about  25  feet  high.  The  timber  is 
rather  inferior  to  that  of  Black  Birch.  It  is  a  handsome  tree,  and 
its  twigs  slightly  aromatic. 

WILLOWS. 

There  are  20  or  30  species  of  these  in  the  United  States,  nearly 
all  of  which  belong  exclusively  to  the  North.  A  few,  though  they 
are  of  no  importance,  extend  to  this  State  and  farther  south.  The 
value  of  some  species  in  wicker-work  is  generally  known.  The 
articles  manufactured  from  them  are  made  from  the  young,  slen- 
der and  flexible,  twigs  and  shoots. 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  75 

1.  Black  Willow.  (Salix  nigra,  Marsh.) — This  is  the  only  na- 
tive Willow  in  the  State  that  becomes  a  tree.  It  is  15  to  25  feet 
high,  with  a  rough  dark-brown  bark,  very  common  along  streams 
from  the  coast  westward.  The  wood  is  soft  and  of  little  use  ;  but 
when  the  stocks  are  of  sufficient  size,  they  are  said  to  make  dura- 
ble light  timbers  for  boats.  The  roots  give  an  intensely  bitter  de- 
coction, which  is  thought  by  some  to  be  good  for  purifying  the 
blood,  and  a  remedy  for  intermittent  fevers. 

2.  Gray  Willow.  (S.  tristis,  Ait.)— A  shrub  1  or  2  feet  high, 
very  much  branched,  of  a  dull  gray  aspect  on  account  of  the  young 
branches  and  leaves  being  covered  with  an  ash-colored  down  or 
wool.  The  leaves  are  from  1  to  1£  inch  long  with  a  hardly  per- 
ceptible stem,  narrow,  sharp  at  each  end,  but  tapering  from  the 
base  towards  the  upper  end,  and  with  the  veins  prominent  on  the 
underside.  I  have  met  with  this  insignificant  plant  only  in  the 
mountain  Counties. 

3.  Bush  Willow.  (S.  humilis,  Marsh.)— Larger  than  the  prece- 
ding, 2  to  4  feet  high,  but  of  similar  general  aspect,  the  leaves  two 
or  three  times  longer  and  broader,  and  found  both  in  the  Middle 
and  Upper  Districts,  rarely  in  the  Lower.  During  summer  the 
branches  «»f  this  and  No.  2  have  cone-like  excrescences  on  their 
ends. 

4.  Silky-leaved  Willow.  (S.  sericea,  Marsh.)— This  is  3  to  6 
feet  high,  with  leaves  2  and  3  inches  long,  borne  on  conspicuous 
stems,  pale,  and  with  silky  hairs  on  the  underside. 

The  Weeping  Willow  (S.  Babylonica,)  is  common,  and  the  Yel- 
low Willow  (S.  vitellina,)  occasionally  seen  in  cultivation. 

Hornbeam.  Ironwood.  (Carpinus  Americana,  Michx.) — Among 
the  commonest  productions  of  the  country  and  well  known  by  one 
or  other  of  these  names.  It  is  found  on  the  banks  of  streams  in  all 
parts  of  the  State,  generally  12  or  15  feet  high,  but  sometimes  25 
or  30,  with  a  diameter  of  5  or  6  inches.  The  trunk  has  a  smooth 
gray  bark,  and  at  the  base  is  irregularly  fluted  or  ridged.  The 
wood  is  white,  exceedingly  hard,  compact  and  line  grained,  but 
the  small  size  of  the  tree  forbids  its  use  except  for  inferior  purposes. 

Hop  Hornbeam.  (Ostrya  Virginica,  Willd.)— This  and  the  pre- 
ceding have  characters  and  qualities  so  very  similar  that  they  are 


THE    ntSSB    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA. 

generally  called  by  the  same  names.  But  the  bladdery  fruit  of 
this  1  ■much  lik  that  it  can  verve;.  -ied 

the  rammer.  It  is  only/  in  the  Upper  District  that  I  have 
met  with  it,  and  very  rarely  there.  It  is  90  or  30  feet  high,  with 
a  brownish  finely  furrowed  bark,  the  trunk  not  ridged  at  the  bot- 
tom like  the  preceding.  The  wood  is  like  that,  and  also  used  for 
fee.,  tor  which  we  have  nothing  better  adapted,  on  account 
of:  -trength  and  toughness .     For  mill-cog  ial- 

and  the  like,  both   th   -      -     iciea  would  doubtless  answer  well. 

remaining  Group  includes  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  dry- 
fruited  Tree-,  but  fortunately  nearly  all  are  so  well  known,  that 
they  will  need  no  particular  description. 

i 

mork.     (Platanus  occidentals.  Linn.) — This  is  the  name  gen- 
erallv  given,  I  believe,   to   this  tree  in  North    Carolina;  but  it  is 
e  extensively  known  in  the  United  State-  In 

some  sections  it  is  called  Winter  St  I  and  Plant  Tree.  The  last 
would  be  most  appropriate,  if  we  were  governed  in  our  choice  by 
the  application  of  the  names  of  kindred  species  in  Europe.  The 
s  -  Europe  is  a  species  of  Maple,  having  no  relationship 

with  what  we  call  by  that  name. 

Hiia  tree,  like  the  Planes  of  the  old  Continent  so  much  celebrated 
bv  the  Ancients,  is  among  the  largest  in  the  Temperate  Zones.  It  is 
common  over  the  United  States  on  the  borders  of  streams,  where  the 
and  fertile,  conspicuous  for  its  white  bark  and  jhe  stately 
size  of  its  trunk.  In  such  situations  it  is  found  throughout  the 
State,  but  fa  least  abundant  in  the  Lower  District.  Although  oc- 
mally  found  here  of  large  dimensions,  it  is  not  of  such  size  as 
in  the  virgin  forests  of  the  West,  where  this  tree  has  its  peculiar 
home,  and  where  it  is  sometimes  seen  without  branches  to  the 
height  of  60  and  To  feet,  and  with  a  circumference  of  40  or  50  feet. 
A  hollow  section  of  a  trunk  was  once  used  in  Ohio  as  a  Bar 
B  >m; — the  *ame,  I  believe,  now  exhibited  in  a  New  York  Mu- 
seum. This  reminds  us  of  the  famous  Plane  tree  of  Lyeia,  men- 
tioned by  Pliny,  whose  hollow  trunk  gave  shelter  for  a  night  to 
Licinius  Mutianus  and  a  retinue  of  eighteen  persons.  Its  interior 
was  75  feet  in  circuit.  The  wood  of  our  tree  becomes  reddish  in  sea- 
-soning,  of  a  fine  close  grain,  and  takes  a  better  polish  than  Beech, 
tto  which  it  bears  some  resemblance.      Aa  it  is  liable  to  warp,  it  is 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  ,  ~ 

not  much  used  in  cabinet  work,  except  for  Bedsteads.  It  decays 
rapidly  by  exposure  to  the  weather,  and  is  therefore  suitable  for 
such  articles  only  as  are  thoroughly  sheltered.  The  rapid  growth, 
great  size,  and  thick  shade  of  this  tree,  render  it  valuable  for  ave- 
nues and  shaded  grounds. 

Sweet  Gum.  (Liquidambar  Styraciflua.  Linn.*) — One  of  the  most 
extensively  diffused  tree,  in  North  America,  it  being  found  from 
southern  Xew  England  to  Mexico.  It  is  from  40  to  7U  feet  high, 
and  2  to  3  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  reddish,  compact,  fine  grain- 
ed, and  takes  a  fine  polish.  Though  inferior  to  Oak,  it  is  suitable 
for  objects  requiring  toughness  and  solidity.  "When  properly  sea- 
soned, it  serves  well  in  the  upper  frame  work  of  buildings,  and 
lasts  better  than  any  of  the  I? ed  Oaks.  It  is  sometimes  employed 
for  lining  the  inside  of  Mahogany  furniture,  to  which  it  is  well 
adapted  by  its  color,  lightness,  and  fine  grain.  Though  inferior  to 
Black  Walnut  and  Cherry^  it  is  sometimes  used  for  similar  purposes 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture;  but  is  not  durable  unless  shelter- 
ed from  the  air.  The  braised  leaves  have  a  resinous  fragrance, 
and  fresh  ones  are  successfully  used  in  cases  of  dysentery.  The 
dusty  matter  in  the  ripe  burs  is  only  the  abortive  seeds.  The  fra- 
grant gum  is  the  hardened  juice.  This  is  a  beautiful  tree,  especial- 
ly in  Autumn,  when  the  dying  foliage  has  taken  its  hue  of  deep 
crimson,  and  should  be  often er  seen  in  private  ground.-. 

Tulip  Tree,  or  Poplar.  (Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  Linn.) — This 
tree  is  rarely  surpassed  in  elegance  of  form,  in  size,  beauty  of  f.»l- 
iage,  or  showiness  of  blossom,  by  any  tree  of  the  American  for 
In  some  of  the  Northern  States  it  is  called  White  Wood  and  Canoe 
1!  bod.  In  Europe,  where  it  has  been  long  and  extensively  intro- 
duced, it  bears  the  name  of  Tulip  Tree  (which  has  been  adopted 
to  some  extent  in  this  country.)  from  the  resemblance  of  its  flower 
to  that  of  a  Tulip.  This  is  much  preferable  to  that  of  Poplar, 
(which  it  bears  in  this  and  the  Western  States,)  because  it  has  but 
little  resemblance  in  any  particular  to  the  true  Poplars.  It  is  na- 
tive in  all  parts  of  the  State,  but  is  not  so  common  in  the  Lower 
District  as  in  others.  It  is  from  60  to  100  feet  high,  with  a  very 
straight  tapering  trunk,  and  has  a  diameter  of  2  or  3  feet.  There 
is  a  stock  on  the  South  Fork  of  Toe  River,  which  is  near  9  feet  in 


7o  THE    TREES    OF    NOBTH-CAEOLINA. 

diameter.     The  wood  is  tine  grained,  works  easily  and  takes  a  good 
r  and  more  compact  than  that  of  the  I 
heart  is  yellowish,  and  the  sap-wood  white,  thongh  whei 
Iry  gravelly  soils  the  whole  wood  is  white  and  coarser.     1 

an-  and    Whit*   P<.>i>h.u\  the  former  being 

most  valuable.  For  the  rafters  an dj  -  -  buildings  the  timber 
is  the  best  substitute  for  Pine.  Cedar,  and  Cypress.  The  boards  are 
often  need  for  the  exterior  and  interior  work  of  house-,  even  for 
shingling,  as  they  are  durable  and  not  liable  to  split  from  the  in- 
fluences of  heat  ard  moisture.  They  are  much  used  by  Coach, 
Chair,  and  Trunk  makers,  and  are  very  valuable  for  all  kinds  of 
rk  requiring  lightness,  strength  and  darabil 

.  mixed  with  equal  parts  of  Dogwood  bark, 
is  a  domestic  remedy  in  intermittent  fever.  Sane  Physicians  :. 
employed  it  successfully  alone,  or  accompanied  with  Laudanum,  in 
remittent  and  intermittent  fevers,  cholera  infantum,  hysterical  af- 
rms;  but  others  have  denied  its  efficacy.  Dr. 
Dai  _  -  -  that  the  bark  of  the  root  and  young  tree  is  a  vaj- 
aromatic  bitter. 

LI XX  OR  LIME  TEE]  - 

These  are  handsome  trees,  as  well  for  their  form  as  for  the  pk  .- 
line  and  fine  shade  of  their  foliage.     They  are  known   in  the 
\  States  by  the  names  of  1 

generally  by  that  of  B  '.     In  Europe  the  species 

this  genus  are  called  Linden  and  The  wood  is  white 

and  soft,  and  is  used   for  similar  purposes  with  that  of  th 
T     .  where  the  latter  is  not  found,  bal     si  :'rer  and  splits  more 
It  is  well  adapted  for  Turners'  work,  and   i-  ch- 

in the  manufacture  of  wooden  ware.  The  inner  bark,  when 
macerated,  separates  into  broad  fibres,  which  are  used  for  making 
coarse  cordage  and  matting.  In  Europe  this  kind  of  stuff  is  called 
/;  hence  the  name  <>f  Ba$9   H"<—/.  i  and   large  quant:      - 

exported  from  Russia.    The  bark  also  coal  _         deal  of  mu- 

whioh  liniments  pared  for  burns  and  scalds. 

In  Europe,  the  honey  made  from  the 

•idered   the   best   in    the  world,  and  when    made   exclusively  from 
r  more  than  double  the  price  her.     The  fl 


THE   TREES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  79 

ers  of  our  American  species  would  very  likely  serve  as  well  in  im- 
proving the  quality  of  honey,  There  are  but  3  species  of  Linn  in 
the  United  States,  and  all  are  found  in  North-Carolina.  The  flow- 
ers of  the  Linn  are  small,  cream-colored,  growing  in  loose  clusters 
npon  a  common  stem  which  is  attached  to  the  middle  of  a  narrow, 
strap-like,  leaf  or  bract; — a  character  that  will  distinguish  these 
trees  from  all  others. 

1.  American  Linn.  (Tilia  Amerieana,  Linn.) — This  is  found  from 
Canada  to  Georgia;  in  this  State  confined  to  the  mountains  and 
the  upper  part  of  the  Middle  District.  It  is  a  handsome  tree,  50 
to  80  feet  high,  1  to  4  in  diameter.  The  leaves  are  3  or  4  inches 
broad,  heart-shaped,  but  one  side  smaller  than  the  other  at  the 
base,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  and  paler  green  on  the  underside.  The 
timber  of  this  species  is  considered  more  valuable  than  that  of  the 
others. 

2.  White  Linn.  (T.  heterophylla,  Yent.) — More  abundant  in 
the  Middle  and  Western  States  than  elsewhere.  In  this  State  it  is 
most  common  in  the  Upper  District,  but  occurs  sparingly  in  the 
Middle  and  Lower.  It  seldom  exceeds  40  feet  in  height,  with  a 
diameter  of  12  or  18  inches.  The  young  branches  have  a  smooth 
silver-gray  bark,  by  which  it  can  be  distinguished  in  Winter  from 
the  other  species.  The  leaves  are  quite  large,  6  to  8  inches  broad, 
deep  green  above,  and  with  a  silver-white  down  underneath. 

3.  Southern  Linn.  (T.  pubescens,  Ait.) — This  is  confined  to  the 
Lower  Districts  of  the  Southern  States,  choosing  cool  fertile  soils 
npon  the  borders  of  swamps  and  rivers.  It  is  40  <»r  50  feet  high, 
resembling  No.  1,  of  whieh  it  may  be  only  a  variety.  The  leaves 
are  2  to  4  inches  broad,  shaped  as  in  No.  1,  the  edges  with  fewer 
and  more  distant  teeth  than  in  No.  2,  and  with  a  rusty,  thin,  van- 
ishing down  on  the  underside. 

Sour  Wood,  Sorrel  Tree.  (Oxydendrum  arboreum,  DC.) — 
This  extends  from  Pennsylvania  southward,  especially  along  the 
mountain  valleys.  In  our  Lower  District  it  is  rare,  not  uncommon 
in  the  Middle,  but  is  most  abundant  in  the'  lower  parts  of  the 
Mountains.  It  is  usually  a  small  tree,  but  in  some  localities,  as  on 
the  upper  waters  of  the  Catawba,  it  attains  a  height  of  50  or  60 
feet,  and  a  diameter  of  12  or  15  inches.  The  wood  is  of  no  value. 
The  leaves,  which  are  not  unlike  those  of  the  Peach,  are  acid  like 


80 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 


Sorrel,  from  whence  its  names  are  derived.  These,  in  the  absence 
of  Sumach,  are  sometimes  used  for  dyeing  wool  of  a  black  color. 
The  small  flowers,  about  the  size  and  form  of  those  of  our  swamp 
Huckleberry,  are  in  large  loose  clusters,  which  hang  in  profusion 
over  the  branches  with  somewhat  of  a  plume-like  grace,  and  make 
this  tree  one  of  the  ornaments  of  our  woods. 

Loblolly  Bay.  (Gordonia  Lasianthus.  Linn.) — This  pretty  tf 
belonging  to  the  family  of  the  CaiidUas.  belongs  within  the  range 
of  the  LoiKj-ltdciJ  J'hte,  and  is  there  confined,  I  think,  to  the 
branch-swamps  and  bays  within  100  miles  of  the  coast.  It  is  from 
50  to  70  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  IS  to  24  inches.  When 
young,  it  is  of  a  fine  pyramidal  form;  but  with  age  the  branches 
spread  irregularly,  and  the  top,  owing  possibly  to  the  brittleness  of 
the  wood,  seems  subject  to  early  decay.  The  leaves  are  evergreen, 
with  sharply  toothed  edges.  The  flowers  are  about  2  inches  broad, 
white,  and  somewhat  fragrant,  and  young  trees  in  blossom  are  very 
attractive.  The  wood  is  of  r<  sy  hue,  of  fine  texture  and  silky 
lustre,  but  is  light  and  brittle,  and  subject  to  rapid  decay,  unless 
kept  perfectly  dry.  The  bark  is  valuable  for  tanning,  but  is  not 
abundant  enough  for  extensive  use.  The  fruit  is  a  small,  dry, 
woody  capsule.  4  to  £  inch  long. 

Snow  Drop  Tree.  (Halesia  tetraptera.  Linn.i — Found  but  a 
short  distance  beyond  the  northern  line  of  this  State.  In  our 
Lower  District  it  is  very  sparingly  distributed.  In  the  Middle 
District  I  have  not  seen  it  east  of  Surry  and  Mecklenburg,  but 
from  thence  westward  to  Cherokee  it  is  not  uncommon  along  water 
courses,  especially  above  that  part  of  their  course  where  they  are 
generally  turbid.  It  is  ordinarily  a  small  tree,  from  10  to  25  feet 
high ;  but  upon  some  of  our  mountain  streams  it  acquires  nearly 
double  the-e  dimensions.  It  is  not  of  handsome  form;  but  its 
clusters  of  white  bell-shaped  flowers  (similar  to  those  of  the  garden 
Snow  Drop)  about  half  an  inch  long,  give  it  an  aspect  of  much 
beauty  when  in  blossom.  I  have  never  seen  it  in  cultivation,  but 
it  deserves  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  cool  moist  parts  of  ornament- 
ed grounds.  The  fruit  is  greenish  and  slightly  juicy  when  young, 
becoming  dry.  /It  has  4  winged  angles,  is  about  14  incL 
with  a  bonv  nut  ins-ide. 


THE   TREES   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  81 

Planer  Tree.  (Planera  aquatica,  Gmel.)— This  tree,  closely  re- 
lated to  the  Elm  and  the  Haekberty,  is  rare  in  the  Atlantic  States 
and  unknown  north  of  the  Cape  Fear  River.  From  thence  south- 
ward it  is  found  on  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  and  may 
verv  easily  be  mistaken,  at  a  little  distance,  for  the  Hornbeam.  It 
is  from  20  to  40  feet  high,  and  8  to  15  inches  in  diameter.  The 
wood  is  said  to  be  hard  and  strong,  but  is  too  rare  with  us  to  be  of 
any  use.  The  leaves  are  about  1£  inch  long,  and  mnch  like  those 
of  our  8maU4eavsd  Elm.  The  flowers  are  in  a  small,  round  green- 
ish cluster  about  the  size  of  small  Peas  and  appearing  before  the 
leaves.     The  fruit  is  a  nut  covered  with  warty  scales,  quite  small. 


THE    SHRUBS 

OF 

IN"  O  3F1.  T  H-O  AROLiINA. 


Under  tins  head  will  be  included  those  woody  plants  which  do 
not'ordinarily  exceed  20  feet  in  height,  whatever  may  be  their 
form.  So  many  of  these  are  without  names,  and  there  is  such  a 
variety  in  their  fruits  or  seed-vessels,  that  I  can  not  make  so  intel- 
ligible an  arrangement  of  them  for  popular  use.  as  I  have  done  for 
the  Trees.  Still,  I  hope  that  most  of  them,  and  all  that  are  of  any 
importance,  can  be  identified  without  much  difficulty.  They  will 
be  arranged,  like  the  Trees,  according  to  the  character  of  their 
fruit,  under  the  two  primary  divisions  of  the  Fl> ..>•/<//  Fruited  and 
Dry  Fruited,  beginning  with  the  former. 

Quite  a  number  of  Shrubs  have  been  already  described  under 
the  class  of  Trees,  wherever  a  genus  included  both  elase  - 

Ban  Haws.  Thorny  shrubs,  sometimes  tree-shaped,  with  white 
flower-,  mostly  in  flat  topped  clusters,  and  colored  (generally  red) 
fruit  containing  1   to  ■>  bony  seeds. 

1.  Soajblet  Haw.     (Crataegus  coccinea,  Linn.) — Grows   in  the 
Middle  and  Upper  Districts,  6  to  1^  feet  high,  with  stout  thon 
and  -1  inches  long.     The  leaves  are  smooth  and  thin,  about  l'  inches 

g  and  broad,  cut  into  several  small  segments  <.n  each  Bide.    The 
fruit  i>  bright  red,  \  inch  or  more  long,  and  eatable. 

2.  \V  \-iii.\oio.\  Tii.iun.  ( ( '.  cordate,  Ait.) — I  have  seen  this  on- 
ly in  the  Middle  District  It  is  a  very  beautiful  shrub  when  in 
blossom,  bs  may  be  Been  on  the  Cape  Fear  near  Averysboro'  in 
May.  It  is  from  1"  to  20  feet  high,  the  thorns  about  'l  indies  long, 
and  rather  slender.  The  leave-  are  2  ;m »» 1  •">  inches  long,  cut  it. 
divisions  Bomewhat  like  those  of  the  Red  Maple.  The  fru 
bright  crimson,  about  \  inch  long. 


THE  SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  &S 

3.  Parsley-leavkd  Haw.  (C.  apiifolia,  Michx.) — This,  so  close- 
ly resembling  the  Hawthorn  of  England,  is  found  in  the  Lower 
and  Middle  Districts.  The  leaves  are  about  1  inch  long,  and  much 
cut  up  into  small  divisions,  from  which  this  handsome  shrub  or 
small  tree  derives  its  name,  and  by  which  it  is  easily  distinguished 
from  all  the  other  species.     The  fruit  is  red  and  about  \  inch  long. 

4.  Cockspur  Thorn.  (C.  Crus-galli,  Linn.) — The  most  abundant 
of  our  Thorns  or  Haws,  and  found  in  all  the  Districts.  It  is  10  or 
20  feet  high  and  armed  with  sharp  thorns  2  inches  or  more  long. 
The  leaves  are  about  2  inches  long,  rather  thick  and  stiff,  shining 
green  above,  somewhat  tapering  from  the  upper  part  downward, 
and  toothed  above  the  middle.  The  fruit  is  red,  about  £inch  long. 
This  is  our  best  species  for  hedging.  But  it  should  be  remember- 
ed, that  none  answers  well  if  left  at  random  to  an  upward  growth, 
and  is  not  well  laid  and  so  regularly  trimmed,  or  cut  in,  as  to  take 
a  lateral  growth  and  to  branch  freely  near  the  ground. 

5.  Black  Thorn.  (C.  tomentosa,  Linn.) — A  shrub  or  small  tree 
in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts,  with  large  clusters  of  flowers, 
which  are  £  inch  or  more  broad,  and  a  round  or  pear-shaped,  edi- 
ble fruit,  which  is  orange-red  and  about  §  inch  long.  The  leaves 
are  3  to  5  inches  long,  of  an  oval  or  oblong  form,  iinely  toothed 
and  sometimes  cut  at  the  summit,  somewhat  hairy  on  the  under- 
side, ami  more  or  less  furrowed  along  the  veins  above. 

There  is  a  form  of  this  (var:  punctata,  Gray,)  very  common  on 
the  tops  of  our  Mountains,  with  the  leaves  smaller,  more  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  and  the  furrows  on  the  upper  surface  deeper, 
and  the  veins  more  prominent  beneath.  The  fruit  is  round,  yel- 
low ish  or  dull  red,  sprinkled  with  whitish  dots. 

<!.  Xakkow-lkavkd  Thorn.  (C.  spathulata,  Michx.) — Not  un- 
common in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  10  to  15  feet  high, 
with  quite  small  flowers  and  fruit,  but  rather  ornamental.  The 
leaves  are  smooth  and  shining,  £  to  1^  inch  long,  \  to  h  inch  wide, 
toothed  at  the  upper  end  and  tapering  from  near  the  top  down  to 
the  stem.     The  fruit  is  red  and  in  numerous  clusters. 

7.  Summer  Haw.  (C.  flava,  Ait.) — A  small  tree  15  or  20  feet 
high,  in  sandy  woods,  with  fruit  $  to  f  inch  thick,  pear  shaped, 
and  greenish-yellow.  The  leaves  are  2  or  3  inches  long,  wedge- 
shaped,  the  lower  part  tapering  into  a  short  stem  with  small  dark 
glands  on  the  edges.     The  flowers  but  from  2  to  5  in  a  cluster. 


S4  THE   SHRUBS    OF   NORTII-CAKOLTOA. 

8.  Hairy  Thorn.  (C.  glandnlosa,  Michx.) — A  small  tree  with 
coarse  hark  and  spreading  branches,  and  the  leaves,  branehlets  and 
flower  stems,  covered  with  soft  hairs,  especially  when  young.  The 
leaves  are  about  1  inch  long,  rather  thickish,  wedge-shaped,  the 
edges  generally  dotted  with  dark  glands.  The  fruit  is  small,  rotund, 
and  red.     The  flowers  are  3  to  0  in  a  cluster. 

9.  Dwarf  Thorn.  (C.  parvifolia,  Ait.) — A  small  shrub  2  to  5 
feet  high,  very  common  in  sandy  woods  throughout  the  Lower  and 
Middle  Districts,  and  v.  itfa  a  whitish  down  on  most  of  its  parts. 
The  leaves  are  •£  to  1£  inch  long,  broad  wedge-shaped,  toothed, 
with  hardly  any  stem.  Flowers  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together.  Fruit 
round  or  pear-shaped,  greenish-yellow,  rather  large  and  dry. 

Barherry.  (Berberis  Canadensis,  Pnrsh.) — Found  in  Lincoln, 
thence  westward,  especially  in  Buncombe,  Haywood,  and  Macon 
Counties.  It  is  not  known  to  exist  north  of  Virginia,  and  is  the 
only  native  Barberry  in  the  United  States.  The  European  species 
(B.  vulgaris)  is  thoroughly  naturalized  in  New  England.  Ours  is  a 
pretty  shrub,  2  to  4  feet  high  and  somewhat  prickly.  The  fruit  is 
an  oblong,  red  and  acid  beny,  which  makes  an  agreeable  conserve, 
and  a  cooling  drink  in  fevers.  The  leaves  are  also  slightly  acid. 
It  is  probable  that  this,  like  the  European  species,  which  it  closely 
resembles,  would  furnish  a  yellow  color  by  boiling  the  roots  in  lye  ; 
and  that  the;  inner  bark  of  the  stems  would  dye  linen  of  a  tine  yel- 
low with  the  assistance  ot  alum. 

GOOSEBERRIES  AND  CURRANTS. 

These  belong  to  one  genus,  but  are  distinguished — the    Former, 

by  the  small  sharp  thorns  at  the  base  of  the  leaves,  sometimes  the 
fruit  being  prickly  and  generally  (always  in  the  North-Carolina 
species)  by  the  flower  steins  having  from  1  to  3  flowers  ;  the  latter, 
by  the  absence  of  thorns,  smaller  fruit,  (never  prickly,)  and  the 
flowers  numerous  in  long  clusters.  They  are  found  only  in  the 
Mountains. 

1.  Prickly  GooSEBERBY.  I  Kibes  Cynosbati,  Linn.) — Distinguish- 
ed from  the  others  by  its  prickly  fruit,  which  is  brownish  when 
ripe,  and  eatable. 


THE   SHRUBS    OF   XORTH-CAROL1XA.  &0 

-MOOTH  Gooseberry.  (R.  rotundifolium,  MicLz.) — This  is  3 
or  4  feet  high,  the  leaves  1  or  2  inches  broad,  about  half  the  size 
of  the  preceding,  the  fruit  small,  purple  when  ripe,  and  of  line 
flavor. 

-lender  Gooseberry.  iR.  gracile.  Michx.) — Very  similar  to 
Xo.  2,  but  every  way  more  slender  and  delicate,  and  quite  rare. 

4.  Fetid  Currant.  (R.  prostratum,  L"Her.) — Occurring  chieflv 
upon  rocks  on  our  highest  Mountains  and  generally  spreading  on 
the  ground.  The  berry  is  covered  with  bristles  and  is  not  pleasant 
flavored.  The  whole  plant  exhales  a  disagreeable  musky  odor, 
which  will  readily  distinguish  it. 

5.  Bristly  Curkaxt.  (R.  resinosum.  Pnrsk.) — This  was  discov- 
ered in  our  Mountains  by  Eraser.  I  have  not  myself  met  with  it. 
It  is  covered  in  every  part,  not  excepting  the  fruit,  with  resinous 
glandular  hairs,  by  which  it  may  be  recognised. 

HUCKLEBERRIES. 

The  fruit  so  called  in  this  State  is  comprised  in  two  genera ;  the 
first,  (Gaylnssacia,)  including  those  which  have  a  black  or  blackish 
berry,  and  leaves  generally  covered  with  small  glandular  dots;  the 
second,  t Taceinium.)  including  those  with  a  blue,  red  or  greenish 
berrv.  The  blue  ones  are  known  in  some  States  as  Blueberries  or 
BUbi  tries.  The  red  are  Cranberries.  The  greenish  one  is,  in  this 
State,  called  Gooseberry  and  Deerberry. 

1.  Blue  Huckleberry.  (Gaylnssacia  frondosa,  Torr  and  Gr.) — 
Common  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts  on  the  borders  of  low 
grounds,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  pale,  somewhat  wrinkled,  leaves, 
which  are  whitish  underneath,  and  1  to  3  inches  long.  The  berries 
are  dark  blue,  large  and  sweet,  perhaps  the  finest  flavored  we  have, 
ripening  in  June. 

2.  Dwarf  Huckleberry.  (G.  dumosa,  Torr  and  Gr.) — A  low 
species  about  a  foot  high,  with  creeping  roots,  very  common  in  dry 
woods  of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts.  It  is  somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular,  the  leaves  broad,  wedge-shaped,  green  on  both  sides, 
and  the  fruit  smooth,  black  and  insipid.  A  larger  form  of  this 
(var.  hirtella,)  has  the  berries  also  hairy. 

3.  Black  Huckleberry.  (G.  resinosa,  T.  and  Gr.) — Belongs  to 
the   Middle  and   Upper  Districts,  2  or  3  feet  high  and  much 


96  THE    SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

i •ranched.  The  leaves  are  2  or  3  inches  Ion":,  and  thickly  sprinkled 
with  resinon9  atoms.  The  berries  are  black,  shining  and  very 
pleasant.  There  is  a  white  variety  of  this,  found  in  the  mountains 
by  Mr.  r.uckley. 

1.  Beak Hucklebebby.  Beabbeeby.  (G.  nreina,  Gray.) — Found 
nn  the  sides  of  the  mountains,  south  of  the  French  Broad  river,  2 
or  3  feet  high,  and  resembling  No.  3.  But  in  the  latter  the  flowers 
are  cylindrical ;  in  the  Bearberry  cup-shaped.  The  berry  is  purplish 
or  dark  red,  insipid  and  dry.  ripening  in  July  and  August. 

1.  Swamp  Hucexebebby.  (Yacciniuni  corymbosnm,  Linn.) — 
Abundant  in  swampy  grounds  of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts, 
and  probably  extending  into  the  Upper.  It  is  from  5  to  10  feet 
Jiiwh,  with  very  variable  leaves,  but  generally  thin,  pale  and  smooth. 
The  be  pries  are  large,  deep  blue,  subacid  and  pleasant,  ripening  in 
May  and  June. 

There  is  a  variety  of  this  (var.  atrococcnin,  Gray.)  having  a  sim- 
ilar range  and  locality  and  size,  but  much  less  common,  with 
thicker  leaves  which  are  white-downy  underneath,  and  with  berries 
dark  Hue.  Dr.  Hunter  finds  this  variety  with  a  n-Itit,  berry  in 
Lincoln  and  Burke  counties. 

■J..  Pale  Dwabf  Blueberry.  (V.  Constabhxi,  Gray.) — About  1 
foot  high,  abundant  on  the  bald  summit  of  Roan  Mountain,  i  where 
it  was  first  discriminated  by  Prof.  Gray,)  and  not  unlikely  on 
others.  It  is  of  a  pale  whitish  aspect,  with  leaves  1  or  2  inches 
long,  and  blue  sweet  berries. 

V.  tenellum.  Ait.) — Common  on  the  borders  of  small  swamps 
in  the  Lower  District  and  extending  somewhat  into  the  Middle; 
about  2  feet  high,  with  green,  angled  branches.  The  leaves  £  to  1 
inch  long,  narrow,  wedge-shaped,  slightly  toothed  at  the  top,  and 
ot  a  bright  green.     Berries  black,  small,  of  little  worth. 

-I.  l'm-n.v  HtrcKLEBERBT.  (V.  hirsutum.  Buckley.) — Discovered 
in  the  Cherokee  Mountains  by  Mr.  Buckley,  and  easily  recognized 
by  its  bristly  branches,  leaves,  flowers  and  fruit. 

5.  Deebbebby.  Goosebebby.  (V.  staminenm,  Linn.) — Yerycom- 
'iimi  all  over  the  State  in  dry  woods,  1  to  4  feet  high,  and  very 
pretty  when  in  blossom.  The  berries  are  greenish-white,  sour  sad 
astringent,  larger  than  any  other  of  our  Huckleberries. 


THE   SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  3J 

6.  (V.  erythrocarpon,  Michx.) — A  shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  found 
upon  Grandfather,  Flat  Top  and  Roan  Mountains.  The  leaves  are 
rather  hairy  and  with  small  teeth  on  the  edges.  The  flowers  have 
long  divisions  that  are  rolled  backwards  precisely  like  those  of  the 
Oranhtrry.  The  fruit  is  small,  reddish  or  purplish,  and  insipid, 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  Bearberry. 

7.  Spabkleberry.  (Y.  arboreum,  Michx.) — Found  from  the 
coast  to  Cherokee,  8  to  20  feet  high,  the  leaves  smooth,  rather  stifY 
and  shining.  They  are  evergreen,  at  least  in  the  Lower  District. 
The  fruit  is  black  and  small,  dry,  granular  and  slightly  astringent, 
but  of  pleasant  flavor,  ripening  in  October.  "When  in  blossom  it 
is  quite  a  showy  shrub.  The  bark  of  the  root  is  very  astringent, 
and  is  used  in  chronic  dysentery. 

8.  Creeping  Huckxeberry.  (Y.  crassifolium,  Andr.)— A  small 
species  with  stems  (1  or  2  feet  long)  creeping  close  upon  the  earth 
in  wet  savannas  of  the  Lower  District.  The  leaves  are  small.  ^  to 
i  inch  long,  evergreen,  thick  and  shining.  The  fruit  is  red,  be- 
coming black,  tasteless. 

9.  Cranberry.  (V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.)— A  small  trailing  plant 
with  pale  evergreen  leaves,  common  in  the  mountain  swamps  of 
Ashe  and  Yancey,  and  also  in  Pasquotank,  Hyde  and  other  coun- 
ties in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  State.  The  fine  acid  fruit  of 
this  plant  is  well  known  and  universally  esteemed. 

Corax  Berry.  (Symphoricarpus  vulgaris,  Michx.) — A  small 
shrub,  2  or  3  feet  high,  frequent  in  arid  gravelly  soils,  especially 
by  road  sides,  throughout  the  Middle  District.  The  leaves  are 
rather  stiff,  about  1  inch  long,  downy  beneath.  The  flowers  are 
of  no  beauty,  but  the  compact  clusters  of  dark  red  berries  in  the 
fork  of  nearly  all  the  leaves,  and  which  hang  on  through  the  winter 
have  made  it  an  object  of  attention  among  Gardeners  and  Florists. 
This  is  sometimes  so  much  of  a  nuisance  on  plantations,  on  account 
of  its  creeping  tangled  roots,  as  to  have  gained  the  uncouth  name 
of  Devil? 8  8hoe-8trirt(js. 

Bermuda  or  French  Mulberry.  (Callicarpa  Americana,  Linn.) 
—Quite  common  in  light  soils  and  dry  open  woods  of  the  Lower 
District,  especially  along  fence-rows  and  the  borders  of  settlements. 
It  is  3  to  6  feet  high,  with  coarse,  rough,  grayish  unsightly  leaves, 


8S  THK    S1IKI  IIS    OF    NORTlI-C.MMl.tNA. 

which  are  4  or  live  inches  long  and  round-toothed  on  the  edges. 
Ihit  in  winter  the  numerous  clusters  of  light-purplish  berries  which 
encircle  the  summit  of  the  branches  at  regular  interval-  for  12  or 
Is  inches,  give  it  a  very  striking  and  pleasing  appearance.  These 
berries  arc  juicy,  slightly  aromatic  and  sweetish,  and  are  sometimes 
eaten,  hut  are  probably  not  very  wholesome. 

Mistletoe.  (Phoradendron  flavescens,  Nutt.) — Well  known 
throughout  the  State,  and  needing  no  description.  With  us  it 
seems  to  prefer  the  Oaks  and  Locust,  but  at  the  North  and  West, 
Elms  and  Hickories.  Deer  are  very  fond  of  this  plant.  This  is  a 
different  plant  from  the  European  Mistletoe,  the  aureus  ramus  of 
Virgil. 

1.  High  Blackberry.  (Rubus  villosus,  Ait.) — This  ia  our  cob* 
mon  Blackberry  of  the  swamps  and  fallow  lands,  4  to  1<>  feet  high, 
and  the  leaves  slightly  hairy  or  smooth,  and  green  on  both  sides. 
It  is  found  throughout  the  State.  The  root  of  this  is  slightly  astrin- 
gent, and  is  a  popular  remedy  for  diarrhoea* 

2.  Low  It&ACKBKRRY.  (It.  cuneifolius,  Pnrsh.) — Common  in  old 
fields  and  by  road-sides  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  2  to  4 
feet  high,  the  leaves  white  and  downy  beneath.  Smaller  in  all 
parts  than  No.  1,  the  berries  generally  sweeter. 

3.  Dewberry.  (R.  trivialis,  Michx.) — Generally  well  known 
under  this  name,  but  most  abundant  in  the  Middle  District.  This 
is  a  trailing  species  with  smooth  green  leaves,  growing  mostly  in 
dry  soils,  and  with  larger,  sweeter  fruit  than  the  preceding. 

4.  Swamp  Blackberry.  ( R.  hispidus,  Linn.) — A  prostrate  species 
like  the  preceding,  found  in  the  mountain  swamps,  but  ever}'  way 
more  delicate,  with  thinner  leaves,  and  with  weak  prickles  that 
hardly  deserve  the  name.     Fruit  black,  small  and  sour. 

5.  Black  or  Pi  bple  Raspberry.  (R.  ocoidentalis,  Linn.) — Growl 
on  the  borders  of  woods  and  in  thickets  through  the  Middle  Dis- 
trict. The  fruit  is  very  pleasant  but  rather  dry,  and  much  inferior 
to  the  cultivated  species. 

6.  Flowkiuno  Rasi'uekuy.  (R.  odoratus,  Linn.) — Found  only  in 
the  Mountains  along  rivulets  and  in  cool  shaded  ravines.  This  is 
without  prickles,  but.  is  covered  with  clammy  hairs,  is  4  or  5  feet 
high,  and  has  leaves  6  or  7  inchee  long,  divided  into  about  5  short 


THE   SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  89 

segments.  The  flowers  are  quite  ornamental,  about  2  inches  broad 
and  looking  like  a  small  single  Kose.  The  fruit  is  broad,  red  and 
dry,  but  pleasant  flavored. 

1.  Swamp  Rose.  (Rosa  Carolina,  Linn.) — This  is  from  3  to  6 
feet  high,  is  generally  confined  to  low  damp  grounds,  and  has  stout 
hooked  prickles. 

2.  Wild  or  Dwarf  Rose.  (R.  lucida,  Ehrh.)— Generally  prefers 
dry  soils,  and  is  found  in  all  the  Districts.  It  is  about  half  the  size 
of  No.  1,  has  the  leaves  shining  on  the  upper  side,  and  has  straight 
prickles,  which  will  distinguish  it  from  the  preceding. 

3.  Sweet  Brier.  (R.  rubiginosa,  Linn.) — Extensively  naturalized 
along  roads  and  about  settlements,  especially  in  the  Middle  Dis- 
trict, and  easily  recognized  by  the  pleasant  fragrance  derived  from 
the  rusty  colored  glands  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves.  This  is 
sometimes  known  as  the  Eglantine. 

4.  Cherokee  Rose.  (R.  laevigata,  Michx.)— Cultivated  in  the 
Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  often  trained  over  fences,  and,  if  well 
managed,  serves  well  for  hedging.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  smooth 
dark  evergreen  leaves  and  white  single  flowers.  It  is  singular  that 
the  native  region  of  this  Rose  is  unknown. 

1.  Elder.  (Sambucus  Canadensis,  Linn.) — There  is  no  portion 
of  the  State,  except  the  higher  parts  of  the  Mountains,  where  this 
shrub  is  not  found.  Its  leaves  are  smooth  and  its  berries  dark  pur- 
ple. The  inner  bark  is  of  popular  use  in  ointments  for  sores.  An 
infusion  of  the  leaves  is  sometimes  used  for  expelling  insects  from 
vines,  &c.  An  infusion  of  the  dried  flowers  is  a  domestic  remedy 
for  colds.  The  ripe  berries  afford  a  delicate  test  for  detecting  acids 
and  alkalies. 

2.  Red  Berrdsd  Elder.  (S.  pubens,  Michx.) — Grows  only  on 
the  higher  Mountains  above  the  range  of  the  preceding,  from 
which  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by  its  red  berries  and  the  downy 
underside  of  its  leaves.     It  belongs  chiefly  to  a  high  latitude. 

1.  Black  Haw.  (Viburnum  prunifolium,  Linn.) — Common  in 
rather  dry  rich  soils  from  the  coast  to  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper 
District,  8  to  15  feet  high,  handsome  when  in  flower.  The  blos- 
soms are  small,  white,  in  flat  •clusters,  which  are  two  or  three  inches 

7 


THi  OF    NORTH-CAROLINA. 

id,  and  destitute  of  a  common  stem.     The  leaves,  1  or  2  inches 

ding  above.     The  fruit  is  about  half  an 

md  eatable. 

8.]  .  V.  nudum.  Linn,  i — B  ..liar  range  with 

1,  and  grows  in  cold  -  grounds,  6  to  \'i  feet  high.     The 

flower  clusters  in  this  are  supported  on  a  short  common  stem.     The 

ire  larger  and  of  thicker  texture  than  in   the  former,  dull 

green  above,  and  covered  with  rusty  scales  beneath.     The  fruit  is 

a  deep  blue.     In  the  Mountains  I  have  heard  this  called  6 

There  is  a  form  of  this  ( var :  angustifolum.)  with  smaller,  narrower 
and  brighter  leaves,  which  I  have  met  with  in  Henderson  County. 

3.  .  Walt  — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  growing  on  the 

banks  of  streams,  bat  not  common  in   this  State.     The  leaves  are 

1  inch   long,  rather  thick,  smooth,  broader  at  the  upper  end. 

and  faintly  toothed.     The  flower  clusters  are  without  a  general 

stem.     The  fruit  is  black. 

■4.  Sheep-Beery.  I V.  Lentago,  Linn.) — Found  only  in  the  Moun- 
tains, 10  or  U  gh.  The  leaves  are  rather  thin,  3  or  4  inches 
long,  smooth,  with  a  tapering  point,  sharply  toothed,  tbeii 
and  middle  nerve  beneath,  together  with  the  flower  branches. 
-  ^,:.kled  with  rust}-  atoms.  The  fruit  is  first  red,  then  bluish-black. 
and  is  eatable  when  fully  ripe. 

.".   ::ow-W(->od.     (V.  dentatum,  Linn.) — Grows  in  low  grounds 

of  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  but  is  not  very  common.  It  is 
8  to  12  feet  high,  with  ash-colored  bark,  and  by  the  flowers  and 
fruit  would  be  at  once  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  -  _  -nu:- 

as  Nos.  1  and  2.     The  leaves  are  roundish,  2   or  3  inches  long, 
coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  thin  and  smooth,  the  lateral  v 
quite  straight,  and  deeply  in..  The  fruit  is  roui. 

and  deep  blue,  and  slightly  rough.  The  young  straight  branches 
of  this  were  used  by  the  Indians  for  making  arrows. 

V.  pul  Bacons,  Push.) — Very  similar 
to  Xo.  5,  but  smaller,  3  or  4  feet  high,  the  underside  of  the  leave- 
downy,  and  growing  only  in  the  rocky  soil  of  the  Mountains. 

7.    Maple-l:-  V.    acerifoliurn,    Linn.) — A 

shrub  2  to  5  feet  high,  found  in  the  Mountains  and  on  rocky 
of  the  Middle  District,  as  low  down  as  Orange,  with  leaves  3  or  4 
inches  long,  shaped  like  those  of  a  The  berries  are  whi 


THIS   SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  91 

becoming  purplish-black.  The  slender  stems,  by  removing  the 
pith,  make  good  fuse-sticks  for  blasting,  and  will  serve  equally  well 
for  blasts  of  tobacco-smoke. 

8.  Hobble-Bush.  Tangle-Legs.  (V.  lantanoides,  Michx.) — A 
small  straggling  shrub  found  in  cold  damp  places  in  the  Mountains. 
The  branches  spread  upon  the  ground,  and,  taking  root  at  their 
ends,  form  well  secured  loops  for  tripping  the  feet  of  inexperienced 
way-farers  ;  a  habit  which  has  been  revenged  upon  by  the  unlucky, 
in  the  names  imposed  upon  it  of  American  Way-fairer 's  Tree  and 
the  DeviVs  Shoe-strings.  The  leaves  are  3  to  6  inches  broad,  heart- 
shaped,  very  veiny,  the  underside  having  a  rusty  down.  The  ber- 
ries are  first  crimson,  then  black.  The  flowers  on  the  margin  of 
the  broad  clusters  of  this  species  are  very  large  (b}T  abortion,)  like 
those  of  the  well  known  Snow-ball  of  our  Gardens,  which  is  a  spe- 
cies (V.  Opulus,)  of  this  genus. 

Prickly  Ash.  (Aralia  spinosa,  Linn.) — Found  in  tolerably  rich 
soil  from  the  coast  to  Cherokee,  but  not  very  abundant  in  any 
locality.  It  is  seldom  20  feet  high  with  us,  and  is  remarkable  for 
its  straight,  club-shaped,  prickly  stem  or  trunk,  with  the  compound 
leaves  spreading  like  those  of  a  Palm  from  its  summit.  An  iufusion 
of  the  fresh  bark  of  the  root  is  emetic  and  cathartic,  and  is  em- 
ployed, as  are  also  the  berries,  in  spirituous  infusion,  in  rheumatic 
affections.  These  are  thought  by  some  to  be  also  a  valuable  remedy 
for  the  bite  of  a  Rattlesnake. 

Privet.  (Ligustrum  vulgare,  Linn.) — Occasionally  naturalized 
about  settlements.     Berries  black.     This  is  suited  for  low  hedges. 

1.  Spice  Bush.  (Benzoin  odoriferum,  Nees.) — Known  also  as 
Spice  Wood,  Wild  Allspice,  and  Fever  Bush.  Grows  in  damp 
woods  throughout  the  State,  and,  wherever  found,  known  under  one 
or  other  of  these  names.  It  is  a  strongly  scented  shrub,  smooth, 
3  to  6  feet  high,  with  dark  red  berries,  and  leaves  3  or  4  inches 
long.  An  infusion  of  the  twigs  is  sometimes  used  in  country  fevers, 
and  for  sickly  cattle  in  the  Spring. 

2.  (B.  melisssefolium,  Nees.) — Belongs  to  the  Lower  aud  Middle 
Districts  in  low  grounds  and  on  the  borders  of  shallow  ponds,  2  or 
3  feet  high,  leaves  silky  on  both  sides,.!  or  2.  inches  long,  slightly 


92  THE    BHKUB8    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

heart-shaped,  berries  red.     I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  McRee  and  Prof. 
Mitchell  tor  my  knowledge  of  this  species. 

Pokd  Bush.  tTetranthera  gcniculata,  Xees.) — Occupies  small 
ponds  in  the  Lower  District,  giving  a  gray  smoky  aspect  to  these 
localities.  It  is  rarely  met  with  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Middle 
District.  It  is  10  or  15  feet  high,  with  smooth,  zigzag  branches, 
and  small  oval  leaves,  -t  to  1  inch  long,  and  red  berries. 

This  and  the  genus  next  preceding  are  closely  related  to  the 
v.  and,  like  it,  has  small  yellowish  flowers  which  appear 
before  the  leaves. 

Llathkk-wood.  (Dirca  palustris,  Linn.) — "Widely  diffused  over 
the  country,  but  in  this  State  occuring  sparingly  upon  shaded  rivu- 
lets in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts.  It  is  3  to  5  feet  high,  and 
the  branches  have  such  a  tough  and  pliable  bark  that  they  make 
excellent  ligatures,  for  which  they  were  used  by  the  Indians,  and 
from  which  the  shrub  derives  its  name.  The  fruit  is  a  small  red- 
dish berry. 

Carolina  Buckthorn.  (Frangula  Caroliniana,  Gray.; — A  thorn- 
less  shrub,  4:  to  6  feet  high,  belonging  to  moderately  fertile  soils  in 
the  Middle  and  Lower  Districts,  but  rare  in  the  latter.  The  leaves 
-are  3  or  4  inches  long,  1  or  2  wide,  dark  green,  smooth  and  shining, 
and  ribbed  with  very  straight  parallel  veins.  The  berry  is  black- 
ish, of  the  size  of  a  small  pea. 

1.  Sumach.  (Rhus  copallina,  Linn.) — Very  common  throughout 
the  State,  usually  6  to  10  feet  high,  sometimes  a  small  tree  15  feet 
high,  readily  distinguished  by  its  common  leaf-stem  being  margin- 
ed or  winged  between  the  leaflets.  The  crimson  hairs  on  the  ber- 
ries possess  a  strong  acid,  (said  to  be  Malic,)  an  infusion  of  which, 
witii  sugar,  makes  an  agreeable  cooling  beverage,  and,  without 
•sugar,  is  a  very  useful  gargle  for  weak  or  sore  throats. 

_'.  Smooth  Sumaoh.  (R.  glabra,  Linn.) — This  is  6  to  10  feet  high, 
growing  in  the  Middle  and  Upper  Districts,  and  is  remarkably 
smooth  in  all  its  parts.  A  milky  juice  issues  from  the  wounded 
bark.  The  large  clusters  of  red  fruit  are  more  compact  than  in 
No.  1,  having  an  acid  secretion  as  in  that.  The  branches  and 
leaves  are.  astringent,  and  are  used  for  tanning. 


THE   SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  93 

3.  Stagiiorn  Sumach.  (R.  typliina,  Lion.)— Belongs  to  the  Up- 
per District,  10  to  20  feet  high,  the  branches  and  flower  stalks 
densely  and  rather  softly  hairy,  somewhat  like  a  Deer's  horn  "  in 
the  velvet."  The  leaflets  are  narrow  and  tapering.  The  bark 
issues  a  milky  juice,  and  the  berries  are  acid,  as  in  No.  2.  The 
wood  is  orange  colored  and  aromatic.  The  bark  and  branches  are 
used  for  tanning.  The  large  clusters  of  purple  fruit,  and  a  line 
foliage,  render  this  species  quite  ornamental. 

4.  Dwarf  Sumach.  (R.  pumila,  Michx.) — This  has  a  general 
resemblance  to  No.  3,  especially  in  the  dense  hairiness  of  the  young 
branches,  but  the  leaflets  in  this  are  much  shorter,  broader  and 
more  coarsely  toothed,  and  the  plant  is  only  1  to*  3  feet  high,  mostly 
spreading  over  the  ground.  It  is  rather  rare,  but  occurs  in  the 
Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  especial!}'  in  Mecklenburg,  where  it 
was  originally  discovered  by  the  elder  Michaux.  Pursh  has  repre- 
sented it  as  being  very  poisonous,  but  it  is  perfectly  harmless,  as 
are  all  the  preceding  species. 

5.  Poisox  Sumach.  (E.  venenata,  DC.) — Found  in  all  the  Dis- 
tricts in  cool  swampy  situations,  where  it  is  somewhat  conspicuous 
by  its  smooth  green  bark  and  pink-colored  leaf-stems.  To  most 
persons  it  is  exceedingly  poisonous,  some  even  being  affected  by 
proximity  to  it,  especially  while  rain  or  dew  is  evaporating  from  it. 
Others,  however,  can  handle  it  with  safety.  The  juice  of  this  is  a 
good  varnish,  like  that  of  the  Japan  Sumach,  (R.  vernicifera,) 
which  is  a  very  similar,  and  was  once  supposed  to  be  the  same 
species. 

6.  Poison  Oak.  (R.  Toxicodendron,  Linn.) — A  small  shrub,  1 
or  2  feet  high,  well  known  by  this  name  from  the  coast  to  the  low- 
er part  of  the  Upper  District.  It  is  less  poisonous  than  No.  5,  but 
is  too  mischievous  to  be  meddled  with  by  persons  who  are  sensitive 
to  this  class  of  poisons.  The  juice  is  an  indelible  Ink  upon 
linen. 

It  has  been  stated  very  positively  in  some  quarters,  that  the 
dreaded  disease,  known  in  our  Mountains  and  at  the  West  by  the 
name  of  Milk  ^'/'ckness,  is  caused  by  the  cattle  eating  of  this  Poison 
Oak.  But  our  Lower  and  Middle  Districts  abound  in  this  plant, 
where  this  disease  is  not  now  heard  of,  while  in  those  portions  of 
the  Mountains  where  cattle  are  affected  with  it,  and  which  I  have 
examined   with  special  reference  to  ascertaining  its  origin,  this 


94  THE    SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

plant  is  not  found,  nor  any  other  poisonous  plant  which  is  not 
common  elsewhere.  Besides,  it  is  well  known  that  cattle  do  not 
take  the  disease  if  kept  from  those  grounds  till  the  dew  has  evap- 
orated.    Its  cause  is  vet  a  mystery,  bnt  I  am  satisfied  it  is  telluric. 

The  Mo\  /    -   or    Winiergreen,   (Gaultheria  procuml 

Linn.)  so  well  known  in  the  Mountains,  rarely  in  the  other  Districts, 
for  its  aromatic  spicy  leaves  and  berries,  is  an  evergreen  shrub, 
so  small  that  it  would  not  generally  be  considered  such. 

The  next  two  genera  have  a  fleshy  it  too  large  to  come 

under  the  class  rries.     They  are  well  known  by  their  names. 

1.  Papaw.  (Asimina  triloba,  Dunal.) — Xot  uncommon  in  rich 
bottom  lands  of  the  Middle  District.  10  to  15  feet  high,  but  in  the 
primitive  s<  »il  of  the  "Western  States  sometimes  30  feet.  The  tb'V 
are  dull  dark-purple,  over  an  inch  wide.  The  fruit  is  about  3  inches 
long  by  14-  thick,  yellow,  and  filled  with  a  soft  sweet  pulp  which  is 
edible,  but  does  not  seem  to  be  agreeable  to  most  persons.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  and  root  exhales  a  very  heavy  unpleasant  odor. 
The  wood  is  remarkably  light  and  spongy. 

-.  Dwarf  Papaw.  (A  pan  iflora.  Dunal.) — A  small  shrub  simi- 
lar to  No.  1.  but  smaller  every  way.  found  in  waste  grounds  in  the 
er  District,  and  in  thin  woods  of  the  Middle  and  lower  part  of 
the  Upper  District.  It  is  from  2  to  5  feet  high,  the  leaves  4  to  6 
inches  long,  (about  half  the  size  of  the  preceding.)  the  gree; 
purple  flowers  |  inch  long  and  of  unpleasant  odor.  Fruit  in  clus- 
.  about  an  inch  long. 

-;t  Batoni  ..       Yucca  aloifolia,  Linn.) — A  native  of  the 
coast  from  North-Carolina  southward,  frequently  cultivated  in  the 

er  District,  ami    very  Bhowy  when  capped   by 
of  white   bell-shaped    flowers.      It    is   4    to    S    feet    high,  its    - 
leaves  (12  or  1  v  incl  tipped  with  a  very  sharp  thorny  point, 

and  their  edges  very  rough. 

2.  (Y.  gl  >riosa,  Lii  on  the  sandy  coasf,  similar-to 
the  preceding,  hut  smaller,  ami  the  le;  ith  on  the  ed 

3.  Bear  Grass.      <Y.   filamentosa,   Linn.) — Common    in    sandy 
fields  nearly  throughout  the   State,  well  known  by  the  thread-like 


THE   SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  U5 

filaments  on  the  edges  of  the  leaves,  and  admired  for  the  beauty  of 
its  flowers,  borne  in  clusters  upon  a  naked  stem  -i  to  6  feet  high. 

The  two  next  genera  would  be  most  generally  ranked  among 
Stone-fruit,  though  the  shell  of  the  second  is  very  thin,  and  covered 
by  a  very  thin  flesh. 

Fringe  Tree.  (Chionanthus  Virginica,  Linn.) — Sometimes  called 
Old  2fan?s  Beard.  We  have  no  shrub  of  softer  and  more  delicate 
beauty  than  this,  when  draped  in  its  clusters  of  snow-white,  fringe- 
like flowers.  It  is  found  northward  to  southern  Pennsylvania.  In 
this  State  it  grows  in  all  the  Districts,  but  most  abundantly  in  the 
Middle.  It  is  sometimes  15  or  20  feet  high,  but  flowers  at  the 
height  of  2  or  3  feet.  Its  fruit  has  the  appearance  and  odor  of  a 
green  plum,  but  I  have  never  seen  it  produce  fruit  in  the  Lower 
District.  An  infusion  of  the  roots  is  a  favorite  remedy  in  long 
standing  intermittents  and  other  chronic  diseases. 

Oil-nut.  Buffalo  Tree.  (Pyrularia  oleifera,  Gray.) — A  bush 
3  to  6  feet  high,  abundant  through  our  mountain  range,  and  reach- 
ing north  to  the  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania.  The  leaves  are  3  or 
•i  inches  long,  becoming  smooth,  rather  acrid  to  the  taste,  and  oily. 
The  fruit  is  an  inch  or  more  long,  pear-shaped  or  roundish,  with  a 
thin  shell  and  large  oily  kernel.     The  root  has  an  unpleasant  odor. 

The  remaining  shrubs,  including  those  with  Nuts,  are  dry  fruited 
and  very  various.  The  first  Group  will  include  such  as  have  dry 
seed-covers,  containing  small  seeds  and  opening  by  partitions.  The 
first  three  genera  have  tubular  small  flowers  like  those  of  the 
Huckleberry  and  Sorrell  Tree. 

1.  Fetter-bush.  (Andromeda  nitida,  Bartr.) — Found  only  in  the 
Lower  District  in  low  Pine  barrens.  It  is  2  to  5  feet  high,  with 
the  branches  three-angled,  smooth  throughout;  the  leaves  ever- 
green and  shining  and  rather  thick,  1  to  2  inches  long,  not  toothed  ; 
the  flowers  clustered  in  the  forks  of  the  leaves,  white  or  reddish, 
with  a  sort  of  honey  odor,  opening  in  March  and  April. 

2.  Stagger  Bush.  (A.  Mariana,  Linn.) — Grows  in  the  Lower 
and  Middle  Districts,  on  the  margin  of  low  grounds.  It  is  2  or  3 
feet  high  and  smooth.  The  leaves  are  1  or  2  inches  long,  not 
toothed,  dull  green;  the  flowering  branches  generally  destitute  of 


96  THE   SHRUBS   OF  NORTH-CABOLIiTA. 

leaves  ;  the  flowers  in  clusters  along  the  branches,  near  $  inch  longr 
white  and  showy,  opening  in  April  and  May. 

3.  (A.  speciosa,  Michx.) — A  very  handsome  shrub  growing  in 
low  wet  grounds  of  Pine  barrens  in  the  Lower  District,  2  to  S  feet 
high  and  smooth.  The  leaves  are  1  to  14;  inch  long,  toothed,  dull 
green,  sometimes  covered  on  the  underside  with  a  very  white 
bloom.  The  flowering  branches  are  free  from  leaves,  6  to  12  inches 
long  and  very  showy.  The  flowers  are  larger  than  in  No.  2,  more 
bell-shaped,  opening  in  May. 

4.  PEn-ER  Bush.  (A.  ligustrina.  Muhl.) — This  occurs  in  all  the 
Districts,  but  only  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper.  It  is  3  or  4  feet 
high,  somewhat  hairy.  The  leaves  are  about  2  inches  long,  sharp 
pointed,  finely  toothed,  paler  underside.  The  flowers  are  small, 
almost  globular,  scurfy,  in  small  clusters  that  are  leafy. 

5.  (A.  floribunda,  Pursh.) — Rather  rare,  and  belonging  to  the 
Mountains,  4  to  8  feet  high,  the  younger  branches  reddish  and 
covered  with  scattered  stiff  hairs  and  glandular  dots.  The  leaves 
are  1  to  14  inch  long,  evergreen  and  rigid,  rounded  at  base,  sharp 
at  top,  minutely  scolloped,  the  youngest  with  short  hairs  on  the 
margin ;  flowers  in  crowded  leafy  clusters. 

1.  Dog  Laurel.  (Leucothoe  Catesbrei,  Gray.) — Found  only  in 
the  Mountains  where  it  is  also  called  Hemlock,  growing  on  the  cool 
margins  of  streams.  It  is  2  to  4  feet  high,  the  leaves  evergreen,  3 
to  5  inches  long  and  1  inch  broad,  with  a  long  tapering  point, 
prickly-toothed  on  the  edges.  Clusters  of  flowers  in  the  forks  of 
the  leaves.     A  very  pretty  shrub. 

L\  (L.  axillaris ,  Don.) — On  the  borders  of  streams  and  wet  placet 
in  the  Lower  District,  and  very  much  like  Xo.  1.  But  the  leaves 
are  less  prickly-toothed,  less  tapering,  2  or  3  inches  long,  broader 
than  in  the  preceding,  the  clusters  of  flowers  longer,  and  the  flowers 
longer. 

3.  (L.  racemosa,  Gray.) — Grows  from  the  coast  to  the  base  of  the 
Mountains,  4  .to  8  feet  high,  on  the  borders  of  wet  places.  The 
leaves  are  rather  thin,  acute,  finely  toothed,  1  to  1£  inch  long.  The 
flowers  (|  inch  long,)  are  on  terminal  straight  branchlets,  all  hang- 
ing to  one  side,  and  looking  like  rows  of  teeth,  the  rows  being  2"  or 
3  inches  long. 


THE   SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  97 

4.  (L.  recurva,  Gray.) — Discovered  by  Mr.  Buckley  in  the  Moun- 
tains near  Paint  Rock.  It  is  3  or  4  feet  high,  the  leaf  and  flower- 
branches  recurved ;  the  leaves  broader  and  more  hairy  than  in 
No.  3,  rounded  at  base,  finely  toothed,  scarcely  tapering,  2  or  3 
inches  long,  deciduous  as  in  No.  3. 

(Cassandra  calyculata,  Don.) — A  small  shrub,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
growing  in  damp  grounds  of  the  Lower  District,  and  not  unlikely 
in  the  others.  The  evergreen  leaves  are  about  1  inch  lcng,  -£  inch 
wdd'e,  finely  toothed,  rather  stiff,  and  covered,  like  the  young 
branches,  with  small  white  scales.  The  flowers  are  on  terminal 
branchlets,  quite  small,  solitary  in  the  forks  of  small  leaves. 

1.  Laurel.  (Rhododendron  maximum,  Linn.) — This  is  rare 
north  of  Pennsylvania,  but  becomes  abundant  southward  in  the 
Alleghanies,  and  is  common  through  their  whole  range  in  this  State,, 
where  it  often  forms  impenetrable  thickets,  many  acres  in  extent. 
It  also  grows  upon  rocky  hills  in  the  Middle  District  as  far  east  as 
Orange.  Its  usual  height  is  8  or  10  feet,  but  is  sometimes  as  high 
as  20  feet.  This  is  a  production  of  great  beauty  and  universally 
admired.  The  flowers,  about  an  inch  broad,  grow  in  compact  clus- 
ters on  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  are  generally  of  a  pale  rose 
color,  but  sometimes  whitish,  dotted  w7ith  green  and  yellow  on  the 
inside.  These  contrast  pleasingly  with  the  large  thick  evergreen 
leaves.  The  leaves  and  flowers  are  reputed  poisonous.  The  wood 
is  very  hard  and  fine  grained,  but  not  equal  to  that  of  Ivy. 

2.  Oval-leaved  Laurel.  (R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.) — This  splen- 
did Laurel  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  highest  summits  of  our  moun- 
tains, but  is  said  to  extend  somewhat  into  Virginia.  It  is  often 
confounded  with  the  preceding,  but  besides  its  different  locality, 
growing  only  on  the  tops  of  such  Mountains  as  the  Roan  in  Yancey 
and  Negro  Mt.  in  Ashe,  it  blossoms  earlier  than  the  other,  though 
at  a  higher  elevation,  has  larger  and  more  intensely  colored  flowers, 
and  shorter  and  broader  leaves.  It  is  6  or  S  feet  high,  and  hand- 
somer than  No.  1.  It  stands  cultivation  pretty  well  in  the  Middle 
District. 

3.  Dwarf  Lalrel.  (R.  punetatum,  Andr.) — A  rusty  looking 
shrub,  1  or  2  feet  high,  chiefly  confined  to  the  mountains  of  North- 
Carolina  and  Georgia.     It  has  a  strong  family  likeness  to  the  other 


OS  THE   SHBUB8   OF    NoKTH-CAROLINA. 

specie9,  but  is  too  inferior  to  them  in  every  respect  to  attract  or 
deserve  much  attention.  I  have  met  with  it  only  on  Table  Hock, 
Jonas'  Ridge  and  AVhiteside  Mountain. 

1.  Smooth  Honeysuckle.  (Azalea  arborescens,  Pursh.) — Found 
only  along  water  courses  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper  District, 
and  is  4  to  10  feet  high.  It  is  similar  to  the  next,  a  common  and 
well  known  species;  but  this  has  smooth  branchlets,  leaves  of 
brighter  green  above,  and  long  catyx  appendages  at  the  base  of 
the  flower.  The  flowers  are  white  and  roseate,  and  their  odor  may 
be  perceived  at  a  great  distance  ;  this  being  the  most  powerfully 
fragrant  of  our  Honeysuckles.  For  cultivation  this  will  rank  next 
in  beauty  to  the  Yellow  Honeysuckle. 

2.  Clammy  Honeysuckle.  (A.  viscosa,  Linn.) — Very  common 
through  the  State,  2  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  the  branchlets  bristly,  and 
the  flowers  covered  with  clammy  hairs.  The  flowers  are  white  o? 
flesh-colored  and  very  fragrant.  In  this  and  No.  1  the  flpwera  ap- 
pear after  the  leaves  have  expanded.  In  the  next  two  species  they 
appear  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

A  variety  of  this  (var.  glauca,)  occurs  with  paler  and  rougher 
leaves,  their  underside  covered  with  a  white  bloom. 

3.  Pueple  Honeysuckle.  (A.  nudiflora,  Linn.) — Very  common 
in  great  varieties  of  soil  through  the  State,  2  to  6  feet,  high,  but 
usually  very  small  in  poor  dry  soils.  The  flowers  vary  from  a  flesh 
color  to  pink  or  purple,  and  are  sometimes  quite  white.  They  are 
destitute  of  fragrance. 

4.  Yellow  Honeysuckle.  (A.  calendulaoea,  Michx.) — This  is 
found  only  at  a  considerable  elevation  on  our  Mountains,  where  it 
is  abundani  and  well  known  by  the  name  here  given.  It  is  com- 
monly from  .'!  to  •'»  feet  high,  and  varies  very  much  in  the  color  of 
its  flowers,  but  most  frequently  they  arc  some  shade  oi'  yellow. 
Bart  ram,  in  his  "Travels,"  calls  this  the  Fiery  Aealea,  and  says.: 
"Thisepithet  Fiery!  annex  to  this  most  celebrated  Bpecie 
Azalea,  as  being  expressive  of  the  appearance  of  its  flowers,  which 
are  in  general  of  the  color  of  the  finest  Red  Lead,  mange  and 
bright  gold,  as  well  as  yellow  and  cream  color.  These  various 
splendid  colors  are  not  only  in  separate  plants,  but  frequently  all 
the  varieties  and  shades  are  seen  in  separate  branches  on  the  same 
plant,  and   the  clusters  of  blossoms  cover  the   shrubs   in   such    in- 


THE    SHRUBS    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA. 

credible  profusion  on  the  hill  sides,  that  suddenly  opening  to  view 
from  dark  shades,  we  are  alarmed  with  the  apprehension  of  the 
woods  being  set  on  tire.     This  is  certainly  the   must   gay  and 
liant  flowering  shrub  yet  known." 

1.  Ivy.  i  Kalmia  latifolia,  Linn.) — A  beautiful  shrub  known  from 
New  England  to  Georgia,  either  by  the  above  name,  or  as  L 

ntaln  Laurel  and  Calico  Bush.  In  this  State  it  is  known  un- 
der the  first  and  last  names,  the  first  being  most  in  use.  It  is  i 
abundant  in  the  Mountains,  but  is  found  along  streams  and  on  rocky 
hills  of  the  Middle  District,  extending  somewhat  into  the  Lowt- r. 
even  into  the  Dismal  Swamp.  This,  in  combination  with  the 
Laurel^  which  often  accompanies  it  and  blossoms  at  the  same  time, 
presents  a  scene  of  floral  beauty  rarely  equalled  in  this  country. 
Like  the  Laurel,  this  is  an  evergreen,  and  forms  also  impenetrable 
thickets,  but  its  leaves  are  shining,  much  darker  and  smaller.  I' 
is  10  to  15  and  even  20  feet  high. 

The  leaves  are  poisonous  to  cattle,  and  a  snuff  made  from  them 
is  a  powerful  sternutatory.  An  ointment  made  from  the  powder- 
ed leaves  has  been  successfully  used  for  scald  heads.  The  wood, 
particularly  of  the  roots,  is  exceedingly  hard,  tine  grained,  marked 
with  red  lines,  and  capable  of  a  good  polish.  \Ye  have  hardly  any 
wood  better  adapted  for  the  handles  of  tools,  small  screws,  and 
similar  articles.     This  and  the  Laurels  can  be  raised  from  seeds. 

•2.  "W'icky.     iK.  angustifolia,  Linn.) — This  lias  an  extensive  range 
over  the  United   States.     In  this  State  it  is  common  on  the  small 
Pine-barren   swamps  of  the  Lower  Districts,   but  is  rare  in  the 
others.     It  is  1  to  3  feet  high ;  the  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  and  ± 
inch   wide,  pale  green,  paler  underneath;  the  flowers  rosea: 
crimson,  about  -\-  inch   broad,  being  one-third   the  size  of  the 
ceding,    but   of  the   same   elegant   form,  and   growing   in   clu- 
along  the  branches.     This  is  a  beautiful  undershrub  and  is  greatly 
improved    by   cultivation.     It   is   a   poisonous  plant,  especially 
sheep,  and  is  in  some  places  called   >  rel.     A  decoction  of 

the  leaves  is  a  domestic  remedy  for  cutaneous  diseases  in  man  and 
beast. 

3.  (K.  cuneata.  Michx.) — Similar  to  the  Wicky,  found  in  the 
Lower  District,  but  very  rare.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  that 
by  the  flowers  being  white  at  top  and  red  at  bottom,  and  by  the 


100  THE    SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CABOLINA. 

leaves  being  scattered   along  the  branches,  instead  of  growing  in 
circles  of  three,  as  in  No.  2. 

Sand  Mtbtlb.  (Leiophyllum  bnxifolium,  Ell.) — A  small  ever- 
green Bhrub,  6  to  12  inches  high,  looking  somewhat  like  the  Garden 
Boat,  with  small,  dark  green  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  clus- 
tered on  the  ends  of  the  branches.  It  grows  in  sandy  woods  of 
Brunswick  county,  and  on  the  rocky  summits  of  our  Mountains, 
from  the  Grandfather  to  Whiteside. 

Falsi-;  II  hath.  (Mcnziesia  globularis,  Salisb.) — Common  on  the 
higher  Mountains,  3  to  6  feet  high,  with  thin,  hairy,  deciduous 
leaves,  and  small,  reddish,  bell-shaped  flowers,  like  those  of  a 
Huckleberry,  and  a  small,  woody  seed-vessel,  like  those  of  Andro- 
meda, &c. 

1.  White  Alder.  Sweet  Pepper  Bush.  (Clethra  alnifolia,  Lino.) 
Grows  near  damp  place?  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  2  to  4 
feet  high.  The  leaves  are  a  little  like  those  of  the  common  Aid  r. 
but  are  smaller  and  narrower.  The  flowers  are  small,  white,  and 
very  fragrant,  terminating  the  branches  in  racemes  which  are  2  or 
3  inches  long.  A  form  of  this  (var.  tomentosa,)  has  leaves  with  a 
white,  down  (in  the  underside. 

2.  Mountain  Peppee  Btjsh.  (0.  acuminata,  Michx:) — Quite  an 
ornamental  bhrub,  10  to  15  feet  high,  growing  in  the  Mountains 
from  Ashe  to  Cherokee.  Its  leaves  are  thin,  pointed,  tine-toothed, 
and  5  or  C>  inches  long.  The  racemes  of  white  flowers  are  larger 
than  in  No.  1,  and  drooping. 

(Itea  Virginica,  Linn.) — At  a  little  distance  this  has  some  n 
blance  to  the  White  Alder,  but  with  a  smoother  aspect,  and  the 
flowers  are  not  fragrant.  It  belongs  to  the  borders  of  wet  places 
from  t lie  coast  to  Lincoln,  is  4  to  8  feet  high,  and  lias  small  white 
flowers  in  drooping  racemes,  which  are  3  to  5  inches  long  on  the 
ends  of  the  branches. 

1.  Wild  Hydrangea.  (Hydrangea  arborescens,  Linn.) — A 
smooth  shrub,  ~  to  5  feet  high,  growing  along  streams  and  on 
mountain  and  hill  sides  of  the   Upper  and  Middle   Districts.     The 


THE   SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  101 

leaves  are  3  to  5  inches  long,  heart-shaped,  pointed,  toothed.  The 
flowers  are  whitish,  in  flat-topped  clusters,  some  of  those  on  the 
margin  being  large  and  showy  like  those  of  the  cultivated  Hy- 
drangea. 

2.  Snowy  Hydrangea.  (H.  radiata,  Walt.) — Found  only  on  the 
mountains  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  from  Yancey  to  Georgia.  North 
of  this,  it  has  not,  I  think,  been  detected.  It  is  from  S  to  6  or  8 
feet  high.  The  leaves  are  heart-shaped,  4  to  6  inches  long,  the 
underside  clothed  with  a  thick,  silvery-white  down.  Th-e  barren 
flowers,  which  give  this  genus  the  peculiarity  for  which  it  is  ad- 
mired, are  in  this  species  found  only  around  the  border  of  the  flat- 
topped  cluster,  but  are  said  to  become  much  more  abundant  in 
cultivation.  They  are  of  a  pure  white,  an  inch  or  more  broad. 
This  pretty  shrub  would  be  much  prized  in  gardens,  if  there  were 
not  some  more  showy  species  in  cultivation. 

1.  Syringa.  (Philadelphia  grandiflorus,  Willd.) — This  very  or- 
namental shrub,  now  common  in  our  yards  and  gardens,  prized  for 
its  graceful,  slender  branches,  and  snow-white  flowers,  does  not 
appear  to  be  abundant  in  this  State.  1  am  acquainted  with  but  a 
single  locality  of  it,  which  is  in  Hickory  Xut  Gap ;  though  it  is 
doubtless  to  be  found  along  other  streams  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
State.  It  is.  6  to  10  feet  high,  the  leaves  about  2  inches  long, 
pointed,  with  few  distant  teeth,  rather  soft  and  hairy,  and  tasting 
somewhat  like  Cucumbers.  The  flowers  are  an  inch  or  more 
broad. 

2.  Rough  Syringa.  (P.  hirsutus,  Xutt.) — Every  way  smaller 
than  Xo.  1,  the  leaves  quite  rough  on  the  upper  side  and  whitish- 
downy  beneath.  This  grows  on  the  French  Broad  River,  a  few 
miles  below  Asheville. 

1.  Mock  Orange.  (Styrax  grandifolia,  Ait.) — A  very  beautiful 
shrub,  3  to  12  feet  high,  with  rather  large  leaves,  3  to  6  inches 
long,  and  of  a  grayish  aspect  from  the  presence  of  a  whitish  down 
on  their  underside.  The  flowers  are  from  15  to  20  on  loose  nod- 
ding racemes,  white,  very  fragrant,  in  size  and  form  very  similar 
to  those  of  the  Orange.  It  grows  on  light  rich  soils  in  the  Lower 
and  Middle  Districts,  as  far  west  as  Lincoln.  This  is  well  worthy 
of  a  place  in  shrubberies,  but  has  received  but  little  attention. 


102  THE    BHBT7B8    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

2.  (S.  Americana,  Lam.) — Distinguished  from  No.  1  by  its  smooth 

i    leaves,  1  or  2   inches  long>  and  smaller  flowers,  only  3  or  4 

on  a  raceme.     It   is  4  to  8  feet  high,  not  inelegant,  but  of  inferior 

beauty  to  the  other,  and  grows  on   the  borders  of  swamps  in  the 

Lower  District. 

1.  Bush  Bonkysuoklh;  (I)iervilla  tritida,  Msench.) — A  small, 
rather  delicate  shrub,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  pointed  toothed  leares 
which  are  3  or  4  inches  long,  and  have  short  footstalks.  The  flow- 
ers are  in  clusters  of  (generally)  3  in  the  forks  of  the  upper  leaves, 

nish   yellow,  and  funnel-shaped,   like   those  of  the   Woodbine. 
This  is  found  only  in  the.  Mountains. 

2.  (D.  sessililblia,  Buckley.) — Like  the  preceding,  but  larger  in 
Beveral  particulars,  and  the  leaves  elasp  the  branches,  being  desti- 
tute of  a  footstalk.     Found  in  the  Mountains. 

1.  Stbawbeeky  Bush.  (Euonymus  Americanus,  Linn.) — A  shrub 
•J  to  5  feet  high,  found  in  all  the  Districts  and  known  by  the  names 
of  Jiurnhuj  Bush,  FiehrWOoA  and  Buratmg  Heart,  besides  the  one 
first  given.  The  branches  are  square,  straight  but  flexible,  very 
smooth,  and  about  as  green  as  the  leaves.  The  flowers  are  small, 
purplish  or  greenish,  and  unattractive.  The  fruit  gives  the  plant 
a  peculiar  beauty,  for  which  chiefly  it  is  prized  in  Shrubberies. 
This  is  of  a  bright  crimson  color  when  mature,  and  covered  with 
small  warts  which  give  it  somewhat  the  aspect  of  a  small  Strawberry. 
This  finally  bursts  open  exposing  its  bright  scarlet  seeds. 

2.  JjuuMxo  Bush.  (E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.) — Every  way  larger 
than  the  preceding,  its  flowers  dark-purple,  and  the  fruit  smooth. 
I  have  not  met  with  it,  and  am  indebted  to  Prof.  .Mitchell  for  my 
knowledge  of  it  as  an  inhabitant  of  this  State. 

(Stillingia  ligustrina,  Michx.) — A  shrub  with  slender  spreading 
branches,  G  to  12  feet  high,  very  rare  in  this  State,  and  not  found, 
I  think,  north  of  Cape  Fear  River.  The  leaves  are  1  to  3  inches 
long,  not  toothed,  the  upper  end  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  lower  end, 
and  with  a  short  footstalk.  For  my  knowledge  of  this  plant  I  am 
under  obligations  to  Dr.  McEee.  The  Tallow  Tret  (S.  sebifera,) 
cultivated  farther  south,  and  the  Queen's  Delight,  (S.  sylvatica.) 
an  herbaceous  plant  of  the  Fine  barrens,  are  members  of  this  genus. 


THE    SHRUBS    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA.  103 

1.  (Stnartia  Virgimca,  Cav.)— This  and  the  Loblolly  Bay  are  the 
only  representatives  in  this  country  of  the  admired  Camellia  family, 
and  the  still  more  important  Tea  Plank.  It  is  one  of  our  most 
beautiful  shrubs,  and  yet  has  nowhere,  so  far  as  I  know,  obtained  a 
popular  name.  It  is  found  in  rich  soils  in  the  eastern  half  of  our 
Lower  District,  extending  north  into  Lower  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward to  Florida.  It  is  0  to  15  feet  high,  blossoming  in  April  and 
May.  The  flowers  are  white,  about  the  size  of  the  Cherokee  Rose, 
silkv  on  the  outer  side,  covered  on  the  inner  with  a  circle  of  sta- 
mens with  bright  purple  filaments  and  blue  anthers. 

2.  (S.  pentagyna,  L'Her.) — Like  the  preceding,  without  a  name. 
It  is  similar  to  the  preceding,  only  its  flowers  are  cream-colored 
and  its  staminate  filaments  are  white.  Found  in  the  Middle  and 
Upper  Districts,  from  Wake  to  Cherokee.  The  seed  vessel  in  these 
two  is  an  ovoid  woody  capsule. 

Toothache  Tree.  (Zanthoxylum  Carolinianum,  Lam.) — Known 
also  by  the  names  of  PeUitory  and  PriekH/y  Ash.  The  last  name, 
though  more  legitimate  in  this  application,  is  generally  appropriat- 
ed in  this  State  to  another  plant  before  described.  It  is  a  small 
branching  tree,  12  to  20  feet  high,  the  old  bark  covered  with  prick- 
les, and  peculiar  to  the  southern  sea  coast.  The  bark,  leaves  and 
fruit,  are  aromatic  and  intensely  pungent,  producing  a  rapid  secre- 
tion of  saliva,  and  are  a  popular  and  useful  application  for  tooth- 
ache. They  would  probably  be  generally  serviceable  as  a  counter 
irritant. 

1.  Hardhack.  (Spiraea  tomentosa,  Linn.) — An  erect  branching- 
pretty  shrub,  2  or  3  feet  high,  common  in  low  wet  places  of  the 
Lower  and  Middle  Districts,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper. 
The  leaves  are  1  to  li  inch  long,  oblong,  coarse  toothed,  the  under- 
side coated  with  a  rusty-white  down.  The  flowers  are  rose-colored, 
small,  clustered  on  the  ends  of  the  branches  in  a  compound  raceme 
3  or  1  inches  long. 

2.  Queen  of  the  Meadow.  (S.  salicifolia,  Linn.) — This  is  similar 
to  No.  1,  and  sometimes  called  Aleadoio  Sweet,  but  is  taller  and  the 
flowers  generally  white.  The  leaves  are  larger,  smoother  and 
thinner.  It  belongs  to  damp  bushy  places  in  the  Middle  District, 
and  in  valleys  and  along  streams  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper, 


104:  TIIE    SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

S.  pulifolia.  Linn.)—  This  is  found  upon  river 
bank-  in  tlie  western  part  of  the  State,  6  to  10  feet  high,  with 
slender  curved  branches,  often  spreading  like   a  vii,  -her 

shrubs,  and  covered  with  a  profusion  of  flat  clusters  of  small,  white, 
but  not  showy  flowers.  Leaves  about  2  inches  long  arid  broad, 
divided  into  3  segments  and  coarsely  toothed.     The  reddish  fruit 

ombranaceous,  composed  of  3  to  5  sacs  united  at  base.     The 

ark  peels  off  in  thin  layers, 

:  ow  Root.  (Zanthorhiza  apiifolia,  L'Her.  > — A  small  shrubby 
plant.  1  or  i'  t  high,  g  rally  spreading  on  the  ground,  found 
on  moist  rocky  hill-sides  of  the  Middle  and  L'pper  Districts.  The 
leaves  are  dark  green  -and  divided  somewhat  like  those  of  Parsley. 
The  flowers  are  small,  dark  purple,  in  loose  slender  clusters,  ap- 
iring  before  the  leaves.  The  roots  are  intensely  bitter,  of  a 
vellow  color,  and  were  be  the  Indians  in  making  a  yellow 

•dye. 

mothus  Americanus,  Linn.)— Common  in  dry 
:  jm  the  coast  to  the  mountaius,  1  to  3  feet  high,  and  the 
ends  of  the  numerous  small  branches  having  loose  clusters  il  Or  2 
inches  long,)  of  small  white  flowers  supported  on  white  footstalks. 
The  leave:-  are  1  or  2  inches  long,  sharply  toothed,  and  have  3  pro- 
minent veins.  The  root  is  dark  red  and  quite  astringent,  aud  is 
frequently  used  in  infusion,  tincture,  or  powder,  where  astringency 
quired.  It  is  said  also  to  furnish  a  dye  of  a  cinnamon  color. 
The  dried  leaves  served  as  a  substitute  for  Tea  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  hence  g»t  the  name  of  y  ■  ./■  '  ■  -  -dd  to  be 
quite  as  good  as  some  of  the  Black  Teas. 

1.  Indigo  B  unorpha  fruticosa,   Linn./ — A   very  pretty 

shrub.  6  to  15  feet  high,  growing  upon  streams  in  all  the  Districts, 
but  more  frequent  in  the  Lower.  The  flowers  are  small,  dark-pur- 
ple, crowded  on  spikes  which  are  3  or  4  inches  long  and  clustered 
together.  It  is  said  to  have  been  nsed  for  the  manufacture  of  In- 
but,  I  imagine,  with  not  much  profit. 

i.  Dwarf  Indigo  Bush.  <A.  herbacea,  ,"Walt.) — Like  No.  1  in 
its  whole  habit,  but  only  2  or  3  feet  high,  of  a  grayish  aspect,  and 
with  the  flowers  whitish  or  pale-blue.     It  is  frequent  in  the  barrens 


THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTn-CAROLINA.  105 

of  the  Lower  District.  The  leaves  in  these  two  species  are  pinnate, 
like  those  of  the  Locust  and  Hickory.  The  fruit  is  a  very  small 
pod,  sprinkled  with  glands. 

He  Huckleberry.  (Cyrilla  racemiflora,  Walt.) — This  is  an  ab- 
surd name,  but  I  have  never  heard  any  other.  This  smooth  shrub 
inhabits  the  borders  of  swamps  and  branches  in  the  Lower  District, 
and  is  10  or  15  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  oblong,  shining,  2  or  3 
inches  long.  The  small  white  flowers  grow  on  racemes  that  are  3 
to  5  inches  long,  and  that  are  clustered  on  the  ends  of  the  previous 
year's  growth,  and  make  this  quite  ornamental.  The  bark  at  the 
base  of  the  trunk  pulverizes  naturally,  and  is  much  used  as  a  styp- 
tic and  in  applications  to  old  ulcers. 

(Buckleya  distichophylla,  Torr.) — A  smooth  shrub,  about  6  feet 
high,  with  slender  grayish  branches,  known  only  upon  the  streams 
of  this  State  that  flow  westward,  as  the  Pigeon  and  French  Broad 
Rivers.  Its  thin  delicate  foliage  reminds  one  by  its  general  aspect 
of  the  English  and  Catalonian  Jasmine  of  our  gardens.  The  flow- 
ers are  greenish  and  inconspicuous.  The  fruit  is  about  £  inch  long, 
growing  solitary  on  the  end  of  a  branch. 

(Darbya  umbellulata,  Gray.) — Like  the  preceding,  a  very  rare 
plant,  as  yet  known  only  in  two  or  three  localities  in  Georgia,  and 
in  the  bend  of  the  Catawba,  near  Lincolnton,  in  this  State.  It  is 
1  or  2  feet  high,  with  opposite  branches  and  leaves,  the  latter  ovate, 
acute,  entire,  1  or  2  inches  long,  1  to  1£  wide,  rounded  at  base,  and 
with  short  foot-stalks.  The  flowers  are  small,  greenish,  in  a  cluster 
of  3  to  8,  which  is  borne  on  a  foot-stalk  in  the  forks  of  the  leaves. 

Witch  Hazel.  (Hamamelis  Virginica,  Linn.) — Well  known  by 
this  name  through  the  State.  It  ha6  the  peculiarity  of  flowering 
late  in  the  Fall  after  the  leaves  have  dropped,  and  maturing  its 
fruit  in  the  following  Spring.  Its  popular  name  is  derived  from 
the  use  made  of  its  branches  in  discovering  hidden  Springs  of 
water,  minerals,  &c.  Other  kinds,  as  of  the  Peach,  are  indeed 
sometimes  used  for  this  purpose,  but  I  venture  to  affirm  that  none 
in  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  are  better  than  those  of  Witch 
Hazel. 

8 


106  THE    SHRlTiS    OF    NORTH-CAROLLNA. 

Dwarf  Aeubl  (Fothergilla  alnifolia,  Linn. —  Unknown  north  ot 
Virginia.  In  this  State  it  is  found  from  the  coast  to  Lincoln.  In 
the  Lower  District  it  is  1  or  2  feet  high,  often  but  a  single  un- 
branched  stem,  terminated  by  a  toft  of  small  white  flowers  before 
the  leaves  appear.  It  grows  here  upon  the  borders  of  Pine-barren 
swamps,  and  is  rarely  much  branched.  In  the  Middle  District  it 
is  found  upon  rocky  hills,  is  3  to  5  feet  high,  forming  a  branched 
straggling  shrub.  The  foliage  varies  a  good  deal,  so  that  several 
species  have  been  made  of  it  by  some  authors;  but  the  leaves  are 
generally  not  unlike  those  of  Alder.  The  fruit  is  a  hard  capsuler 
like  that  of  Witch  Basel,  and,  like  that,  bursting  elastically  and 
expelling  the  hard  bony  seeds  to  a  considerable  distance. 

Sweet  Ferx.  iComptonia  asplenifolia,  Ait.) — A  small  shrubby 
plant,  1  or  2  feet  high,  with  leaves  (3  or  4  inches  long.)  much  re- 
sembling some  of  the  Ferns,  and  possessing  a  grateful  aromatic 
odor  like  that  of  the  Wax  Myrtle.  It  is  found  chiefly  on  rocky  or 
gravelly  hills  of  the  Upper  and  Middle  Districts,  but  is  occasionally 
found  in  dry  and  sandy  woods  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Lower.  An 
infusion  of  this  plant  is  a  popular  remedy  for  dysentery. 

Wax  Myrtle.  Candle-berry  Myrtle.  (Myrica  cerifera,  Linn.) 
— A  well  known  shrub  with  fragrant  leaves,  common  in  the  Lower 
District,  and  found  in  fruit  from  1  to  IS  feet  in  height.  The  small 
berry-like  nuts,  which  often  hang  two  or  three  years  on  the  branches, 
are  covered  with  a  fragrant  wax  which  has  been  used  in  the  man 
ufacture  of  soap  and  candles.  The  latter  burn  long  and  diffuse  an 
agreeable  odor.  A  decoction  of  the  berries  has  been  used  for  Tet- 
ters and  similar  affections.  The  root  is  said  to  be  a  specific  for 
tooth-ache. 

1.  Hazel  Xrr.  (Corylus  Americana,  Walt.) — A  shrub  4  to  8 
feet  high,  found  in  our  Mountains,  and  extending  north  to  New 
England.  The  nut  is  much  esteemed,  but  is  smaller  and  harder 
shelled  than  the  European  Hazel  or  F't'.l-  /  f,  i  C.  Avellana.) 

2.  Beaked  Hazel  Nut.  (C.  rostrata.  Ait.) — Of  similar  size  and 
range  with  the  preceding;  but  this  has  the  husk  of  the  fruit  pro- 
longed into  a  beak  or  horn,  and  it  extends  into  the  Middle  District 
as  far  down  as  Orange. 


THE    SHRUBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  107 

The  remaining  shrubs  are  so  various  in  their  fruit  and  general 
habit,  that,  to  save  space,  they  are  here  grouped  miscellaneously 
together,  most  of  them  being  well  known  by  their  popular  names. 

Button  Bush.  Box.  (Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  Linn.) — Com- 
mon on  the  borders  of  streams  and  swampy  grounds  in  the  Lower 
and  Middle  Districts,  always  easily  recognized  by  its  round  head 
of  small  white  flowers,  which  is  about  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  is 
3  or  4  feet  high,  and  very  pretty  when  in  blossom.  The  inner  bark 
of  the  roots  is  an  agreeable  bitter,  and  is  used  for  relieving  ob- 
stinate coughs. 

1.  Shrubby  Trefoil.  Hop  Tree.  (Ptelea  trifoliata,  Linn.) — A 
shrub  4  to  S  feet  high,  belonging  to  the  upper  part  of  the  Middle 
District,  with  trifoliate  leaves  like  those  of  Clover,  the  leaflets  2  or 
3  inches  long,  somewhat  hairy  when  young,  pale  on  the  underside. 
The  flowers  are  small,  greenish-white,  in  rather  flat  clusters,  heavy- 
scented,  which  are  succeeded  by  a  flat,  winged  fruit,  like  that  of  the 
Elm,  but  an  inch  broad.  The  fruit  is  bitter,  and  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  Hops. 

2.  Downy  Hop  Tree.  (P.  mollis,  M.  A.  C.) — Every  way  smaller 
than  Xo.  1,  and  found  only  in  the  Lower  District.  Its  leaves  are 
more  rigid,  and  the  underside  covered  with  a  permanent,  white, 
soft,  silky  down. 

Bladder  Nut.  (Staphylea  trifolia,  Linn.) — An  interesting  shrub, 
5  to  10  feet  high,  with  greenish,  striped  branches,  trifoliate  leaves, 
the  leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  taper-pointed,  finely  toothed,  and 
smooth.  The  small  white  flowers  are  gathered  into  loose  pendulous 
clusters,  which  are  succeeded  by  3-angled  bladder-like  pods  about 
2  inches  long.  I  have  met  with  this  only  near  Hillsborough  and 
Chapel  Hill,  but  it  is  probably  to  be  found  along  streams  through 
the  Middle  District. 

1.  Sweet  Shrub.  (Calycantlms  floridus,  Linn.)— This  pTan^.  now 
so  extensively  cultivated,  and  admired  for  the  rich  Strawberrj 
odor  of  its  flowers,  is  a  native  of  the  southern  Alleghanies.  Th» 
species  may  be  known  by  the  soft  down  on  the  underside  of  the 
leaves,  aDd  on  the  branchlets,  &c.     The  fruit  of  this-  genus  is  a. 


108  THE    SHBBBS    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

sort  of  thick-skinned,  bladdery  sac,   14  inches  long,  containing 
large  seeds. 

-.     C.  Ij  tvigatus,  Willd.) — The  leaves  of  this  are  taper-pointed, 
smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  sometimes  a  little  rough  a: 
and   pale   beneath.     This   is  found   in   the  Mountains,  and  in   the 
Middle  District  as  low  down  as  ( )range. 

(  .  glancus,  Willd.) — This  is  found  from  Lincoln  westward, 
and  may  be  recognized  by  the  white  under-snrface  of  the  leaf;  a 
little  rough  on  the  upper. 

1.  Alder.  (Alnus  serrulata,  Ait.) — Common  on  small  streams 
all  over  the  State,  and  too  well  known  by  the  above  name  to  need 
-  -ription. 

%.  Mountain-  Alder.  (A.  viridis,  DC.) — Like  the  above  in 
habit  and  general  characters,  but  the  underside  of  the  leaves 
covered  with  a  soft  gray  down.  It  is  known  at  the  South,  only 
upon  the  top  of  Roan  Mountain,  from  whence  to  northern  New 
York  it  is  not  found.     It  occurs  in  Europe. 

1.  Groundsel.  iBaccharis  halimifolia,  Linn.) — Grows  in  both 
brackish  and  fresh  swampy  grounds  of  the  Lower  District.  It  is  6 
to  12  feet  high,  of  an  ashy  hue  from  the  whitish  scales  that  cover 
the  bark  and  leaves.  The  small  flower-heads  are  solitary,  or  a  few 
clustered  together,  borne  on  a  foot-stalk.  The  long,  white,  silky 
hairs  of  the  seeds  emerging  from  the  heads  give  the  plant  a  pleas- 
ing appearance  in  the  Fall. 

2.  ■  B.  glomerulirloia.  Per?.) — Like  the  preceding,  but  rarer  and 

y,  and  has  larger  clusters  of  flower-heads,  destitute  of  the 
footstalk. 

:;.  (B.  angustifolia,  Michx.) — pound  in  brackish  marshes,  4  to  8 
feet  high.  The  leaves,  which,  in  the  other  species,  are  half  as 
broad  as  long,  and  toothed,  are  in  this  linear  and  entire. 

1.  Mak-h  Elite,  tlva  frutescens,  Linn.) — A  coarse  unsightly 
-hrub  of  our  salt-marshes,  4  to  6  feet  high..  The  whole  plant  is 
smoothish,  and  its  leaves  lance-shaped,  toothed,  and. about  2  inches 
long.  The  flower-heads  are  greenish  and  unsightly  in  the  forks  of 
the  small  leaves  on  the  terminal  branchlets. 


THE   SHRUBS   OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  109 

2.  (I.  imbricate,  "Walt.) — This  grows  upon  the  sea-beach,  and  is 
but  partly  shrubby,  3  or  4  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  very  thick 
and  fleshy,  1  to  14;  inch  long,  rarely  toothed,  and  wedge-shaped. 
The  plant  has  a  strong  odor  like  old  honey. 

Swamp  Loosestrife.  (Nesrea  verticillata,  PI.  B.  K.) — A  half 
shrubby  plant  found  in  branch-swamps  of  the  Lower  District,  4  to 
6  feet  high,  with  slender,  curved,  4  to  6-sided  stems.  The  leaves 
are  3  or  4  inches  long,  narrow  like  those  of  a  Willow,  generally 
growing  around  the  stem  in  a  circle  of  three.  The  flowers  are 
clustered  in  the  forks  of  the  leaves,  about  4/  inch  wide,  purple  or 
roseate,  very  pretty,  reminding  one  of  the  blossoms  of  the  Lager- 
straemia  or  Crape  Tree. 

Arbor  Vit^:.  (Thuja  occidentalis,  Linn.) — This  has  its  Southern 
limit  on  the  Mountains  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  State. 
From  thence  through  the  Mountains  of  Virginia  it  becomes  more 
common.  It  is  but  a  shrub  or  small  tree  at  the  South,  but  farther 
North  it  attains  a  height  of  50  feet,  and  its  timber  is  used  in  build- 
ing and  for  cabinet  work. 

1.  Cane.  (Arundinaria  gigantea,  Chapm.) — This  belongs  to  the 
Grass  family,  but,  being  of  woody  texture,  falls  within  our  arrange- 
ment. It  is  10  to  15  or  20  feet  high,  found  along  the  river  bottoms 
of  the  Cape  Fear.  I  am  not  aware  of  its  existence  ISTorth  of  that 
limit.  According  to  Dr.  Chapman,  "it  is  simple  the  first  year, 
branching  the  second,  afterwards  at  indefinite  periods  fruiting,  and 
soon  after  decaying."  The  value  of  the  stems  for  fishing  rods  is 
well  known. 

2.  Reed.  (A.  tecta,  Muhl.) — This  is  the  common  smaller  form, 
2  to  10  feet  high,  and  found  in  low  grounds  in  each  District. 

This  completes  the  list  of  the  Shrubs  of  Xorth-Carolina,  so  far  as 
the}*  are  known  to  me,  with  the  exception  of  the  following,  which 
are  too  small  and  obscure  to  merit  more  than  a  bare  enumeration  : 

Hypericum.  Of  this  we  have  five  woody  species,  all  with  yellow 
flowers,  one  of  which  (II.  prolificum,)  is  occasionally  cultivated 
under  the  name  of  Bock  Rose. 


110  THE    SHRUB3    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 

Elowf.ring  Moss.  (Pyxidanthera  barbulata,  Michx.) — A  very 
pretty,  small,  trailing  evergreen,  with  white  flowers  which  appear 
in  early  Spring,  and  looking  somewhat  like  a  Moss  in  the  absence 
of  blossoms.  Belongs  to  the  damp  Pine-barrens  and  Savannas  of 
the  Lower  District. 

Ascyrum.     Much  like  the  preceding,  also  with  yellow  flowers. 

Husbobia.  Only  3  or  4  inches  high,  also  with  yellow  flowers,  of 
which  no  locality  is  anywhere  known  but  on  Table  Rock,  N.  C. 

Trahjng  Arbutus  or  Ground  Laurel.  (Epiga?a  repens,  Linn.) 
Common. 

Polygonella.     In  the  sandy  Barrens  about  Wilmington. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  append  here  a  comparative  view  of  the 
Flora  of  North-Carolina  with  that  of  the  Northern  and  Southern 
States,  east  of  the  Mississippi.  In  Prof.  Gray's  Manual  of  Botany, 
which  includes  the  States  north  of  Xorth-Carolina  and  Tennessee, 
I  find  described  130  Trees,  1S3  Shrubs,  and  30  vines.  In  Dr. 
Chapman's  Flora  of  the  Southern  States  are  described  126  Trees, 
(of  which  there  are  112  in  Xorth-Carolina,)  224  Shrubs,  (176  of 
them  in  North-Carolina,)  and  46  Vines,  (32  in  this  State.) 


THE    VINES 


U  O  HT  :S-C3  AHOIiINA 


These  will  be  grouped  according  to  the  character  of  their  fruit; 
the  first  eight  genera  having  Berries;  the  next  live,  Pods ;  the 
next  three;  dry  Capsules;  and  the  remaining  two.  naked  Feathered 

Seeds. 

GRAPES. 

1.  Summer  Grape.  (Vitis  aestivalis,  Michx.)— Common,  as  are 
the  other  species,  excepting  the  Muscadine,  in  most  parts  of  the 
United  States.  In  this  State  it  is  found  in  all  the  Districts,  gene- 
rally near  streams,  but  sometimes  in  dry  woods,  climbing  over  trees 
from  30  to  50  feet.  The  leaves  are  4  to  6  inches  broad,  cut  into  3 
or  5  divisions,  the  underside  clothed  with  a  reddish,  cobweb-like 
down  when  young,  which  mostly  falls  away  in  the  course  of  the 
season.  The  bunches  of  fruit  are  compound,  6  to  8  inches  long, 
the  berries  *  to  £  inch  thick,  purplish,  blackish  or  bluish,  with  a 
bloom ;  verv  varying  in  flavor,  frequently  very  tiue. 

According  to  H.V.  Ravenel,  Esq.,  of  Aiken,  South-Carolina, 
who  is  a  good  Botanist,  as  well  as  a  successful  cultivator  of  Grapes, 
the  following  cultivated  varieties  are  descended  from  this  species: 
The  Warren,  Pauline.  ILrhemont,  Guignard,  Clinton,  Ohio,  Ma- 
rion, Traveling,  Long  Grape  or  Old  House,  Elnnhoroughy  Stabrook 
and  Lenoir.  With  this  last  he  identifies  the  Black  July,  Denreux, 
Thurmond,  Sumpier  and  Lincoln  Grapes.  I  find,  however,  that 
there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  identity  of  the 
Lenoir  and  Lincoln  varieties;  some  maintaining  a  perceptible  dif- 
ference, the  latter  being  deemed  superior  to  the  other.  Dr.  C.  L. 
Hunter,  of  Lincoln,  who  is  paying  much  attention  to  Grape  cul- 
ture, especially  of  our  native  varieties,  pronounces  the  Lenoir 
"one  of  the  very  best  table  Grapes,"  and  recommends  its  general 


112  THE   Vi:  >  ORTH-CAKOUXA. 

cultivation.     lie  informs  me  that  this,  as  well  as  the  Warren,  came 
from  Georgia. 

I  learn  from  the  same  gentleman,  that  the  Lincoln  Grape  was 
discovered  about  the  beginning  of  this  century,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Booth  Fork  and   Catawba,  bj  Dr.  Win.  McLean,  and   that 
he  transplanted  the  whole  vine  near  his  house.     From  thk 
Mr.  John  Hart,  of  Mecklenburg,  derived  his.  which  is  still  in 
orons  existence.     From  this  last,  Dr.  Butt,  of  Lincolnton,  obtained 
his  cuttings,  and  sent  some  of  the  fruit  to  Longworth,  who  ga  ■ 
the   name,  now  most  in  use,  of  the  /  pe,  though  it  was 

previously  known  as  the  Hart  Grape,  and  Mel  pe. 

8.  Fox  Gkate.     (V.   Labrusea,  Linn.) — I   have  met   with   this 
only  in  the  Middle  District,  where   it  is  found   in  damp  thiol 
running  from  15  to  25  or  30  feet.     The  leaves  are  roundish,  a 
the  same  size  as  those  of  Xo.  1,  but  not  so  niuch  divided,  and 
covered  underneath  with  a  permanent  thick   down,  which  is  gen- 
erally white  or  gray,  rarely  of  a  faint  rusty  hue.     The  berries  are 
larger  than  in  that,  being  4-  to  f-  inch  in  diameter,  in  small  bunches, 
commonly  dark  purple,  but  sometimes  amber-colored  or  wliil 
and  of  various  quality,  mostly  with  a  musky  and  rather  hard  pulp. 

The  cultivated  varieties  of  this  are,  according  to  Mr.  Bavenel, 
the  ItabdUkf  GaUneba,  IflamcP    M 

T"  K       .   .'.  -'•  -'.'         '7/j^, 

Hartford  Prolific,  Cat  .    v  v 

ly  Black,  '■  ">'.•  KdmngUm.    The  first  two  in  the 

are.  I  believe,  the  m   -  ved.  and  most  extensively  cultiv;. 

both  of  which  are  said  to  have  originated  in  this  State. 

A  foreign  origin  has  been  claimed  for  the  Isabella,  but  th> 
ent  error,  proved  in  the  fact  that  seedlings  of  the  Isabella 
sometimes  revert  to  our  Fox  Grape  in  every  particular  of  leaf  and 
fruit.  This  has  been  tested  by  Mr.  Caradeuc.  of  South-Carolina, 
as  I  learn  from  Mr.  Bavenel.  But  what  is  regarded  as  a  scientific 
demonstration  of  its  American  origin,  is  the  fact  that  its  seedlings 
•times  have  barren  stocks,  like  all  our  American  species,  which 
is  not  the  case  with  any  European  Grapes.  Besides,  the  Isabella, 
in  its  specific  character?,  comes  nearer  to  our  Fox  Grape  tha: 
any  otl 

Dr.  Hunter,  who  has  given  much  attention  to  the  four 

Grapes,  has  communicated  most  of  the  following  items  in  regard  to 


THE    VINES   OF   NORTH-CAKOLINA.  113 

the  Isabella.  Dr.  Laspeyre  was  probably  its  first  cultivator  in  the 
United  States,  probably  as  early  as  1805,  as  he  sold  it  in  the  Wil- 
mington Market  in  1810.  Jndge  Roffin  cultivated  it  in  Orange 
County  in  1811,  under  the  name  of  Laspeyre  Grape.  It  is  a  tradi- 
tion that  Gov.  Smith  brought  it  to  Smithville  in  1809.  About  the 
year  1810  Mrs.  Isabella  Gibbs  touk  a  rooted  cutting  from  Gov.  S's. 
garden  to  Brooklyn,  New  York,  according  to  a  current  account. 
According  to  Dr.  Laspeyre,  she  got  the  vine  from  him.  These 
statements  may,  in  a  sort,  be  reconciled,  if  Gov.  S.  obtained  his 
stock  from  Dr.  Laspeyre.  In  1819,  Gen.  Swift  bought  the  Gibbs 
place,  and  it  was  there  the  elder  Prince  first  saw  and  obtained  this 
Grape,  which  he  named  the  Isabella  in  compliment  to  Mrs.  Gibbs. 
Dr.  Hunter  has  some  of  these  statements  from  Gen.  Swift.  Dr. 
Laspeyre  was  under  the  impression,  that  this,  which  he  called  the 
Black  Cape,  was  one  of  the  vines  which  he  brought  from  St.  Do- 
mingo, but  it  was  probably  the  accidental  introduction  of  an  Ame- 
rican among  his  foreign  stocks.  Dr.  Hunter  seems  to  be  of  opin- 
ion, that  it  came  to  the  Cape  Fear  region  from  South  Carolina,  ac- 
cording with  the  tradition  mentioned  in  Dr.  Hawks'  History. 

The  Catawla  Grape,  as  I  am  informed  by  Dr.  Hunter,  originat- 
ed in  Buncombe  County  on  Cain  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  French 
Broad.  His  views  on  "The  Origin  of  the  Catawba  Grape"  were 
given  last  year  (1859)  in  an  article  for  the  American  Farmer. 

3.  Muscadine;  (V.  vulpina,  Linn.) — Known  also  as  Bullace, 
Ball  Grape,  and  Ballet  Grape,  and  farther  south  as  Fox  drape; 
in  Florida,  as  Mustang  Grape.  It  extends  northward  as  far  as 
Maryland  and  Kentucky,  from  whence  southward  it  is  one  of  the 
most  common  Vines.  In  this  State  it  is  found,  in  various  soils,  from 
the  coast  to  Cherokee,  but  most  luxuriant  in  light  soils  of  the  Lower 
District,  covering  the  loftiest  trees.  The  bark  is  pale  and  smooth, 
that  of  the  smaller  branches  dotted  with  minute  warts.  The  leaves 
are  about  3  inches  long,  thin,  smooth  and  shining,  coarse- toothed, 
nearly  round  and  heart-shaped.  The  berries  are  in  small  bunches, 
larger  and  thicker  skinned  than  any  of  our  other  Grapes,  varying 
in  color  from  whitish  through  different  shades  of  red  and  purple  to 
ebony  black.  The  quality  of  the  fruit  varies  as  much  as  its  color, 
being  now  of  a  sharp  acid  flavor,  and  again  of  luscious  sweetness. 

The  Scappemong,  now  so  famous  as  a  Table  and  Wine  Grape,  is 
a  variety  of  this  species.     There  are  still  found  in  the  Lower  and 


114  the  vinks  of  north-Carolina. 

Middle  District?,  especially  in  the  former,  wild  vines  bearing  a 
whitish  or  amber  berry,  like  the  original  Scuppernong,  but  ot  vari- 
ous qualities,  as  is  the  case  with  the  colored  kinds.  Some  of  them 
are  no  better  than  the  commonest   J/  !  ;  and  no  one  is  su- 

perior, if  equal,  to  the   well  known   cultivated   variety.      Some  of 
the  dark  Muscadines  are  very  nearly   as  luscious  as  the  Scuj  . 
nong,  and  have  been  brought   under  culture,   as  the  Mish  Gt 
and  i  I  '<  /  *.v  Qrapty  which  are  black,  and  also  the  Bull's  ; 

so  named  from  its  superior  size. 

The  Hickman  Grape  I  take  to  be  identical  witli  the  true  Scup- 
pernong  and  derived  from  Tyrrell  County,  the  home  of  the  origi- 
nal. For  some  of  this  information,  as  well  as  for  the  following  hfc 
toiy  of  the  Scuppenumg  (proper,)  I  am  indebted  to  Rev.  E.  M. 
Forbes,  who  has  resided  in  the  region  and  has  taken  much  pains 
to  obtain  an  authentic  account  of  this  Tine.  Tw«  men,  of  the 
name  of  Alexander,  while  clearing  land  near  Columbia,  the  county 
seat  of  Tyrrell,  which  stand?  on  the  east  side  of  Scnppernong  River, 
discovered  this  Grape,  and  were  so  much  pleased  with  it.  that  they 
preserved  the  Vine  and  the  tree  upon  which  it  grew.  "That  was 
the  Vine  which  I  saw.*'  Bays  Mr.  Forbes,  "and  from  which  other 
Vines  were  propagated.''  They  called  it  the  "  White  Grape."  and 
from  it  made  what  thev  called  "Conntrv  Wine."  At  the  sn^es- 
tion  of  a  relative,  who  had  been  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  knew 
the  indefiniteness  of  such  names  as  these,  they  subsequently  nam- 
ed the  Grape  from  the  River  upon  which  it  was  found.  "This  is 
the  history  given  by  a  grand-daughter  of  one  of  the  discoverers, 
who  was  alive  when  I  first  went  to  Scuppernonj-." 

A  tradition  is  furnished  me  by  Dr.  Hunter,  that  "  about  the  year 
1774,  the  Rev.  Charles  Pettigrew  found  it  on  the  low  grounds  of 
Scnppernong  River,  and  planted  out  several  vines."  My  limited 
space  will  not  permit  an  exhaustive  discussion  of  this  matter  here, 
and  I  will,  therefore,  only  remark  further  upon  it.  that  the  notion 
of  its  origination  on  Roanoke  Island  seems  opposed  by  the  name 
of  the  Grape.  I  have  also  been  told  by  those  who  have  been  on  the 
Island,  that  there  are  no  Vines  of  it  there,  which  were  not  evidently 
transplanted  there. 

4.   FbostGrApe.    Wintkk  GhtAPE.   (V.  cordifolia.  Michx    — < 
mon  In   thickets  along  streams  through  the  Middle  District.     The 
leaves  are  3  to  5  inches  broad,  thin,  smooth,  toothed,  and  some- 


THE   VINES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  lio 

times  cut  into  three  segments.  Tlie  berries  are  nearly  black,  small, 
£  inch  thick,  and  very  sour  until  dead  ripe.  The  berries  are  some- 
times greenish-white,  and  Lawson  mentions  a  white  [whitish?]  va- 
riety.    I  have  not  heard  of  this  being  cultivated. 

5.  (Y.  bipinnata,  Torr.  &  Gr)— This  would  not  generally  be 
taken  for  a  member  of  this  genus,  either  from  its  leaves,  which 
are  compound,  like  those  of  the  China  Tree,  or  from  its  fruit, 
which  is  uneatable.  The  berries  are  blackish,  slightly  hairy,  and 
about  the  size  of  a  small  Pea.  It  is  found  in  the  Lower  and  Middle 
Districts,  growing  in  rich  soils,  climbing  (without  tendrils)  over 
shrubs  and  small  trees.^ 

Virginian  Creeper.  (Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.) — This 
prettv  Vine,  sometimes  cultivated,  is  found  along  fence-rows  and 
borders  of  woods  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  It  may  be  known  by 
its  leaflets  growing  in  Jives  from  the  end  of  a  common  leafstalk, 
as  in  the  Buckeye,  which  is  the  case  with  no  other  of  our  Climbers. 
The  foliage  becomes  crimson  in  the  Fall.  The  berries  are  dark- 
blue,  about  the  size  of  a  small  Pea,  borne  on  bright  crimson  foot- 
stalks. The  rapidity  of  its  growth  renders  this  Creeper  useful  for 
covering  old  walls,  ifcc,  like  the  English  Ivy.  It  is,  indeed,  some- 
times called  American  Ivij.  This  is  often  confounded  with  the 
Poiwn  Vine,  though  having  very  little  likeness  to  it,  and  is  hence 
avoided,  though  it  be  quite  innocent. 

1.  Woodbine.  (Lonicera  sempervirens,  Ait.)— This  beautiful 
vine,  now  common  in  cultivation,  grows  from  the  coast  to  the 
Mountains.  The  flowers  are  tubular,  1  to  2  inches  long,  scarlet 
without  and  yellow  within,  in  rich  soils  it  has  a  very  luxuriant 
growth,  climbing  high  into  forest  trees. 

3  2.  Yellow  Woodbine.  (L.  grata,  Ait.)— This  belongs  to  the 
Mountains,  and  has  a  flower  1  to  1$  inch  long,  reddish  on  the 
tubular  part,  whitish  at  top,  then  changing  to  yellow,  somewhat 
fragrant.     The  young  branches  are  often  hairy. 

3.  Small  Woodbine.  (L.  parviflora,  Linn.)— Found  in  the 
Mountains,  less  climbing  than  the  others,  with  flowers  about  f  inch 
long,  somewhat  swollen  at  the  base  of  the  tube,  and  greenish- 
yellow,  tinged  with  purple. 

I  have  heard  of  a  yellow  species  in  Gates  County,  but  have 
never  seen  any  specimens. 


116  THE    nm    OF    NORTH-CAROLINA. 

1.  Common  Bamb  beem  Brier.  (Smilax  rotundifolia.  Linn.) 
W-! y  c  Minion  in  all  the  Dia  -  _  nerally  in  thickets  where  the 
soil  is  rather  fertile,  2"  to  4"   teet  long,  the  stem?  and  branch 

llowish-sreen  color,  round,  and  armed  with  st;      _  .  the 

branchlets  slightly  angled.  The  leaves  are  deciduous,  3  or  4  inches 
long,  roundish  and  heart-shaped.     The   berries,  as  in  most  of  the 

ies,  arc  bluish-black,  borne  in   bunches   upon  a  comm 
in  the  fork  of  the  leaves,  and  which  is  about  the  same  length  with 
the  leaf-stalk. 

2.  (S.  tamnoides,  Linn.) — A  stout  prickly  vine  with  angled 
branchlets.  occurring  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  restricts.  The 
leave-  are  somewhat  fidd  Tjitted  in  the  middle,  the 
base  sometimes  spreading  into  rounded  projections.  Tin-  general 
fruit-stalk  is  a  little  flattened,  about  li  inch  long,  and  twice  the 
length  of  the  leaf-stalk. 

3.  China  Boot.  (S.  Pseudo-China,  Linn.) — Stout  and  prickly 
like  10  to  15  feet  long,  the  branches  roundish  and  not 
prickly,  and  the  roots  tuberous.  The  leaves  are  large.  4  to  7  inches 
long,  ovate,  green  both  sides,  the  edges  and  nerves  on  the  under- 
side roughened   with  minute   prickles.     The  general   frnil 

flat  and  9  or  3  inches  long.  The  berries  are  blackish  and  larger 
than  in  the  preceding  spec    - 

4.  S  \:>  ai-akii.i.a.  (S.  glauca,  Walt.) — Xot  uncommon  in  all  the 
Districts  in  cultivated  grounds  near  streams.    The  stems  an 

and  !  et  long.     The  leaves  are  ovate,  and  covered,  especi 

on  the  underside,  with  a  white  bloom  that  rubs  off  under  the 
linger.  The  berries  are  black.  The  common  fruit-stalk  is  2  ->r  3 
tim-  r  than   the   I  The  root  of  this  is  sometimes 

used  in  the  composition  of  diet  drinks.  It  is  not  the  Sarsaparilla 
of  the  Druggists,  but  is  said  to  be  often  mixed  with  it. 

"      S  iri,  Pursh.'i — Stem  dark  green,  angled.  1<>  tu  1 

long,  having  prickles  only  towards  the  bottom,  running  over  bushes 
and  -      ill   trees   in    branch    Bwauips   of   the    Lower    District. 

Leave-  deciduous,  ovate,  heart-shaped,  smooth,  dark  shining  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  terminating  in  a  small,  almost  prickly  point, 
'4inchee        _    !        3  wide,  and   having  3  distinct   and  2  ob- 
scure nerves.     The   ben     -  ind    very   conspic 
p.     This  has  a  creeping 
S.  lanceolata,  Linn.i — This  and   Xo.  5   are   the   o: 


THE   VINES    OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  117 

with  red  berries.  But  tin's  lias  evergreen  leaves,  narrower  than  in 
the  preceding  and  acute  at  base.  The  branches,  too,  are  not  an- 
gled, and  the  root  is  tuberous.  I  have  not  myself  met  with  it,  and 
give  it  on  the  authority  of  others. 

7.  (S.  Ian ri folia,  Linn.) — This  is  a  showy  species,  and  like  Nos. 
6  and  S,  has  evergreen  leaves.  It  runs  to  a  great  length  over  bush- 
es and  up  lofty  trees,  the  lower  part  only  being  prickly.  The 
leaves  are  thick  and  shining,  lance-shaped  or  oblong.  The  gener- 
al fiu it-stalk  is  equal  to  the  leaf-stalk,  1-6  to  ^  inch  long.  Berries 
black.     This  seems  confined  to  wet  places  in  the  Lower  District. 

B.  S.  auriculata,  Walt.) — Similar  to  No.  7,  slightly  or  not  at  all 
prickly,  growing  over  small  shrubs  on  the  coast,  flowers  fragrant. 
The  leaves  are  perennial,  1  or  2  inches  long,  narrowly  ovate,  3  to 
5  nerved,  with  conspicuous  cross  veins,  especially  beneath,  ter- 
minated by  an  abrupt  almost  prickly  point.  Common  fruitstalk 
rather  shorter  than  the  leaf-stem.     Berries  black. 

Eattan.  Supple  Jack.  (Berchemia  volubilis,  DC.) — A  verv 
tough  flexible  vine  running  up  trees.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  1 
or  2  inches  long,  ovate,  dark  green,  very  smooth,  not  toothed,  hav- 
ing prominent  parallel  unbranched  straight  veins  running  oblique- 
ly from  the  midrib  to  the  margin.  The  berry  is  dark  purple,  about 
^  inch  long,  with  a  thin  coat  and  a  hard  smooth  nut.  Grows  from 
Virginia  southward  through  our  Lower  District. 

(Sageretia  Michauxii,  Brogn.) — Grows  upon  the  sandy  soil  of  the 
coast,  G  to  18  feet  long,  with  thorn-like  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
1  inch  long,  ovate,  opposite,  smooth  and  shining,  finely  toothed. 
Flowers  very  small,  in  loose  clusters.  The  berry  is  small  and  round, 
dark  purple,  and  pleasantly  acid.  I  have  not  met  with  this,  and 
have  introduced  it  here  on  the  authority  of  Michaux. 

(Cocculus  Carolinus,  D.  C.)— This  runs  extensively  over  shrubs 
and  small  trees  on  the  borders  of  damp  woods  and  streams,  from 
the  coast  to  Lincoln.  The  leaves  are  2  to  4  inches  long,  broadly 
ovate  and  heart-shaped,  sometimes  3  lobed,  smooth  above,  with  a 
soft  gray  down  underneath.  The  ripe  berries  are  red,  about  the 
size  of  a  small  pea,  growing  in  small  clusters,  containing  a  hard  flat 
nut  which  is  curved  nearly  into  a  ring. 


11*  THE    VINES    OF    XORTH-CAROLlSA. 

M  •-  >;-::•.  Menispermura  Canadense,  Linn.) — This  is  6  to  IS 
long,  and  woody  only  in  the  lower  part.  It  is  the  only  one  of 
onr  wo<>dy  Climbers  that  has  the  leaf-stalk  inserted  into  the  plate  of 
the  leaf  instead  of  the  lower  edge.  The  berrfes  are  black  and  con- 
tain a  flat  nut.  as  in  the  preceding  species,  curved  into  the  form  of 
ahorse  shoe.  Rare  in  the  Lower  District,  not  uncommon  else- 
where. 

V  :-  s  Vine.     'Rhus  radicans,  Linn.) — Now  considered  by  Bo- 
tanists as  only  a  variety  of  J'  '  'l\  but  necessarily  separated 
in  the  arrangement  I  have  adopted.     It  is  the  only  trifoliate  wo 
Climber  we  have.     Like  Poison    Oak  and   Poison   Smnach,  very 
poiso:      -       b  >me  people.     Common  through  the  State. 

The  next  Group  of  Cldibers,  comprising  five  genera,  have  their 
fruit  in  dry  Pods.     All  of  the  species  are  ornamental. 

Trumpet  Flower.  (Tecoma  radicans,  Juss.  i — This  splendid  Clim- 
ber, ascending  the  loftiest  trees,  is  found  from  the  coast  to  the  low- 
er part  of  the  Mountains,  preferring  damp  rich  soils.  Its  dark 
green  compound  leaves,  and  scarlet  tubular  flowers  which  are  9  to 
3  inches  long,  make  it  an  attractive  ornament  in  yards  and  gar- 
dens.    This  harmless  plant  has  the  reputation,  with  some,  of  being 

iaonoaa. 

Cross  Vine.  -Bignonia  capreolata,  Linn.) — Tin's,  like  the  pre- 
_.  --  metimes  called  Trumpet  JFlower.  The  flowers  are  of 
similar  form,  about  2  inches  long,  but  are  of  a  duller  red  on  the 
outside  and  yellow  within.  The  leaves  are  of  a  dull  green,  grow- 
ing in  pairs  from  the  end  of  a  common  foot-stalk,  each  leaflet 
having:  its  own  stalk.  This  does  not  climb  to  so  sreat  a  height  a* 
the  other.  A  cross  section  of  the  stem  exhibits  a  portion  of  its  in- 
ner structure  in  the  form  of  a  Maltese  cross,  which  gives  the  name 
to  this  plant.     Not  uncommon  in  the  Lower  and  Middle  Districts. 

Virgin's    Bower.      (Wistaria  frutescens,  DC.) — This  luxuriant. 

much  admired  Climber  is  found,  I  think,  only  in  damp  rich  soils  of 

the  Lower  District.     It  stands  cultivation   remarkably  well  in  the 

Idle  District.     The  leaves  are  pinnate,  like  those  of  the  Locnst ; 


THE   VINES    OF   NORTII-CAROLINA. 


119 


and  the  flowers  are  of  the  size  and  structure  of  the  Garden  Pea, 
purplish-blue,  in  large  pendant  compact  clusters  4  to  6  iuches  long. 
We  have  no  other  woody  Vine  answering  to  these  characters.  The 
stem  is  exceedingly  tough  and  serves  well  for  withes  or  ligature?. 

Carolina  Jessamine.  (Gelsemium  sempervirens,  Ait)— Wo  plant 
is  more  common  in  the  Lower  District,  but  it  reaches  very  little 
into  the  Middle.  It  extends  northward  into  Virginia,  but  becomes 
much  more  luxuriant  as  we  go  south.  Its  graceful  evergreen 
leaves,  the  profusion  of  its  large  bright  yellow -and  deliciously  fra- 
grant blossoms,  render  this  vine  the  pride  of  our  forest.  The  odor 
of  the  flowers  in  a  close  room  sometimes  induces  headache.  «YIost 
of  the  plant,  especially  the  root,  taken  internally,  is  narcotic  and 
poisonous.  A  tincture  of  the  root,  judiciously  administered,  is  use- 
ful in  rheumatic  affections ;  but  in  the  hands  of  quacks  death  has 
been  caused  by  it. 

(Forsteronia  difformis,  A.  DC.)— A  smooth  twining  plant,  6  to  12 
feet  long,  found  chiefly  in  the  Lower  District,  but  extending  into 
the  interior  as  far  at  least  as  Wake  County.  It  is  sometimes  mis- 
taken for  the  Yellow  Jessamine,  but  the  flowers  are  tubular  and 
smaller,  more  like  those  of  a  Woodbine,  about  1-3  inch  long,  and 
greenish-yellow.  The  fruit  is  a  slender  pod,  containing  seeds  that 
have  a  tuft  of  down. 

The  next  Group  of  three  genera  have  their  seeds  in  small  dry 
capsules. 

Wax-work.  Bittersweet.  (Celastrus  scandens,  Linn.)— This  is 
to  me  the  rarest  plant  in  the  State,  as  I  have  seen  but  a  single 
stock,  near  Lincolnton.  This  is  its  most  Southern  known  limit.  It 
ascends  trees  to  the  height  of  12  or  15  feet.  The  leaves  are  about 
3  inches  long,  taper  pointed,  smooth,  toothed.  The  berry-like 
capsule  is  orange-red,  clustered  on  the  ends  ot  its  short  branches, 
of  the  size  of  a  large  Pea,  bursting  when  mature  and  disclosing  3 
to  0  scarlet  seeds.     In  this  state  it  is  quite  an  ornamental  vine. 

(Decumaria  barbara,  Linn.) — A  pretty  vine  ascending  trunks  by 
means  of  rootlets  insinuated  into  the  bark,  after  the  manner  of  the 
Poison  Vine.     The  leaves  are  3  or  4  inches  long,  broadly  ovate, 


THK    VHTK8    OF   XORTH-CAKoUXA. 

opposite,  ratlier  thick  and  Bhining,  generally  with  scattered  teeth 
towards  the  upper  end.  The  flowers  are  small,  white  and  fragrant, 
in  Bhowj  compound  clusters  en  the  ends  of  the  branches,  opening 
in  May.  This  is  found  in  the  Lower  District  only,  and  is  unknown 
\    .  tb  of  this  State. 

Wild  "Ginger.  Big  Sabsapabujjl  (Aristolochia  8ipho,  L'Hef.) 
Found  in  rich  soils  all  along  onr  Mountain  rivulets,  climbing  over 
boshes,  and  sometimes  ascending  trees.     The  stems  are  occasionally 

2  inches  thick.  The  leaves  are  roundish  heart-shaped,  8  to  12 
inches  broad,  and  slightly  downy  on  the  underside.  The  flower  is 
coarse,  brownish-purple,  1\  inch  long,  somewhat  tubular,  with  the 
top  cur  into  three  segments,  below  which  it  is  contracted  and 
curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  from  which,  in  some  parts  of  the  United 

il  has  gotten  the  name  of  Dutchman's  Pipe.     The  root  is 
very  aromatic  and  stimulant,  like  Ginger,  and  would  serve  as  a 
•ine  where  these  properties  are  indicated. 

The  two  remaining  genera  have  naked  seeds,  which  are  remark- 
able for  their  long  feathered  tails. 

Bower.  (Clematis  Yirginiana,  Linn.) — A  partly  woody 
vine.  10  or  15  feet  long,  climbing  over  thickets  and  fences.  It  is 
found  from  the  coast  to  the  Mountains,  generally  near  streams,  but 
is  less  common  in  the  Lower  District.     The  leaves  are  composed  of 

3  ovate  leaflets  which  are  a  little  cut.  The  flowers  are  in  loose 
clusters,  $  to  f  inch  broad,  and  clothing  the  upper  part  of  the  vine 
with  a  flowing  mantle  of  white.  The  flower-  are  succeeded  by 
heads  of  feathered  seeds  which  are  still  more  ornamental  than  the 
blossoms. 

(Atragene  Americana,  Sims.) — This  is  accredited  by  others  to 
the  Mountains  of  North-Carolina,  but  it  has  escaped  my  own  ob- 
servation. It  is  a  very  showy  vine,  both  in  fruit  and  flower,  and 
like  the  preceding,  is  woody  only  in  its  lower  parts.  It  climbs  over 
rocks  and  bushes  l>y  means  of  its  leaf-stalks.  The  leaves  are  in 
pairs  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  making  4  in  a  circle,  each  long 
leaf-stalk  bearing  3  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  bluish  purple,  2  or  3 
inches  broad,  followed  by  heads  of  seeds  which  have  long  feathered 
4ails. 


A    TABULAR    VIEW    OF   THE    SPECIES. 

ARRANGED   ACCORDING  TO   THE   CHARACTER    OF    THEIR    FRU1  I 


N.  I>.     Plants  without  a  popular  name  are  enclosed  in  parentheses,  and  will  be 
found  also  in  the  Index.] 


L— TKEES. 

Fleshy  Fruit. 

Stone  Fruit. 

Pulpy  Fruit. 

Plums, 

Apples, 

Cherries. 

Persimmon. 

Mock  Orange, 

Devil  Wood. 

Berkies. 

Bed. 

Black  or  Blue. 

Holly. 

Mulberry, 

Service  Tree, 

Palmetto, 

Dogwood, 

Buckthorn. 

Mountain  Ash. 

Black  Gum. 

Magnolias, 

Cedar, 

Yellow  Wood, 

Sassafras. 

Hackberry, 

Red  Bay. 

Whitish. 

China  Tree. 

Dkt   Fkuit. 

t.«. 

Gene*. 

Pods. 

TaxseU 

Bur. 

<_>aks. 

Pines, 

Locust, 

Willows, 

Sweet  Gum 

Hickories. 

Firs, 

Honey  Locust, 

Poplars,  or 

Walnuts, 

Spruces, 

Catalpa, 

Cottonwoods, 

XutUte. 

Chesnut, 

White  Cedar. 

Coffee  Tree? 

Birches, 

Sycamore. 

Chinquapin. 

or 

Red  Bud, 

Hornbeam 

Planer  Tree 

Beech, 

Juniper, 

Iron  Wood 

Buckeye. 

Cypress. 

L22 


A   TABULAE    VIEW    OF   THE    SPECIES. 


Flat  iiii  1  winged. 
Maples, 

Ash -k-aved  Maple, 
Ashes, 
Elms. 


(    'J'fUlfS. 

Large.  Sin  all. 

Tulip  Tree,  or  Linn  Tree, 

I'l/phir,  Sorrel  Tree. 
Loblolly  Bay. 


Winged  Nut*. 
Snow  Drop  Tree. 


IL— SHKUBS. 


Fleshy  Fkiit. 

Stone  Fruit. 

Bed. 

Berries. 

Plums, 

Red  Haws, 

Black  or  Blue. 

Whiti  A. 

Fringe  Tree, 

Barberry, 

Black  Haws, 

Mistletoe, 

1  >il  Nut. 

Bermuda  Mulberry, 

Gallberries, 

Deerberry, 

Huckleberry, 

Dogwoods, 

Dogwoods. 

Large  Fleshy. 

Creep.  Eluckleberry 

,  Privet, 

Papaws, 

Bearberry, 

Carolina  Buckthorn 

i 

Spanish  Bayonet, 

Cranberry, 

Prickly  Ash, 

IJear  Grass, 

Elder, 

Elder, 

Rosea 

Coral  Berry, 

Dwarf  Palmetto, 

Chokeberry, 

Gooseberries, 

Yopon, 

Currants, 

Dahoon  Holly, 

Huckleberries, 

Sumach, 

Sparkiebercy, 

Poison  Oak, 

Blackberries, 

Flowering  Ras'b'ry, 

,  Dewberry, 

Mountain  Tea, 

Raspberry. 

Spice  Bush, 

Pond  Bush, 

Leather  Wood, 

Hex;) 

Fkiit. 

SuU 

•  !Ma 

Tasat&s  and  Cones. 

Bladdery. 

Hazel, 

Witch  Hazel, 

wr.iows, 

Bladder  Nut, 

fiuckeyt. 

Button  Bush, 

Alder, 

Sweet  Shrub. 

Dwarf  Alder, 

Arbor  Vjtse. 

Wax  Myrtle. 

1  ^et  Fern. 

Flat  and  winged.                        ed  Seeds. 

'lilt. 

Maples, 

Marsh  Elder, 

Reed  or  Cane. 

Hop  Tree. 

'Groundsel. 

A   TAIiULAB   VIEW   OF   THE   SPECIES. 


12?- 


Laurel, 

Ivy, 

Wicky, 

Honeysuckles, 

Dog  Laurel, 

Fetter  Bush, 

Pepper  Bush. 

Stagger  Bush, 

( Andromeda,) 

( Cassandra,) 

(Leucothce,) 

Sweet  Pepper  Bush, 

'I  tea.) 

Sand  Myrtle. 


Dry  Capslles. 
He  Huckleberry, 
False  Heath, 
Syringa, 
Hydrangea, 
Hardhack, 

Queen  of  the  Meadow, 
Bush  Honeysuckle, 
Strawberry  Bush, 
Burning  Bush, 
Trailing  Arbutus, 
(Hudsonia,) 
Swamp  Loosestrife. 


Toothache  Tree, 
Indigo  Bush, 
Mock  Orange, 
(Stuartia,) 
(Stillingia.) 
(Darby  a,) 
(Buckleya,) 
Red  Root, 
Yellow  Root, 
Rock  Rose, 
(Ascyrum,) 
Flowering;  Moss. 


III.— VINES. 


Berries. 


Reddish. 
Grapes, 
Woodbine, 
Bamboo, 
Poison  Vine, 
iCocculus.) 


Blackish. 
Grapes, 
China  Root, 
Bamboo, 
Sarsaparilla, 
Virginia  Creeper, 
Rattan, 
Moonseed, 
(Sageretia,) 
(Berchemia.) 


Pods. 
Trumpet  Flower, 
Cross  Vine, 
Jessamine, 
Virgin's  Bower, 
(Forsteronia,) 


Capsules. 
Bittersweet, 
Wild  Ginger, 
(Decumaria.) 


Naked  and  Feathered  Seeds. 
Virgin's  Bower, 
(Atragene.) 


ERRATA. 

Page  42,  line  14  from  top,  for  Hickorys,  read  Hickory. 
"     43     "     18     li     bottom,  for  oliwdbrmis,  read  oliv^forrnis. 

r,S,    li     14     M         "        for  dried,  read  dyed. 
••     lit",  the  1st  and  2d  paragraphs  should  be  transposed. 
•     111,  line  2  from  top,  for  eight,  read  nine. 


GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEY 


OP 


NORTH     CAROLINA. 


PART  III, 


BOTANY; 

CONTAINING  A  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  INDIGENOUS  AND 

NATURALIZED  PLANTS  OF  THE  STATE, 


BY 

REV.  M.  A.  CURTIS,  D.  D.,  F.  A.  A.  A.  8.,  fto,  &a 


RALEIGH: 

PRINTED  AT  X.  C.  INSTITUTION*  FOR  THB  DEAF  AND  DUMB  AND  THE  BOTH 

1867. 


To  TTia  Excellency,  Jonathan  Wobth, 

Governor  of  North  Carolina: 

Sue:- -Tin;  following  Catalogue  <>l'  the  Plants  of  North  Carolina 
i-  alluded  to  in  the  letter  of  Prof.  Emmons  to  Gov.  Ellis,  printed 
in  the  introductory  portion  of  my  Report  on  the  Woody  Plants  of 
the  State,  which  tlii^  was  intended  to  accompany.  The  printing  of 
it  at  that  time  was,  however,  prevented  by  more  important  matters 
of  national  interest  that  were  then  occupying  the  public  mind.  It 
gives  me  pleasure  dow  t<>  submit  the  Report  to  your  consideration, 
not  only  because  I  desire  t<>  secure  a  permanent  record  of  observa- 
tions and  discoveries  made  through  a  period  of  about  twenty-five 
years,  l.nt  on  account  of  the  interest  it  should  have  among  Scien- 
tists as  determining  the  localities  and  range  of  our  vegetation,  and 
as  being  much  the  most  extensive  local  list  of  Plants  ever  published 
in  North  America, 

The  extent  of  this  list  is  not  due  to  the  greater  amount  of  our 
vegetation,  though  there  are  very  tew  States  that  contain  a  greater 
number  or  richer  variety  of  species,  hut  to  the  tact  that  more  atten- 
tion has  been  given  in  this  State  than  elsewhere  to  the  investigation 
of  the  lower  Orders,  or  Flowerless  Plants,  and  especially  of  the 
Fungi.  The  accomplished  Dr.  Schweinitz,  while  a  resident  at 
Salem,  paid  great  attention  to  these  obscure  forms,  and  was  the 
pioneer  (>f  Cryptogamic  Botany  in  America.  It  will  he  seen,  in 
the  frequent  reference  to  his  name  in  my  list  ^i'  these  Plants,  how 
much  we  are  indebted  to  him  for  a  knowledge  of  these  species, 
many  of  which  have  not  been  detected  by  others. 

But  large  as  is  the  following  list,  comprising  over  forty  eight  hun- 
dred specie.-,  it  is  not  offered  as  a  complete  enumeration  of  all  the 
plants  growing  in  the  State.  It  is  only  a  record  of  what  have  been 
thus  Gar  discovered.  Of  our  Flowering  Plants  probably  very  few 
have  escaped  notice;  hut  of  the  Flowerless  kinds  doubtless  many 
more  remain  to  reward  the  researches  of  future  observers.  We  may 
confidently  assume  that  the  actual  number  of  Plants  indigenous  to 
North  Carolina  exceeds  live  thousand  species. 

Hoping  this  contribution  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Natural  History 
of  our  State  will  prove  acceptable  to  yourself  and  the  public 
generally,  I  remain 

its,  very  respectfully, 

M     \    CURTIS 


PREFACE. 


The  scientific  names  in  this  Catalogue,  to  the  end  of  the  list  of 
Ferns,  are  in  accordance  with  the  nomenclature  of  Dr.  Chapman's 
Floea  of  the  Southern  United  States. 

Of  the  Flowering  Plants  147  are  naturalized  species.  These  arc 
indicated  in  the  Catalogue  by  Italics. 

Among  the  Fungi,  the  species  in  Italics,  (over  100  in  number), 
arc  eatable  Mushrooms. 

The  division  of  the  State  into  Botanical  Districts,  as  explained  ill 
the  Introduction  to  the  Woody  Plants  of  North  Carolina,  is  here 
indicated  by  the  abbreviations  Low,  Mid,  and  Up.  Where  a  spe- 
cies is  found  iu  all  the  Districts,  the  word  Common  is  used. 

The  name  of  a  person  put  in  brackets  after  any  of  the  above  ab- 
breviations, as  (Schw.)  for  Schweinitz,  (Rav.)  for  Ravenel,  Arc,  in- 
dicates that  the  plant  is  inserted  on  his  authority  for  the  locality. 

Special  acknowledgments  are  due  to  W.  S.  Sullivant,  of  Ohio, 
for  his  arrangement  of  my  lists  of  Musci  and  HepAticae,  and  for 
valuable  additions  to  them.  Also,  to  Prof.  Tin  kerman,  of  Amheret 
College,  for  like  important  service  in  the  list  of  Lichens.  Without 
the  aid  of  these  skillful  Botanists  the  catalogue  of  these  Orders 
would  have  been  far  less  accurate  and  complete. 


FLOWERING  PLANTS. 


CLASS  I.     EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 


KAN  l  Ml  LAUHuE. 

Atbagene  Americana,  Sims.-  -In  the  Upper  District. 
Clematis  ochroleuca,  Ait.     (Dwarf  Clematis.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
-ovata,  Pnrsh.     Op.  Dist. 
Viorna,  Linn.     (Leather  Flower.) — Mid.  and  Up.  DiBt. 
erispa,  Linn.     (Blue  Jessamine.) — Low.  Dist. 
Virginiana,  L.     (Virgin's  Bower.)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist.; 
ran-  in  the  Lower. 
Anemone  nemorosa,  L.    (Wood  Anemone.)     Up.  Dis1     (SUas  Mc- 
Dowell, Esq.) 
Caroliniana,    Walt.       (Catolinji     Anemone.)     I  p.    DiBt. 

(Schweinite.) 
Virgin iana,  L.     (Virginia    Anemone.)-    Common    in    all 
the  Districts. 
Hepatica  triloba,  Chaix.     (Liver  Leaf.)   -Rocky  Hills  of  Mid.  Dist. 
Thalioteum  dioicum,  L.     (Early  Meadow  line.) — In  the  Mountains. 
Cornuti,  L.     (Meadow  Rue.) — In  all  the  Districts, 
clavatum,  D.  C.     (Slender  Meadow  Rue.) — Sources  of 

all  the  mountain  streams, 
nudicaule,  Schwein. — On  the  Yadkin  River. 

{Sch/wevnAtz?) 
anemonoides,  Michx.     (Rue    Anemone.) —Lower   and 
Mid.  Dist. 
Tbautvetteeia  palmata,  F.  &  M. — Along  mountain  streams. 
Ranunculus  aquatilis,  L.     (White  Water-Crowfoot.) — Upper  Dist. 
parviflorttSj  L.     (Small  flowered  Crowfoot.) — Low.  and 

Mid.  Dist. 
alismsefblius,  Geyer.     (Spearwort.)     Up.  Dist. 
pusillus,    Poir.     (Dwarf  Crowfoot.) — Low.    and    Mid. 
Dist. 


Kl.oW  ERINO    PLANTS. 


Rani  nculus  aborts  as,  L  (Smooth  Crowfoot. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
recurvatns,  Poir.    (Rough  Crowfoot.)— Low.  and  Mid. 

Dist 
Bceleratus,  L.    (Biting  Crowfoot.)— Low.  Dist 
Pennsylvanicus,  L     (Bristly  Crowfoot.) — Mid.  Dist. 
Purshii,  Richn.     (Yellow  Water   Crowfoot.)— Middle 

Dist.,  in  shallow  water. 
repens,  L.     (Creeping  Crowfoot.)- -In  all  the  Districts. 
"       var.  hispidus.-  Mid.  Dist. 
"       var.  nitidus. — Low.  Dist. 
palmatus,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
bidbopus,  L     (Buttercups.) — Low.  Dist 
A.QUILEOIA  Canadensis,  L    (Columbine.) — Hills  of  Mid.. and  Up. 

Dist.;  rare  in  the  Lower. 
Delphinium  azureum,  Michx.    (Bine  Larkspur.) — Op.  Dist. 

tricorne,  Mielix.     (Dwarf  Larkspur.) — Mountains. 

{Michaux.)     Halifax.     (T.  II.  Hill.) 
exaltatum,  Ait.     (Tall  Larkspur.)- — Mountains. 

i  Michaux.) 
Congolida,  L.    (Garden  Larkspur.)— Mid.  Dist. 
A.OQN1TDM  uncinatum,  L.     (Monk's  Eood.     Wolf's  Bane.) — Mid. 
and  Up.  Dist. 
reclinatnm,  Gray.     (Trailing   Monk's    Hood.)— On  the 
mountains  of  Ashe  and  Yancey. 
Zanthobhtza  apiifolia,  L'Her.     (Yellow  Root.) — Hills  in  the  Mid. 

and  Up.  Dist. 
Hydrastis  Canadensis,  L.  (Orange  Root,  Yellow  Pnoeoon.) — Moun- 
tains. 
Aotqba  alba,  Bigel.    (Baneberry.) — Mountains. 
ClWCIFUOA  racenio.-a.  Ell.     (Rattle  Top.) — Mid.  and  dp.  Dist. 

COrdifolia,  Pursh.     (Heart-leaved    Rattle  Top.) — Moun- 
tains.    (Prqf.  Gray.) 
Americana,    Michx.     (Mountain    Rattle  Top.) — Moun- 
tains. 

KAGNOUAGEUE. 

Magnolia  grandinora,  L.    (Magnolia.) — Brunswick  Co. 

glanca,  L.  (Sweet  Bay.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Umbrella,  Lam.    (Umbrella  Tree.) — In  all  the  Districts. 
acuminata,  L.    (Cucumber  Tree.)--  Mountains. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  9 

Magnolia  cordata,  Michx.  (Heart -leaved  Cucumber  Tree.) — Moun- 
tains. 
Fraseri,  Walt.     (Long-leaved   Cucumber  Tree.) — Moun- 
tains, 
macrophylla,  Michx.     (Large-leaved  L'mbrella  Tree.) — 
Lincoln  Co. 
Leriodendkon  Tulipifera,  L.  (Tulip  Tree.  Poplar.) — In  all  the  Dis- 
tricts. 

ANONACE.E. 

Asdilna  triloba,  Dunal.     (Papaw.) — Mid.  Dist. 

parviflora,  Dunal.     (Dwarf  Papaw.) — All  the  Districts. 

MENISPERMACE^E. 

Mentspermum  Canadense,  L.     (Moonseed.) — Low.,  Mid.  and  Up. 

Dist. 
Cocculus  Carolinus,  D.   C.     (Red-berried  Moonseed.) — Low.  and 
Mid.  Dist. 

berberedace^e. 

Berberis  Canadensis,  Pursh.  (Barberry.) — From  Lincoln  to  Macon 

County. 
Caulopiiylloi  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Pappoose  Boot.) — Mountains. 
Dipiiylleia  cymosa,  Michx.     (Umbrella  Leaf.) — Mountains. 
Podophyllum  pelt  at  um,  L.     (May  Apple.) — 'All  the  Districts. 

NELEMBIACILE. 

Xelumbium  luteum,  Willd.    (Water  Chinquapin.    Duck  Acorn.) — 
Lower  District. 

CABOMBACEJE. 

Cabomba  Caroliniana,  Gray. — Lower  District. 

Brasenlv  peltata,  Pursh.     (Water  Shield.) — Lower  District. 

NYMPn.EACE^. 

N ympilea  odorata,  Ait.     (Pond  Lily.    Bonnets.) — Lower  Dist. 
Nuphak  advena,  Ait.     (Yellow  Water  Lily.) — Low.,  Mid.  and  Up. 
Dist. 
sagittrclblia,  Pursh. — Lower  Dist. 

SARRACENLVCE.E. 

Sarracenia  purpurea,  L.  (Pitcher  Plant.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

rubra,  Walt.   (Red-flowered  Trumpet  Leaf.) — Hender- 
son Co. 
2 


10  FLOWERING   ri..\: 

Sarracexia  flava,  L.  (Trumpets.    Watches.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

variolaris,    Michx.      (Spotted   Trumpet   Leaf.) — South- 
eastern part  of  the  State. 

rAPAVERACE-E. 

Ar«-,em''>xe  M  .  L    (Mexican  Poppy.) — Low.  Diet. 

Saxguixaria   Canadensis,   L.   (Blood   Root    Puceoon.) — Common 

through  the  State. 
Papaver  duhhim,   (Com.  Poppy.) — Cultivated  fields  in  Low.  Dist. 

FUMARIA-       V 

Adlumia  eurhoea,  Raf. — On  the  French  Broad  River. 

Dicextra  Cucullaria,  D.  C.     (Dutchman's  Breeches.) — Mountain*. 
eximia,  D.  C.     (Bleeding  Ileart.)     French  Broad  River. 
(BvdUeg.) 
Q0BTDAIJ8  aurea,  AVilld. — Low.  Dist. 
glauca,  Pursh. — Mountains. 

CTtrciFER^:. 
Xa-ti-rtifm  tanacetifolium.  Hook,  &  Am. — Low.  1 ' 

palustre,  D.  C.     (Marsh  Cress.)— Low.  Di.t. 
lacustre,  Gray.     (Lake  Cress.) — Mid.  Dist. 
officinale,   R.    Br.    (Water    Cress). — throughout   the 
Si  *& 
Cardames'e  rhomboidea,  D.  C.  (Spring  Cress.) — Low.  Dist. 

rotundifolia,  D.  C.  (Bound-leaved  Cress.) — Mountains, 
spathulata.  Michx, — Mountains.     (Mtchaux.) 
liirsuta,  L.    (Bitter  Cress.)— Low.  Dist. 
Ludoviciaua.  Book.— Mid.  Dist.?     (Prof.  Mitchell) 
Dextaria  diphylla,  Michx.     (Pepper  Root.) — Mountains, 
hviniata.  Huh). — Mid.  and  Up.  Diet. 
heterophylla,  Xutt. — Mountains.     (Buckhy.) 
multilida,  Muhl.— Mid.  Dist.  ?    {Sekwt  imita.) 
Asian  lvrata,  L.  (Rock  Cress.) — Pluenix  Mt.     {ly''»f.  Gray.) 
Canadensis,  L.  (Sickle  Pod.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
laevigata,  D.  C. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Barbarea  2>}'(ecox,  R.  Br.     (Bermuda  Cress,  Scurvy  Grass.)     Or- 
ange Co. 
Sisymbrium  Thalinna,  Gaud.    (Mouse-ear  Cress.)  Lower  and  MM. 
Dist. 


FLOWERING   PLANTS. 


" 


Sisymbrium  canescens,  Nutt.     (Tansy  Mustard.) — Lower  and  Mid. 
Dist. 

officinale,  Scop.  (Hedge  Mustard.) — Do. 
Deaba  Caroliniana,  "Walt. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

ramosissima,  Desv. — Buncombe  Co.     {Buckley.) 
verna,  L.  (Whitlow  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Camelina  sativa,  Crantz.     (False  Flax.) — N.  Hanover,  in  cultiva- 
ted fields.     {Dr.  McBee.) 
Senebieka  pinnatifida,  D.  C.  ("Wart  Cress,  Swine  Cress.) — Low.  and 

Mid.  Dist. 
Lepidium  Virginicum,  L.  (Wild  Peppergrass.) — Do. 
Capsella  Bursa-pastofis,  Mcench.  (Shepherd's  Purse.) — Common. 
Cakile  maritima,  Scop.  (Sea  Kale.) — On  the  Sea  beach. 

CAPPARIDACILE. 

Gynandropsis  pentaphylla,  D.  C. — "Waste  grounds  near  "Wilming- 
ton.    {Dr.  McBee.) 

VIULACE£2. 

Viola  cucullata,  Ait.     (Blue  Violet.) — Common, 
palmata,  L.  (Hand-leaf  Violet) — Do. 
villosa,  "Walt.     (Hairy  Violet.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
sagittata,  Ait.  (Arrow-leaf  Violet.) — Mid.  Dist. 
pedata,  L.  (Bird-foot  Violet.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
primulaefolia,  L.  (Primrose-leaved  Violet.) — Do. 
lanceolate,  L.  (Lance-leaved  Violet.) — Do. 
blanda,  Willd.  (Sweet  "White  Violet.)— Mid.  Dist 
rotundifolia,  Michx.  (Round-leaf  Violet.) — Mountains, 
striata,  Ait.     (Pale  Violet,)— Mid.  Dist, 
Canadensis,  L.  (Canada  Violet.) — Mountains. 
hastate,  Michx.  (Spear-leaved  Violet.) — Do. 
pubescens,  Ait.  (Yellow  Violet.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
tricolor,  L.   var.  arvensis,  D.    C.     ("Wild  Pansy.) — All  the 
Districts.     Not  very  common. 
Solea  concolor,  Ging.   (Green  Violet.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist.    Rare. 

cistace^;. 
IIeliaxthemum  Carolinianum,  Michx.  (Rock  Rose.) — Low  and  Mid 
Dist. 
corymbosum,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 
Canadense,  Michx.  (Frost-weed.) — Low.  Dist. 


12  FLOWERING    PLANTS. 

Lechea  major,  Michx.  (Pin-weed.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

minor,  Lam. — Do. 
IIudson'U.  montana,  Xutt. — Table  Rock,  Burke  Oft 

DROSERACEJS. 

Drosera  iiliformis,  Raf.  (Thread-leaved  Sundew.) — Low.  Diet 
longifolia,  L.  (Long-leaved  Sundew.) — Do. 
rotundifolia,  L.    (Round-leaved  Sundew.) — All  the  Dis- 
tricts, 
brevifolia,  Pursh.  (Short-leaved  Sundew.) — Low.  and  Mid. 
Dist. 
Dion\ea  museipula,  Ellis.  (Fly  Trap.)— Low.  Dist. 

PARN'ASSIACEiE. 

Parxassia  Caroliniana,  Michx.    (Grass  of  Parnassus.) — In  all  the 
Districts, 
asarifolia,  Yent. — Yancey  to  Haywood. 

JIYPERICACE^. 

Hypericum  prolificum,  L.   (Rock  Rose.) — In  all  the  Districts,  espe- 
cially in  the  Upper. 
Buckleyi,  M.  A.  C. — Mountains  south  of  French  Broad 

River. 
perforatum,  L.  (St.  John's  Wort.) — Mid.  Dist. 
maculatum,  Walt — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
corymbosum,  Muhl. — All  the  Districts, 
fasciculatum,  Lam. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
galioides,  Lam. — Low.  Dist. 
nuditlorum,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Di>t. 
graveoleaa,  Buckl. — Southern  Mountain.-, 
pilosum,  Walt — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
ainzulusum,  Michx. — Mid.  Dist. 
mutilum,  L.-— Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 
Oanadense,  L. — All  the  Districts. 

Sarothra,  Michx.    (Ground  Pine.) — Coast  to  Cherokee. 
Abcyrum  Crux-Andrese,  L.  (St  Peter's  Wort.) — Common. 

stans,  Michx. — Common. 
Elodea  Virginica,  Nutt.  (Marsh  John's  Wort.) — Low.  Dist. 
petiolata,  Pursh.— All  the  Districts. 

POETII..V   \<KJB. 

Portllaca  oUracea,  L.  (Purslane.) — Common  in  cultivated  grounds. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  13 

Tallnum  teretiiblium,  Pursh. — Rocky  hills  of  Mid.  arid  Up.  Dist. 
Claytonia  Virginica,  L.  (Spring  Beauty.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

Caroliniana,  Miclix. — Mountains. 
Sesuvium  pentandrum,  Ell.  (Sea  Purslane.) — Saline  marshes. 
port ulaeast rum,  L. — Do. 

CAKYOPIIYLLACE^:. 

Paronychia  dichotoma,  Nutt. — Mountains, 
argyrocoma,  Nutt. — Do. 
herniariodes,  Nutt. — Low.  Dist. 
Anycuia  dichotoma,  Michx. — All  the  Districts. 
Stipulicida  setacea,  Miclix. — Low.  Dist. 
Spergularia  rubra,  Pers.  (Sand  Spurrey.) — Sea-coast. 
Speegela  arvensls,  L.  (Pine  Cheat.  Corn  Spurrey.) — Fields  in  Up. 

Dist. 
Mollugo  vcrticillata,  L.    (Indian  duckweed.) — Common  in  culti- 
vated grounds. 
Sagina  Elliottii,  Fenzl. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Alsine  squarrosa,  Fenzl.  (Barrens  Sandwort.) — Low.  Dist. 
glabra,  Gray. — On  rocky  mountains. 
Michauxii,  Fenzl. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Aeenaeia  diffusa,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 

serpylUfolia,  L.  (Sandwort.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Stellaria  pubera,  Michx.  (Star  Chickweed.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
media,  Smith.    (Chickweed.)— Common   in    cultivated 

lands, 
uniiiora,  Walt. — Low.  Dist. 
Ckeastium  vulgatum,  L.  (Mouse-ear  Chickweed.) — Common. 
viscosum,  L. — Common, 
arvense,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
nutans,  Baf. — Up.  Dist. 
Silknlc  stellata,  Ait.    (Star  Campion.     Thermon  Snake-root.)— Up. 
Dist. 

ovata,  Pursh. — Mountains. 
Virginica,  L.  (Indian  Pink.) — Common. 
Pennsylvania,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Antirrhina,  L.  (Catchfly.) — Common. 
Saponaria    officinalis,   L.      (Soapwort.     Bouncing  Bet.) — Waste 
Grounds. 


14  RbMRKM    MAI 

-temma  Gitkmgo,  L.  (Cockle.) — In  ticld»  of  Grain. 

MALTlCBSi 

Malva  rcttmdifoUa,  L.  (Mallow.) — Oommon  in  waste  grounds. 
Callikkike  triangnlata.  Gray. — Lincoln  Co.    (Dr.  Bin 
Sua.  tpmota,  L — Common  about  settlements. 

rfaombimlia,  L. — Burke  Co.     Also  near  Newborn.      {Oroont) 

Elliottii,  Tor.  A  Gr.— Low.  Dist. 
AiiUTiL"-\  J.«MmfMB,  Gaert   (Velvet  Leaf.) — Eat  her  common. 
Modiola  multifida,  Moench. — Low.  Di>t.    Bare. 
K   -teletzkya  Virgin iea,  Presl. — Low.  Dist. 
Hibiscts  aculeatus,  Walt — Do. 

Moecheutoe,  L.  (Swamp  Mallow.) — Throughout  the  State. 

militanV,  Cav.  (Rose  Mallow.) — Low.  Diat 

T1UACEJ3. 
Tilia   Americana.  L.     (Linn  or  Lime  Tree.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

pubeacens,  Ait.  (Southern  Linn.) — Low.  Diet. 

heterophylla,  Vent.  (White  Linn.) — All  the  Districts. 
OoncBOBUfl  s&iqwmw,  L. — Batli.     Apparently  introduced. 

CAMELI.IACEAE. 

Gobdosia  Laaianthus,  L.  (Loblolly Bay.  Black  Laurel.) — Low.  Dial. 
Stlaktia  Virginica,  Cav. — Lav.  Dist. 

pentagyna,  L'ller. — Mid  and  Up.  Dist. 

MELIACE2E. 

Mllia  Azedarack)  L.    (China  Tree.')-— A  common  shade  tree  in  the 
Low.  Di 

UMAOLM, 

Lixlm  Virginianum,  L.  (Wild  Flax.) — Oommon. 

•ttii,  Planch. — Pine  woodfl  of  Low.  and  Mid.  Di.-t. 
<»xai.ii>A'  !  flt 
Qxaub  Btricta,  J*  (Yellow  Wood-SorrelL) — Common. 

••>sella,  L  (White  Wood-SorrelL) — Mountains, 
viulacca,  L  (Purple  Wood-SorrelL)---: Mid.  and.  Y\>.  Dist. 

ETOOPBTLLAn 

TkmuLue  L — Waste  ground    near    Wilmington. — (Dr. 

Mel 

QKBAXtt 

Geranium  maculatum.  L.  (Craneshill.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Carolinian  uni,  L. — Common. 


M.wWKUINU    PLANT*.  15 

PALSAMLNACEjE. 

Impatiens  pallida,  Nutt.  (Touch  me  not.)— Mountains. 

fulva,  Nutt.  (Jewell  Weed.)— Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

RUTACEyE. 

Zaxtiioxylum  Carolinianum,  Lam.  (Prickly  Ash,  Toothache  Tree.) 

Low.  Dist. 
Ptelea  trifoliata,  L.    (Hop  Tree.    Wafer  Ash.) — Low.  and  Mid. 
Dist. 
mollis,  M.  A.  Ck-— Low.  Dist. 

ANACARDlACEiE. 

Rhus  typhina,  L.  (Staghorn  Sumach.) — Up.  Dist. 

glabra,  L.  (Smooth  Sumach.) — Mid.  and  Lip.  Dist. 
copallina,  L.  (Common  Sumach.) — Common, 
pumila,  Michx.  (Dwarf  Sumach.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
venenata,  D.  C.   (Poison  Sumach.) — All  the  Districts. 
Toxicodendron,  L.  (Poison  Oak.) — Do. 
radicans,  L.  (Poison  Vine.) — Do. 

VITACE.E. 

Vitis  Labrusca,  L.  (Fox  Grape.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

aestivalis,  Michx,  (Summer  Grape.) — Common. 

vulpina,  L.  (Muscadine.) — Do. 

cordifolia,  Michx.  (Frost  Grape.) — Mid.  and  Low.  Dist. 

bipinnata,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Do. 
AMPELorsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.    (Virginia  Creeper.) — Common. 

EIIAMNACEjE. 

Frangula  Carolinian  a,  Gray. — All  the  Districts. 

Berciiemia  volubilis,  D.  C,    (Rattan.     Supple  Jack.) — Low.  Dist. 

Sageretia  Michauxii,  Brongn. — Sea-coast. 

Ceanothus  Americanus,  L.  (Red  Root.   Jersey  Tea.) — Common. 

celastrace.e. 
Celastrus  scandens,  L.    (Wax-work.    Bitter-sweet.) — Lincoln  Co. 
Euonymts  Americanus,  L.    (Strawberry    Bush.     Bursting  Heart. 
Fishwood.) — Common, 
atropurpureus,  Jacq.  (Burning  Bush.)— {Prof.  Mitchell) 

BTAPHYLEACE.E. 

Staphylea  trifolia,  L.  (Bladder  Nut.)— Mid.  Dist. 


16  I      KING    11.A 

SAl'INTO. 

Lra  Pavia,  L.  (Bed  Buckeye .) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
flava,  Ait.  (Yellow  Buckeye.) — Mid.  and  Up.  D 

ACERACE.E. 

b  rubrum,  L.   (Bed  Maple.) — Common. 

dasycarpum,  Ehrh,  (Silver  Maple.) — Mountains. 

•harinum.  W      _      8    _       M  — All  the  Distri 

gpicatum,  Lam.  (Mountain  Maple.) — Mountains, 
Pennsylvanicum,  L.  (Striped  Maple.) — Mountaina 
Ni  whdo  aoeroidee, Moench.  (Ash4eaved  Maple.) — All  the  Dist:    •-. 
chiefly  in  the  Middle. 

POLTGAl  A<  E-E. 

•  ai. a  cymosa,  Walt — Low.  D 
ramosa,  Ell. — Da 

lutea,  L.  (Bachelor's  Button.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 
sanguinea,  L. — Mid.  and  l~p.  Dist 
t"a-Tiiri:it a.  Nntt — Low.  Dist. 
Nuttallii,  Carey. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
incarnata,  L. — Common. 

sea,  Michx. — Low.  Dist 
eruciata,  L. — Oommon. 
brevifoUa,  Nntt — Low.  T 
grandifli  -ra.  Walt — B.  >. 
polygama,  Walt — I  l 
Senega,       (S  S  —Mid.  I 

vertirillata.  L. — Lew.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
pancifolia,  L. — Mountains. 

I;  r. 

I    .     u.akia  Bagittalis,  L.  —Common, 

ovalis,  Pursh. — Low.  and  Mid.  J 
Purahii,  D.  (  .— i L        Dist 
Lupous  perennis,  L-  (Lupine  — Low.  and  Mid.  Di 
villosus,  Willd. — Low.  Dist 
diffusua,  Nutt— ' 
Tkifoltem  p  I  I     mmon. 

repens,  L.  (White  Clover.) — Do. 

■  ilinianum,  Mk-1:  .  Una  Clover.'* — Low.  D 

reflexum.  L.    (Buffalo  Clover.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  17 

Trifolium  arvtnxe,  L.    (Babbit-foot  Clover.) — Common  in  old  fields. 
procumbent,  L.   (Yellow  Clover.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Medicago  hqndina,  L.     (Hop   Medick.) — Common  in  grass  plats. 
Mkjlotus  officinalis,  Willd.   (Yellow  Melilot.)—- Occasionally  nat- 
uralized abont  settlements. 
alba,  Lam.  (White  Melilot.)— Do. 
IIosackia  Purshiana,  Benth. — Mecklenburg  Co. 
Psoralea  melieotoides,  Michx.—  Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
eanescens,  Michx.  (Buck  Root.) — Low.  Dist. 
Lupinellus,  Michx. — Do. 
Petalostemon  corymbosum,  Michx. — Do. 
Amor:pha  fruticosa,  L.  (Indigo  Bush.) — Common. 

herbacea,  Walt — Low.  Dist. 
Roelxia  Pseudacacia,  L.    (Locust.) — Mountains  and  upper  part  ot 
Mid.  Dist. 
viscosa,  Vent.  (Clammy  Locust.) — Mountains  south  of  the 

French  Broad, 
hispida,  L.  (Rose  Locust.) — Hills  of  Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
"         var.  nana,  Ell. — Pine  Barrens  of  Low.  Dist. 
Wistaria  frutescens,  D.  C.  (Virgin's  Bower.) — Low.  Dist. 
TErnROSiA  Virginiana,  Pers.  (Rabbit  Pea.)— Common, 
spicata,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
hispidula,  Pursh. — Common. 
ambigua.  M.  A.  C. — Low.  Dist. 
Ixdigofera  Caroliniana,  "Walt.  (Carolina  Indigo.) — Low.  Dist. 
Astragalus  Canadensis,  L. — Lincoln  to  Cherokee, 
glaber,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 
obcordatus,  Ell. — Low.  Dist.  (Mr.  Croom.) 
Vicia  aativa,  L.  (Vetch.) — Low.  Dist. 

/lirsvta,  Koch. — Low.  aud  Mid.  Dist. 
Caroliniana,  Walt. — Mountains. 
h-t  rasper  ma,  LoiseL — Low.  Dist. 
Latuyrus  venosus,  Muhl. — French  Broad  River.     (Buckley.) 

myrtifolius,  Muhl. — Low.  Dist. 
Aebghynomene  hispida,  Willd. — Low.  Dist. 
Zokxia  tetraphylla,  Michx. — Do. 

Stylosaxtiies  elatior,  Swartz.  (Pencil  Flower.) — Common. 
Lespedeza  repens,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Common, 
violacea,  Pel's. — Do. 
3 


18  FLOWERING   PLANTS. 

Lbspbdbsa  violacea,  var.  sessiliflora. — Do. 

Stuvei,  Nutt. — Low.  Di 

hirta,  Ell. — Common. 

capitata,  Michx. — Do. 
Desmodiuh  acuminatum,  D.  C.  (Beggar  Ticks.) — TTp.  Dist. 

nudifiorum,  D.  C. — Common. 

canescens,  D.  C. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

cnspidatum,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  Dist. 

viridiflomm,  Beck.— Common. 

rotnndifolinm,  D.  C. — Do. 

ochroleucum,  M.  A.  C. — Low.  Di>t. 

Canadense,  D.  ('.—Mid.  and  l>.  Dist. 

Dillenii,  Darl. — Low.  Dist. 

glabellum,  D.  C. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

laevigatum,  D.  C. — Do. 

panicnlatnm,  D.  C. — Com  men. 

tenuifolium,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

Btrictum,  D.  C. — Low.  Dist. 

Marilandicum,  Boott. — Common. 

eiliare,  D.  C. — Common. 

rigidnm,  D.  C. — Do; 

lineatum,  D.  C. —  Low.  Dist. 
Bhtnchobia  tomentosa,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

"  var.  monophylla,  T.  &  G. — Low.  Dist. 

"  var.  erecta,  T.  &  G. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 

"  var.  volnbilisj  T.  &  Gr. — Low.  Dist. 

Apsoa  tuberosa,  Moench.  (Ground  Nut.) — Common. 
Phaskoi.us  perennis,  Walt.  (Wild  Bean.) — Do. 

diversifolius,  Pers.-  Low.  Dist. 

helvoluSj  L. — Sea-coast  to  thu  Mountains. 
Ekytiikina  herbacea,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
Ci.riouiA  Mariana,  L. — Coasl  t<»  Cherokee. 
Centboseua  Virginiana,  Benth. — Do. 
Ampiiioakimva  monoica,  Xutt.  (Pea  Vine.)— Common,  especially  in 

the  mountains. 
Galactu  pilosa,  KM.  (Milk  Pea.)     Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
mollis,  Michx. —  1  >o. 
glabella,  Michx. — Do. 

iliflora,  Tor.  &  (Jr. — Cumberland  Co. 
Baptibu  Uuaceolata,  £31. — Low.  Dist. 


EI.0WERTX0    PLANT*.  19 

Baptisa  villosa,  Ell. — Do. 

tinctoria,  R.  Br.  (Wild  Indigo.) — Comnfon. 

alba,  R.  Br. — Common. 
Theemopsib  Caroliniana,  M.  A.  C — Haywood  to  Cherokee. 
fraxinifolia,  M.  A.  0. — Table  Mountain. 
mollis,  M.  A.  C. — Wake  to  Lincoln  and  Gaston  Coun- 
ties. 
Cekcis  Canadensis,  L.  (Red  Bud.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Cassia  occidentalis,  L. — Low.  Dist. 

obtusifolia,  L. — All  the  Districts. 
Marilandica,  L.  (Wild  Senna. )*— Common. 
ChamsBcrista,  L. — Coast  to  Cherokee, 
nictitans,  L. — Do. 
Gleditschia  triacanthos,  L.  (Honey  Locust.) — All  the  Districts. 
Gymnoglaiws  Canadensis,  Lam.    (Coffee  Tree.) — Mid.  Dist,  par- 
tially naturalized. 
Sciiraxkia  angustata,  Tor.  &  Gt.     (Sensitive  Plant.) — Low.  and 
Mid.  Dist. 
angustata,  var.  brachycarpa,  Chapm. — Do. 
rosacea. 
Frunus  Americana,  Marsh.  (Red  Plum.)— Coast  to  Cherokee. 

Chicasa,  Michx.  (Chickasaw  Plum.) — Common  about  set- 
tlements. 
sjthwsa,  L.  ?  (Sloe.) — Lincoln  Co.     {Dr.  Hunter.) 
Pennsylvania,  L.  (Wild  Red  Cherry.) — High  mountains, 
serotina,  Ehrh.  (Wild  Cherry.) — Common. 
Caroliniana,  Ait.  (Mock  Orange.) — Sea-coast  of  Brunswick 
County. 
Serosa  opulifolia,  L.  (Nine  Bark.) — Western  part  of  the  State, 
tomentosa,  L.  (Hardback.) — Coast  to  the  mountains. 
salicifolia,  L.  (Queen  of  the  Meadow.)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
lobata,  Murr.  (Queen  of  the  Prairie.) — Mountains  south  ol 

the  French  Broad. 
Aruncus,  L.  (Goat's  Beard.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Gii.t.exia  trifoliata, Moench.  (Indian  PhyBic.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

stipulacea,  Nutt.  (American  Ipecac.) — Do.,  but  rare. 
A'.ktmon'ia  Eupatoria,  L.  (Feverfew.) — Common. 

parvitlora,  Ait. — Do. 
Saxguisorba  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Burnet.) — Mountain  valleys. 


tO  FI.»«WEEDfO    PLANTS. 

Alchexti-la  arvewfis,  L.  (Parsley  Piert.j — Sta         :  I  >  .:  rj,  Bath, 

.^hington  and  Plymouth. 
Geoc  album,  Gmel.  — All  the  I» 

geniculatum,  Michx. — Side*  of  the  higher  mountu 
radiatum,  Michx. — Tops  of  the  higher  mountains. 

I  fragarioides.  Tratt.    (Barren  3ti  w\  007.) — Mid.  and 
Up.  Dkt 

egica.  L. — Rare,  in  all  the  Distr! 
Canadensis,  L.  (Five  Finger.) — Very  common, 
tridentata.  Ait.  (Mountain  F  _       — B  eky  sum- 

mits of  mounta' 
•  a?.:  a  Virginiana,  Ehrh.  (Strawberry.) — All  the  Distr:  --. 

L,  -  ■  rawberry.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

RrBus  odoratus.  L.  [Flower  —  .' 

occidentalis.  L.  (Purple  Raspberry.) — Mid.  D 
rill  - .  (High  Blackbc :        — C  >mmon . 

euneifolius.   Pursh,    (Low   Blackber:      — I    :nmon  in  old 
fields  and  on  road  sides. 
.Ais,  Michx.  (Dewberry.) — Common, 
hispidu?.  L.    '"■'"amp  Blackberry.) — Swamps  in  the  moun- 
tains. 
Rosa  Carolina.    L.    (Swamp    R        — (  in   wet 

grounds, 
lncida,  Ehrh.    (Wild,   or   Dwarf   Rose.) — Common  in  dry 

woods. 
rul  L.     S  —  -ments. 

Iwcigcrt'i.  Michx.  (Cher  — 

Ckaraovi  -pathulata.  Mich-:  ".'.    r... — Low.  and 

Mi  I  D 
flav  Summer  Haw.) — 

glandulosa.  M  :..  —  I 

parvifulia,  Ait.  (Dwarf  Thorn.) — 
tomentosa,  Linn.  (Black  Thorn.) — Mid.  and  Up.  I 

var.  punctata.  Grav. —  Mountai:    . 

coccinea.  L.  (Scarlet  Haw.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
cordata.  Ait.  (A  ..Dist. 

apiifolia,  Mich"  *ved  Haw.) — Low.  and  Mid. 

D:-\ 
Crus-galli,  L.  (Cockspur  Thorn.) — Common. 
Ptets  coronaria.  L.  pie.) — Tallies  of  the  mountr. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  21 

Pyrts  angustifolia,  Ait.    (Narrow-leaved  Crab.) — Low.  and  Mid. 

but. 

arlmtitblia,  L.  (Chokeberry,) — Low,  ;md  Mid.  Dist. 

"  var:  melanoearpa. — Mountains. 

Americana,  D.  C.  (Mountain  Sumach.     Wine  Tree.  Moun- 
tain Ash.) — Mountains. 
Amelaxciiiek  Canadensis.  L.  (Service  Tree.) — Common. 

CALYCAXT1IACE.E. 

Caltcanthub  floridus,  L.  (Sweet  Shrub.) — Mountains. 

lceviijatus,  Willd. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
glaucus,  AVilld. — From  Lincoln  westward. 

MELASTi'MAOE.E. 

Eiiexev  Mariana.  L. — Common. 

"         var:  laneeolata. — Low.  Dist. 
Virginica,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
glabella,  Michx.  (Deer  Grass.) — Low.  Dist. 
ciliosa,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
lutea,  Walt. — Low.  Dist. 

LYTIIKAOE.E. 

Lythkum  alatum,  Pursh.  (Loosestrife.) — Low.  Dist. 

lineare,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
Htpobbtchxa  Xuttallii,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Near  Lincolnton. 

Aiemaxia  humilis,  Michx. — Mid.  Dist. 

var:  ramosior. — Low.  Di>t. 
Xes-ea  verticillata,  IT.  P.  &  K.    (Swamp  Loosestrife.) — Low.  Dist. 
Cupiiea  viscosissima,  Jacq. — Mid.  Dist. 

ONAGEACEJS. 

Galea  biennis,  L. — Mid.  Dist.,  and  Buncombe  to  Cherokee. 

angustifolia,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 
Oenothera  biennis,  L.    (Evening  Primrose.-) — Common,  mostly  in 
plantations, 
sinuata,  L. — Low.  ami  Mid.  DUt. 

"        var :  humifusa. — Sea-beach. 
glauca,  Michx. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
riparia,  Nutt. — Low.  Di^t. 
fruticosa,  L.  (Sundrops.) — Common. 

"       var:  ambigua. Mountains, 
linearis,  Michx. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 


I  LOWERING    i-l.A  S 

<  ueka  pnniila,  L.— Up.  I »i-t. 

Epilobium  angiistifolium,  L.  (Willow  Eerb.)— Mountains. 

coloratum,  Muhl. — All  the  DiBtri 

palustre,  L. — Mountains. 
Jusslxa  decurrens,  D.  0.- — Common. 
Ludwioia  alternifoliaj  L.  (Seed  Box.) — Oommon. 

rirgata,  Michx. — Low.  1  > ir-t. 

hirtella,  Raf.— Do. 

lineari-.  Walt. — Do. 

linifolia,  Poir. — Do. 

pilosa,  Walt.— Low.  and  Mid.  Diet 
liserocarpa,  Ell. — Low.  Dist.    Rare. 

capitata,  Michx. — D«>. 

alata.  E1L— Do. 

microcarpa,  Michx. — Do. 

palnstris,  Kll.  (Water  Purslane.) — Common. 

nutans,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
arcnata,  Walt. — Do. 
C:i:.  .ka  Lntetiana,  L.    (Enchanter's   Nightshade.) — Mid.   and  Up. 
Dist. 
alpina  L. — Lincoln  to  Cherokee. 
bbpinaca  palnstris,  L.  (Mermaid  Weed.) — Low.  Dist. 
pectinacea,  Lam. — Low.  Dist. 
MysiopnYLLUM  verticillatum,  L.  (Water  Milfoil.) — Low.  Di>t. 
heterophyllnm,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 
Bcabratum,  Michx. — Mid.  Dist. 

<  A<  TACEJB. 

Oitntia  vulgaris,  Mill.  (Prickly  Pear.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

OB  fi. 

Rises  Oynosbati,  L.  (Prickly  Gooseberry.) — Mountains, 
rotundifolium,  Michx.  (Smooth  Gooseberry.) — Du. 
gracile,  Michx.  (Slender  Gooseberry.) — Do. 
prostratum,  L'Her.  (Fetid  Currant.)— Do. 
resinosum,  Pursh,  (Bristly  Currant.)— Do. 

n  RNERAi  :   B. 

Pikiqceta  t'nlva,  Chapm. — Near  Newborn.  (Groom.) 

I'ASSIFI.oka.   1  .1:. 

Passifloba  incarnata,  L  (May  Pop.)    Common. 


BRING    PLANTS. 


PAssm/m  lutea,  L.— All  the  Districts. 

cTCURUITACE.E. 

Lagrnaria  w  .  Bering.  (Gourd.)— Abont  settlement?. 

othria  pendula,  L. — Low.  Di 
Sictob  angulatns,  L.   (One-seeded  Chicnml        — B  Ca- 

tawba, Lin 

LACEjB. 

Skdcm  telephioides,  Michx.     (Wild  Orpine.)— Rocky  summits 
monntains. 
ternatnm,  Michx.    (Three-leaved   Stone  Crop.) — Mid.  and 

Up.  Dist. 
pulchellum,  Michx.  (Mountain  Moss.)— Monntains. 
DiAhobpha  pusilla,  Xutt.— Dunn  s  mountain.  Rowan;  and  Franklin 

county.     {Rev.  J.  B. 
Pknthorum  sedoides,  L.  pitch  Stone  Crop.)-- Common. 

-AMI  iRAGAX  EX. 

Saxifraoa  mcantheinifolia,  Michx. — Mountains. 

erosa,  Pnrsh.    (Lettnce  Saxifrage.}— Mountain  streams. 
^miensis,  Pnrsh.     (Early  Saxifrage.)— All  the  Dis- 
tricts. 
Careyana,  Gray.  (Carey's  Saxifrage.)— Mount 
I    iroliniana,  Gray.  (Carolina  Saxifrage.)— po. 
Hettchera  Americana.  L.  (Alum  B    >t  —Low.  and  Mid.  1 
villosa.  Michx.— Mountains. 
Curtisii,  Gray. — Buncombe  Co. 
pnbescens,  Pursh.— Mountains, 
hispida,  Pursh. — Do. 
Boykinia  aconitifolia,  Nutt.— Mount 

A-::.i:;:  decand»,  Don.  (F  '  ard.  — Mountainsi     -. 

kRELLA  cordifolia,  L.  I  False  Mitre  Wort)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist 
Miiki.i.a  diphylla.  L.  (Mitre  Wort)— Mountains. 
QUKTSoe  \   icricanum,    Schwein.      Golden    Saxii 

Haywood  counl 
Itea  Virginica,  L. — Coast  to  Lincoln. 

Hydrangea  arl       -  Wild  Hydrang       -Mid  and  Up. 

rict. 
radiata,  Walt  (Snowy  Hydnu  .     .    -  M       taiir. 
Decttmaeia  barbara,  L. — Lo 


l2-i  FLOWERING    I1.AM-. 

Philadelphia  grandiilorus,  Wilkl.  (Syringa.) — Hickory  Gap. 

hirsutns,  Nutt.    (Rough   Syringa.) — French  Broad 
River. 

UAMAMELACEJL 

Hamamelk  Virginica,  L.  (Witch  HazeL)— Common. 
Pothebgilla  alnifolia,  L.  (Dwarf  Alder.) — Coast  to  Lincoln. 

LiQnn.vMBAK  Styraciflua,  L.  (Sweet  Gum.) — All  the  Districts. 

IMUKLLIFKK.i:. 

Hydeoootyle  Americana,  L  (Penny  Wort.) — Up.  Di-t. 
umbellata,  L.  (Water  Grass.) — Common, 
ranunculoides,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
interrupt  a,  Muhl. — Do. 
repanda,  Pers. — Do. 
CsAKTZlA  lineata,  Nutt. — Low.  Dist. 
Sanicula  Marilaiulica,  L.  (Saniele.) — Common. 

Canadensis,  L. — Do. 
Ebykgium  yucceefolium,  Michx.  (Button  Snake-root.) — Common. 
Virginiannm,  Lam. — Low.  Dist. 
prsealtnm,  Gray. — Do. 
\  irgatnm,  Lam. — Common. 
Daucus  pusillus,  Michx.  (Dwarf  Carrot.) — Low.  Dist. 

Carota,  L.  (Carrot.) — Occasionally  naturalized. 
Cicl'ta  maculata,  L.  (Water  Hemlock.  Wild  Parsnip.) — Common. 
Pabtehaca  8ativa,  L.  (Parsnip.) — About  settlements. 
CeyptotAnia  Canadensis,  D.  C.   (Honewort) — Mid.  Dist. 
LeptocAULIB  divaricatns,  D.  C. — Low.  Dist. 
Discopleuba  capillacea,   I).  C.    (Bishop    Weed.)— Low.  and  Mid. 

District 
Sum  iineare,  Michx.  (Water  Parsnip.)— Mid.  Dist. 
Bufleubum  rotundifoHum,  L.  (Thorough-Wax.) — Mid.  Dist.  Bpar 

mgly  naturalized. 
Zi/.iA  inteuerrima,  D.  C. —  Lincoln  and  westward 
Tiiasi'iim  barbinode,  Nutt. — Common. 

pinnatifidum,   Gray. — French    Broad  and  Sugar  Town 

Rivers.  (Buckley.) 
aureum,  Nutt.  (Meadow  Parsnip.) — Common. 
trifoliatum,  Gray. — Mid.  and  [Jp,  Dist 
LiOCSTICUM  act;eilolium,  Michx.  (Angelica) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist, 
Angelica  Curtisii,  Buckl. — Sides  of  mountain-. 


FLOWBRIKG    IM.AM-.  l'0 

AjtCHANOEJLiCA  hirsuta,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Mid.  and  Up.  Di>t. 
Coniobelinitii  Canadense,   Tor.   and    Gr.     (Hemlock    Parsley.) — 
Grandfather  Mt     |  Prof.  Gray.  | 

TrKi'KMAx.MA  teretifolia.  D.C.  (Water  Drop-wort.)— Low.  Dist. 
Archemora  rigida,  D.C.  (Cowbane.  Pig  Potatoe.) — Common. 

ternata.  Xutt. — Lo  w.Dist. 
Hkkaci.kim  tanatam,  Michx.   (Cow  Parsnip.) — Mountain  valleys. 
CttSBOPHYLLUM  procumbens,  Lam.  (Chervil.) — Mid.  Dist. 
Osmobhiza  brevistylis,  D.C    <Sweet  Cicely.) — Mid.  and   Cp.  Dist 

ABALIACF.fi. 

Ahaj.ia  racemosa.  L.  (Spikenard.) — Mountains. 

hispida,  Michx.  (Rough  SarsaparOla.) — Do. 

nndicanlis,   L.    (Wild  Sarsaparilla.) — Do. 

spinosa,  (Prickly  Ash.  Hercnles Clnb.) — Coast  to  Cherokee- 
Panax  qninqneiblinm,  L.  (Ginseng.  Sang.) — Mountains. 

tri folium,  L.  (Dwarf  Ginseng,) — Newbern.  {Mr.  ('room.) 

OOBXACEJS. 

Cornus  alternifolia,  LTIer. — Mountain-. 

Btricta,  Lam. — Low.  Dist. 

panicnlata,  L'Her. — Moun tains. 

serieea,  L.  (Swamp  Dogwood.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

florida,  L.  (Dogwood.) — Common. 
Ntssa  multiflora,  Wang.  (Sour  Gum.) — Low.  and  Mid,  Dist. 
aquatica,  L.  (Black  Gum.) — Do. 

uniflora,  Walt.  (Cotton  Gum.} — Low.  Dist. 

CAPRIFOLIAt  K.E. 

Symphobicabfus  vulgaris,  Michx.  (Coral  Berry.) — Mid.  Dist 
DiERvii.LA  tritida,  Moench.  (Bush  Honeysuckle.)— Mountains. 

36 iliiblia.  Buckl. — Mountains. 
Lom.  ki;a  sempervirens,  Ait.  (Woodbine.) — Common. 

grata.  Ait.  (Yellow  Woodbine.) — Mountains. 
parviflora,  Lam.  (Small  Woodbine.) — Do. 
Tkiosteum  perfoliatnm,  L.    (Genson.    Horse  Gentian.] — Mid.  and 
Up.  Dist 
angustifolium.  L. — Lincoln  and  westward. 
Bambucu8  Canadensis,  L.  (Elder.) — Common. 

pnbens,  Michx.    (Bed-berried  Elder.)     High  mountains. 
Yn;i  ii.mm  prnnifolinm,  L.  (Black  Haw.) — Common. 
4 


•_'•">  M.<>\\  Ki;iM.     PLAN  I-. 

Viburnum  Lentago,  L  (Sheep  Berry.) — Mountain*, 
obovatuin,  Walt. — Low.  Di>t.     Rare. 
acerifolium,  L    (Maple-leaved  A.rrow-wood.)-    Mid.  and 

[Jp.  Diet, 
nudum,  I..  (Possum  Haw.     Shawnee  Haw.; — Common, 
dentatnm,  L   (Arrow-wood.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Diet 
pubescens,  Pursh.     (Downy  Arrow-wood.) — Mountains, 
lantanoides,  Michx.    (Hobble  Bush.  Tangle  Legs.) — D<». 

j:i  BIACEJ2. 

Galium  hispidulum,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 

trilidiini,  L.  (Small  Bedstraw.)     Common, 
triflorum,  Michx.    (Sweet   Bedstraw.)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
pilosnm,  Ait.-  ( lommon. 

circaezans.  Michx.  (Wild  Liquorice.)    Low.  and  Mid.  J)i~t. 
latifolium,  Michx.  -  -Mountains. 
Diqdia  Virginiana,  L.  (Button-weed.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 

teres,  Walt.  —Common. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  L.    (Button  Bush.    Box.) — Common. 
MnviiKi.r.A  repens,  L.  (Wild  Running  Box.) — Common. 
Oldenlandia  coerulea,  Gray.  (Bluets.) — Common, 
serpyllifolia,  Gray.— Mountains, 
purpurea,  Gray.—-  Common. 

var  :  Longifolia,  Gr. — Do. 
var  :   tenuifolia,  Gr. —  Mountains. 
glomerata,  Michx     Low-.  Dist. 
Spigelia  Marilandica,  L.  (Pink  Root.) — Low.  and  Mid  Di>t.   Rare. 

MlTBBOLA   petiolata,  Tor.  &  <ir.   (Mitre  Wort.) — Low.  I  )ist. 

sessilifblia,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  Dist. 
Polypbemttm  procumbens,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Gelsemtum   sempervirens,    Ait.     (Yellow   Jessamine.)— Low.    and 
Mid.  Dist. 

\  ALEBIANAl  I    B. 

Ki.hiA  radiata,  Michx.  (Lamb  Lettuce.)     Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

i  oMPOsrrjE. 

Vi;n.\nMA   oli^o|»li\ll;i.  Michx.- -Mid.   Di>t. 

Novseboracensis,  Willd.  (Iron-weed.)    Common, 
fasciculate,  Michx.— Mid.  DistJ     (Prof.  MitcheU.) 
angustifolia,  Michx.   -Low.  I>i-t. 


FLOWERING     PLANTS.  27 

Elephantophus  Carolinianus,  Willd.   (Elephant's  foot.) — Low.  and 

Mid.  Dist. 
tomentosuB,  L. —  Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Sclerolepis  verticillata,  ("ass. — Low.  l~>ist. 
Carphephorus  tomentosns,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  Dist. 
corymboBUs,  T.  &  G. — Low.  Dist. 
bellidifolius,  T.  &  G.— Do. 
Liatris  squarrosa,  Willd.  (Blazing  Star.1) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
tenuifolia,  Nutt. — Low.  Dist. 
pauciflora,  Pursh. — Do. 
graminifolia,  "Willd. — Common. 
Bpicata,  "Willd.    (Button  Snake  Root.) — Common. 
pilosa,  Willd. — Henderson  Co. 
Bcariosa,  Willd. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
heterophvlla,  Br. — Anson  Co. 
odoratissima,  Willd.  (Vanilla  Plant.) — Low.  Dist. 
paniculata,  Willd. — Low.  Dist. 
Kin  ma  eupatorioides,  L. — Common. 
Eupatorium  purpureum,  L.  (Trumpet  Weed.) — Common. 
hyssopifolium,  L.  —Common. 
leucolepis,  Tor.  &  Gr. — Low.  Dist. 
euneifolium,  Willd. — S.  E.  part  of  the  State. 
parviflorum,  Ell.— Low.  Dist.  ?    (Prof.  Mitchell.) 
rotundifolium,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
tencrifolinm,  Willd. — Common. 
album,  L. — Common. 
altissinimn,  L. — Lincoln  and  westward, 
sessilifolinm.    L.     (Upland  Boneset.) — Mid.    and   Up. 

Dist. 
pinnatitidum,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 

perfoliatum,   L.     (Wild   Sage.      Boneset.    Thorough- 
wort.) — Common, 
aerotinum,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
ageratoides,  L.  (Kich  Weed.) — Mountain  side-. 
aromaticnm,  L.   (Wild  Ilorehound.) — Common. 
incarnatum,  Walt. — Low.  Dist. 
foeniculaoenm,  Willd.    (Dog  FenneL) — Low.  and  Mid. 

Dist. 
eoronopifolitun,  Willd.  (Dog  Funnel.) — Do. 
Mikx.via  scandens.  Will. I.  (Climbing  Hemp-weed.) — Common. 


■><* 


rr.<»\%  M:rv.   i" 


CONOCUMIOI   OGBleBtiniim,  1  >.  ( '.    (Mist  Flower.) — Low.    I 

Skrioocakpts  eonyzoides,  Nees.  (White-topp  and 

Mid  Dist 

solidagineus,  Nees.—  I.. >w.  and  Mid.  Dist 
tortifblins, Xees.  (Rattlee         -  Ml  -•       — Low.  D 
Asm  oorymbosus,  Ait  (Starwort  Aster.) — Up.  ]'-• 

macrophyllns,  L. — Lincoln  and  westward. 

Bpectabilis,  Ait. — Low.  Dist. 
,<;ilis.  Nutt— Mid.  Dist 

sureulosus,  Michx — Low.  and  Up.  Dist 

palndosns,  Ait— Low.  D 

sericeus.  Vent. — Up.  Dist. 

concolor.  L. — All  the  Districts 

squarrosus,  "Walt. — Low.  Dir-t. 

patens,  Ait — Common. 

la? vis,  L— Mid.  and  Up.  Dis 

gracilentus.  Tor.  6z  Gr. — Lincoln. 

concinnus.  "NVilld. — Mid.  Di^t.  I  (Sc/tvxxnitz.) 

nndnlatnfl,  L. — Common. 

ooidifblins,  L. — Mountain-. 

sa<rittifolins,  "Willd. — Mid.  and  Up.  Di:-t. 

ericotdes,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  1 
var:  vfllosna — Do. 
var:  platyphjUns. — Mid  Di>r. 

multinWus.  Ait — Up.  Dist 

dnmosus,  L. — Common. 

TradescantL,  L— Up.  Dist 

miser,  L. — Common. 

simplex.  Willd — Low.  Di>t. 

tenuifolios,  L. — Up.  I 

^aniens.  N©  w.  Di>t. 

Nbvi-BeHgii,  L. — Lorn  1 

longifolins,  Lam.— Do. 

Elliottii.  T  .—Do. 

punicens,  L — Mid.  and  Up.  D 

prenanthoides,  MuhL — Monntai 

grandiflorns,  L — Mid.  and  Up.  I>i>t. 

Cnrti>ii.  T<-r.  A  Gr. — Mountains. 
\     bb-Ai  eliie,  L — Low.  T> 


Ki.oW  KKINt-     PLAN     S.  "-*** 

Asteb  acuminatus,  Michx — "Mountain-. 
flexnosus,  Nutt.— Salt  Marshes. 
Lmifolitis,  L. —  Da 
Ewgeros  Btrigosum,  Muhl.  (Daisy  Fleabane.) — Common. 

Canadense,  L  (Horse-weed.  Hog-weed.) — Common. 

Philadelphicnm,  L  (Fleabane.)— Do. 

bellidifolinm,  Muhl.  (Robin's  Plantain-)— Do. 

vcrmun.  Tor.  cV;  Gr. — L<>w.  Diet. 
Diplopafpcb  linariifolins,  Hook. — Common, 
cornifotfus,  Dari. — Mountains, 
amygdalinus,  Tor.  &  Gr.— Mid.  and  Up.  Di^t. 
nmbellatus,  T.  &  G. — Monntains. 
Boltokia  diffusa,  E1L— Low.  Diet. 

glastifolia,  L'Her.— Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 

asteroides,  L'Her. — Lincoln  and  westward. 
Soudago  squarrosa,  Mnhl.  (Golden  Rod.)— Yancey  County. 

pnbens,  M.  A.  C.— Mecklenburg  and  westward. 

latifolia,  L-   Up.  Dist. 

csesia,  L-  Common. 

Cnrtisii,  Tor.  &  Gr.— Mountains. 

monticola,  T.  &  G. — Do. 

lancifolia,  T.  &  G.— Mountains. 

bicolor,  L.— Very  common. 

puberula,  Nutt.  -Low.  Dist. 

var.  pulverulenta. — Da 

petiolaris,  Ait. —  Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

Bpeciosa,  Nutt — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

verna,  11  A.  ('.—Low.  Dist. 

glomerata,  Micks. — Mountains. 

rigida,  L. — Mountaina 

spithamsea,  JL  A.  C.— Summits  of  highest  Monntains. 

rirgata,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 

angnstifolia,  Ell — Da 

aempervirens,  L. — Do. 

patula,  Mnhl.— Up.  Dist. 

var:  strict  ul  a. —  Low.  hist. 

arguta,  Ait.  var:  juncea. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 

Boottii,  Book. — Low.  Dist. 

altissima,  L—  Common. 


.'In  !  I.ott  KKI.M.     IM.AM-. 

Solidago  ulmiiblia,  Muhl.  —Up.  L)i-t. 

Elliottii,  T.  &  G.     Low,  Dist. 
pilosa,  Walt-  -Do. 

odora,  Ait.  (Anise-scented  Golden  Rod.)-  Common, 
tortifolia,  E1L—  Low,  Dist. 
con  lata.  Short. —  Mountain-. 
•     nemoralis,  Ait. — Common. 

Canadensis,  L.— Mid.  &  \'y.  Dist. 

-crot  ina.  Ait.     Aliil.  J  >  i — r . 

gigantea,  Ait.     ( Common, 
lanceolata,  L-  Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 
tennifolia,  Pnrsli. — Common. 
Bioelovia  nudata,  J).  ('.-Low.  Dist. 

Chrysopsie  graminifolia,  Nutt.  (Silk  Grass.  Scnrvy  Grass.) — Low. 
&  Mid.  l>i~t. 
Mariana.  Nutt. — Com n ion. 
trichophylla,  Nutt.— Low.  Dist. 
gossypina,  Nutt. — I ><>. 
Inula   Helenium,  L.  (Elecampane.)— Up.  Dist. 
Baocharis  halimifolia,  L.  (Groundsel.)— Low.  Dist 
glomeruliflora,  Pers.  —  Do, 
angustifolia,  Michx. — Do. 
I'i.i.  in  \  bifrons,  D.  C.  (Marsh  Fleabane.)— Low.  Diet, 
fcetida,  D.  C.  (Stinking  Fleabane.) — Common, 
camphorata,  1 >.  ( !. — Low.  Dist. 
Ptero  ujloh  pycnostachyum, Ell.  (Black  Root.) — Low.  Dist. 
Polymnia  Canadensis,  L.  (Leaf-cup.)     Mountains. 

Uvedalia,  L.  I  Bear's  Foot)     All  the  Distr 

Ciikv.- >m  m  Virginianum,  L.     Low.  ami  Mid.  Dist. 

Sn.i'iiiiM  compositum,  Michx.     Mid.  and  Up.  1  >ist. 

var.    Michauxii,   'I'.   &  G. — Low.   .-md  Mid. 
^  Districts, 

trifoliatum,  L. — Uj>.  DLst. 
\steriscus,  L.— Mid.  Dist. 

rar:  dentatum.     Do. 
perfoliatum,  L.     Mountain-. 
Beklandiera  tomentosa,  T.  A'  <>.     Richmond  Co.  and  southward. 

I'aim ii kmi'm  integrifolium,  L.     C mon. 

\\k  frntescens,  L.  (Marsh  Elder. — Salt  Marshes. 


I'l.oU  BRING     PLANTS.  31 

Iva  imbricata,  Walt.     Sen  coast. 

Ambbosia  trifida,  L.  (Buffalo  Weed.)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

arteinisisefolia,     L.      (Ragweed.      Carrot-weed.      Stick- 
weed.) — Common. 
Xanthium  strumarium,  L.    (Cockle-bur.) — Common. 

ypiitn.siim,  L.  (Thorny  Cockle-bur.) — In  streets  ■>!'  Low. 
and  Mid.  Dist. 
EciiPTA  erecta,  L— Low.  and  Mid.  Disk 
BossicniA  frutescens,  D.  ('.  (Sea  Ox-eye.) — Salt  Marshes. 
Zinnia  mvltiflora^  D  (Zinnia.)— Sparingly  naturalized. 
Heliopsis  hevis.  Pers.  (Ox-eye  )—  Lincoln  and  Westward. 
Echinacea  purpurea,  Moench.     (Purple    Cone-flower.) — Mid.  and 

[Jp.  Dist. 
Tbteagonotheca  helianthoides,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Rddbeckia  hirta  L.  (Cone-flower.) — All  the  Districts, 
fulgida,  Air. -Mid.  Dist. 
triloba  L.-  -Mountains. 
laciniata  L.  —  Mid.  and  dp.  Dist. 
Lepachys  pinnata,  Tor.  &  (Jr. — Up.  Dist. 
Helianthcs  angustifoliuSj  L.   (Sunflower.) — Common, 
heterophyllus,  2Sutt. — Low.  Dist. 
atrorubens,  L. — Common, 
occidentalis,  Riddell ;    var:   Dowellianus,  T.  &   G. — 

Macon  Co. 
giganteu8,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
tomentosus,  Michx. — Lincoln  and  westward. 
strumosus,  L.— ( lommon. 
decapetalus,  L. — Mid.  and  LTp,  Dist. 
liirsutus,  Raf. — Lincoln  and  westward, 
divaricatus,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
microcephaluSj  T.  &  G. — Mid.  Dist. 
Schweiuitzii,  T.  «^G.— Mid.  Dist. 
Isevigatus,  T.  &  G. — Lincoln  Co. 
A.cTmoaiEBJ8  squarrosa,  Nutt. — Mid.  and  LTp.  Dist. 
Coreopsis  diseoidea,  T.  &  G,  (Tickseed.)     Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
aurea,  Ait. — Low.  Dist. 

trichosperuia,  Michx.  (Tickseed  Sunflower.)-  Low.  Dist. 
tripteris,  L.  (Tall  Coreopsis.) — Up.  Dist, 
latit'olia.  Michx.     Mountains. 


:'>2  FLOWERING    PLANTS. 

CoBBOPiu  sonifolia,  Michx.     Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
verticillata,  L. — Low.  aud  Mid.  Diet, 
anricnlata,  L.     Common, 
lanceolata,  L. — Mid.  Dist. 
gladiata,  Walt.— All  the  Districts, 
angnstifolia,  Ait. — Low.  Dist. 
integrifolia,  Poir.     Do. 
Bidens  frondosa,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Di>i. 

chrysanthemoides,  Michx.  I  Bur  Marigold.)  — ( knnmon. 
bipinnata,  L.  (Spanish  Needles.     Beggar  Lice.)-    Common. 
Vbrbesina  Siegesbeckia,  Michx.    (Stick   weed.      Crown-beard.)— 
All  the  Districts. 
Virginica,  L. — LTpper  L>i>t. 
Helenium  autumnale,  L.   (Sneeze-weed  I     Common. 

quadridentatum,  Labill.— Low.  Dist. 
Leptopoda  Selenium,  Nutt.— Mid.  Dist. 
puberula,  Macbr.     Low.  Dist. 
brevifolia,  Xutt. — Do. 
brachypoda,  T.  &  Gr. — Do. 
Baldwinia  uniflora,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
Mabshallia  latifolia,  Pursh. — Moimtains. 

lanceolata,  Pursh.— All  the  Districts. 

var:  platyphylla,  M.  A.  C.-— Mid.  Dist. 
angustifolia,  Pursh. — Low.  Dist. 
Ma  ui  ta   Cofoda,D.  ('.    (May   Weed,    false  Chamomile.)— Streets 

and  road  sides. 
Achillea  millefolium,  L.  (Milfoil.     Yarrow.) — About  settlements. 
Leuoakthbmum  vulgare,  Lam.     (White  Daisy.    White-weed.)     In 

grass  Lands. 
Tanackti'm  wig  are,  L.  (Tansy.) — About  Battlements. 
Aktkmisia  caudata,  Michx.    (Wild  Wormwood.) — Low.  Dist. 
vulgaris,  L.  (Mugwort.)-r-Mid.  Dist.?  {Wuttatt.) 
(i.N'AiniAi.u  m  polycephalum,  Michx.    i  Everlasting.)— Common, 

purpureum,  L.  (<  ludweed.  I     ( lommon. 
Amknnakia  tnargaritacea,   R.   Br.    (Everlasting.)— Mid.  and   Up. 
Dist 
plantaginifolia.   Hook.     Common. 
I'ii.m.m  Germcmioa,  L.  (Cotton   Rose.)     Mid.  Dist. 
Ereuhthitm  hieracifolia,  Raf.  ( Fire-weed.)  —Common. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  o'S 

Cacalia  atriplicifolia,   L.    (Indian  Plantain.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Diet 
suaveolens,  L, — Henderson  Co. 
reniformis,  Muhl.  (Wild  Collard.) — Mountain  sides. 
Senecio  lobatus,  Pers. — Low.  Dist. 

aureus,  L.  (Ragwort.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

"      var:  Balsamitae, — Do. 
tomentosus,  Michx. — Low.  and  Up.  Dist. 
EUiottii,  T.&  G.— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Millefolium,   T.   &    G.— Caesar's    Head,    {Buckley,)    and 
Whiteside  Mt. 
Ruoelia  nudicanlis,  Shnttl. — Jaekson  Co.    (Buclh-y.) 
Abnica  nudicanlis,  Ell. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
CentAurea  calcitirwpa,    L.     (Star    Thistle.) — Mid.   Dist.  ? — {Prof. 

Mitchell.) 
Cie8ium  la/nceolatum,  Scop.  (Thistle.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
discolor,  Spreng. — Up.  Dist. 
altissimum,  Spreng. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Nuttallii,  D.  C— Mid.  Dist. 
Virginianum,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
muticum,  Michx.  (Swamp  Thistle.) — Low.  Dist. 
repandum,  Michx. — Sand  barrens  of  Low.  Dist. 
horridulum,  Michx.  (Yellow  Thistle.) — Low.  Dist. 
"  var:  EUiottii,  T.  &  G.— Low.  T>\>\. 

Lappa  mayor,  Gaert.  (Burdock.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Ciia ptalia  tomentosa,  Vent. — Low.  Dist. 
K  riot  a  Virginica,  Willd. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

Caroliniana,  Nutt. — Mid.  Dist. 
Cynthia   Virginica,  Don. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Dandelion,  D.  C. — Midi  Dist. 

var:  montana,  Chapm. — Mountains. 
1Iiki;a(  mm  gcabrum,  Michx.  (Hawkweed.)— Mountains. 
Gronovii,  L, — Low.  to  Up.  Dist. 
venosnm,  L._  (Rattlesnake- weed.     Robin's  Plantain.)— 

Mid.  and  Up.  Di<t. 
panicnlatnm,  L. — All  the  Districts. 
Nabalus  albus,    Hook,    (White  Lettuce.      Rattlesnake    Root.) — 
( Jomrnon. 
altissimus,  Hook. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Fraseri.  D.  ('.  (Gall  of  the  Earth.)— Low,  to  Up.  Dist. 
5 


34  FLOWERING   PLANTS. 

NabAli  -  virgatus,  D.  C. — Low.  Di-t. 

crepidineus,  D.  0. — Mountains. 
Taraxacum  Dena-Xeomii,  Desf.  (Dandelion,)— Common. 
PrssHOPAPPua  Carolinianus,  D.  C.    (False  Dandelion.) — L>\v.   sad 

Mid.  Dist. 
Lactuca  elongata,  Mulil.  (Wild  Lettuce.) — Common. 
var:  graminifolia. — Low.  Diet. 
"        var:  sangninea. — Lincoln  Co. 
Mulgedium  aenminatnm,  D.  C.  (Blue  Lettuce.) — Common. 
Floridanum,  D.  C. — Common, 
leucophseum,  D.  C. — Mountains. 
Sonchus  oleracen8,  L  (Sow  Thistle.) — Common. 
asper,   Vill.—  Mid.  Hist. 

LOBELIACEjB. 

Lobelia  cardinalis,  L.  (Cardinal  Flower.)-  Common. 

syphilitica,  L.  (Great  Lobelia.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

puberula,  Michx.  (Blue  Lobelia.) — Low.  and  Mid,  Di-t. 

Leptostachys,  A.  D.  0. — Lincoln  to  Cherokee. 

aincena,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

glandnlosa,  Walt. — Common. 

inflata,  L.  (Indian   Tobacco.     Lobelia.) — Mid.  and   Up, 

Bpicata,  Lam. — Mid.  and  Up.  Hist. 

Nuttallii,  R.  .V  S.— Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
paludosa,  Nutt. — Low.  Dist. 

CAMI'AM  I.Ai'K.K. 

Campanula  Americana,  L.  (Bell-flower.)  -Low,  to  Up.  Dist. 

aparinoides,  Pursh.    (Mareh   Bell-flower.)— Moun- 
tain Swamps. 
■  divaricata,    .Michx.    (Hare-bell.)— Mountain  sides. 
flexuosa,  Michx. — Mountains.    {Michaux.  \ 
SpEcuLABLA.perfoliata,  A.  D.  C.    (Venus1  Looking  Glass.)— Com- 
mon. 
"        rar :  Ludoviciana, — Mid.  Dist. 

KKICACK.B. 

Gatlu8saoia  frondosa,  Tor.  &  Gr.  (Bine  Huckleberry.)— Low.  and 
Mid.  Dist. 
dumosa,  T.  A  G.  (Dwarf  Huckleberry.) — Do.    i 
var:  hirtella.—  Do. 


MLOWJKBINti    PLANTS.  '■'.'' 

Gaylcssacia  resinosa,  T,  &  G.    (Black 'Huckleberry.) — Mid.  and 
l'l».  Diet 
nrsina.  Gray.  (Bear  Huckleberry.  Bearberry.) — Hay- 
wood comity  and  southward. 
Va'aimim  corymbosum,  L.    (Swamp  Huckleberry.) — Common. 

Constablsei,  Gray.    (Pale  Dwarf  Blueberry*) — Summits 

of  mountains, 
tenelluin,  Ait     Low.  and  Mid.  Di>t. 
hirsutum,  Buck].  (Bristly  Huckleberry.) — Mountains  of 

Cherokee. — ( Buckley.) 
myrsinites,  Micks. — Pine  Barrens, 
arboreum,  Michx.    (Sparklebeiry.) — Coast  to  Cherokee, 
stamineum,  L.  (Deerberry.  Gooseberry.) — Common, 
erassifolium,    Amir.     (Creeping    Huckleberry.) — Low. 

Diet. 
erythrocarpon,  Michx. — Higher  mountains, 
macrocarpon,  Ait.  (Cranberry.) — Swamps  of  Low.  and 
Up.  DM. 
Epio.ka  repens,  L.  (Trailing  Arbutus.  Crocus.) — Common. 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  L.  (Mountain  Tea.  Wintergreen.) — Low. 

and  Up.  Dist. 
Leuoothoe  axillaris,  Dun. — Low.  Di>t. 

Catesbsei,  Gray.  (Dog  jLaurel.) — Mountains, 
racemosa,  Gray. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
recurva,  Gray. — Near  Paint  Pock.  |  BuckjLey.) 
Cassanoka  ealyculata,  Don. — Low.  Dist. 

Andromeda  floribunda,  Pursh.     Mountains. — {Pursh.   BucUey.) 
oitida,  Bartr.  (Fetter  Bush.) — Low.  Dist. 
Mariana,  L.  (Stagger  Bush.)— Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
speciosa,  Michx. — Low.  Di>t. 
ligustrina,  Mnhl.  (Pepper  Bush.) — Common. 
OxYnKxnKiwr  arboreum,  D.  C.  (Sour  Wood.  Sorrell Tree.) — AH  tlu- 

Districts. 
Clethba  alnifolia,  L.  (White  Alder.    Sweet  Pepper  Bush.) — Low. 
and  Mid.  Dist. 

\ar:  tomentqsa. — Low.  Dist. 
acuminata,  Michx.  (Mountain  Pepper  Bush.) — Mountain-. 
Kai.mja  latiiolia,  L.  (Ivy.)— All  the  Districts  ;   rare  in  the  Lower, 
angostifblia,  L.  (Wicky.) — All  the  Districts. 
cnneata.  Michx.  —  Low.  Di>t. 


•">»'>  11  i  \M  BRING    PLANTS. 

Menziksia  globularis,  Salisb.  (Minnie  Bush.) — Mountains. 
A/.ai.i  \  uudiflora,  L.  (Purple  Honeysuckle.) — Common. 

calendulacea,  Michx.  (Yellow  Honeysuckle.) — Mountains, 
viscosa,  L.  (Clammy  Honeysuckle.) — -Up.  Dist. 

var:  glauca. — Mid.  Dist. 
arborescens,  Pureh.  (Smootb   Honeysuckle.) — Common. 
Rhododendron  maximum.   (Laurel.) — Mid.  and  ("]»•  Disk 

Catawbiense,    Michx.     (Oval-leaved    Lamvl.) — On 

highest  mountains, 
punctatum,  A.ndr.  <  Dwarf  Laurel.) — Mountain-. 
Leiophtllum  buxifolium,  Ell.    (Sand  Myrtle.) — Mountains,  and  in 

Brunswick  county. 
Pybola  rotundit'olia.  L.  (False  Wintergreen.) — Low.  Dist. 
Ciiimaimiii.a  ambellata,  Xutt.   (Prince's  Pine.    Pipsissewa.)     Low. 
to  Dp.  Dist. 
maculata,  Purah.   (Spotted    Wintergreen.)     Common. 
Shoktla  galacifolia,  Gray. — Mountains.     {Mic/icwx.) 
ScHWErarrzLA  odorata,  Ell. — Salem.  (/Schweinite.)  Table  mountain. 

I  Prof.  Gray.) 
Monoteopa  uniflora,  L.  (Eye-briglit.) — Common. 

Hypopitys,  L.  (Pine  Sap.)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

GALAOINEfi. 

Galax  aphylla,  L.  (Colt's  Foot.) — Beaufort  county  to  mountains. 

AQUDTl  >LIA(  F..K. 

[lex  opaca,  Ait.  (Holly.) — Common. 

Dahoon,  Walt,  var:    myrtifolia,  Chapm.    (Dahoon  Holly.) — 

Low.  Dist. 
Cassine,  L.  (Yaupon.) — Near  the  Coast, 
decidua,  Walt.— .Mid.  Dist. 
ambigua,  Chapm. — Mountains, 
verticillata,  Gray. — Common, 
glabra,  Gray.  (Gallberry.  Inkberry.) — Low.  Dist. 
coriacea,  Chapm.  (Tall  Gallberry.) — Do. 

si  ">  BAOA(  ;  A 

Stybax  grandifolia,  Ait.  (Mock  Orange.)— Coast  to  Lincoln. 

Americana,  Lam. — Low.  Dist. 
Balebia  tetraptera,  L.  (Snow-drop  Tree.) — All  the  Districts. 
Symplooob  tinctoria,  L'Bter.    (Yellow  Wood.   Sweet  Leaf.) — Com- 
mon, 


I  l.i'U  l.i;i.\o     PLANT? 


i  YUILLA0EJ£. 

Cyrilla  raeemiflora,  Walt.  (Burn-wood  Bark.   Ele  Huckleberry.) — 

Low.  Di>r. 

i:iii-.\.\(  \:a-:. 
Diospyruk   Virginiana,  L.  (Persimmon.) — Common. 

sAI'oTAt'K.K. 

IUmki.ia  lycioides,  Gsert.  (Buckthorn.) — Coast  to  Lincoln  Co. 

PLANTAGINACE^E. 

Plajttago  major,  L.  (Plantain.) — Common. 

la/nceolata,  L.  (  Narrow-leaved  Plantain.) — Common, 
sparsiflora,  Miclix. —  Low.  Dist. 
Yirginica,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
heterophylla,  Nutt. — Low.  Dist. 

PLUMBAGINA<  EM 

Statu  k  Caroliniana,  Walt,  i  .Marsh  Rosemary.) — Salt  Marshes. 

PKIMULACE-E. 

Hottonia  inflata,  Ell.  (Featherfoil.) — Up.  Dist. 
Lyslmachia  stricta,  Ait.  (Loosestrife.) — Common.     • 
var  :  angustifolia. — Low.  Dist. 

Herbemonti,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 

qnadrifolia,  L.  (Five  Sisters.) — Common. 

ciliata,  L.— All  the  Districts. 

radicans,  Hook. — Up.  Dist. 

longifolia,  Pursh. — Do. 
Dodecatheon   Meadia.  L.  (American  Cowslip.) — Chatham  Co. 
An'aoai.i.is  arvensts,  L.    (Pimpernel.) — Near  settlement-  in  all  the 

Districts.     Rare. 
Centunculus  minimus,  L.  (Chaffweed.) — Davidson  Co. 
Sa.moi.is  fioribundus,  Kth.  (Brook-weed.) — Low.  Dist. 

r.i:.\Tiiu'i.A(  i:.i:. 
Likk  iT.AiuA  inflata,  Walt.  (Bladder-wort.) — Low.  Dist. 
vulgaris,  L. — Mid.  Dist. 
Btriata,  Leconte. — Low.  Dist. 
fibrosa,  AY  alt.— Do. 
gibba,  L. — Do. 
purpurea,  Walt.-    Low.  Dist, 


m.oh  i.i;i.\«.    it.a.vi-. 

I'tki'Iiaku  corauta,  Michx.—  I  ><•. 

gnbulata,  J- — Low.  and  Mid.  l>i>t. 
I'lNi.ri-  i  i.a  lutea,  Wah.  (Butter-wort>— -Low.  Im'-t. 
elatior,  Michx. —  I  Kv 

BIQNONIAl  EM. 
BlOXOKIA    caj-lVolata.    L  (CrOSfl  Vine.) — Low.  &  Mid.   Di&t 

Th<  --ma  radicans,  Juss.  (Trumpet  Flower.)— Coast  to  the  Mountain-. 
(atai.iw  bignonioides,  Walt  (Catalpa.) — About  settlements. 
If akttnia  p  '  rlox.   (Martina   (Jnicorn     Plant.) — About 

settlements. 

OBOBAX4  UA< 

EnPHBOUfi  Virginiana,  Bart  (Beech  Drops.)     Common. 

iphous  Americana,  Wallr.  (Squaw-root.)     Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 
ArnTLLON  uniflorumTor.  &  Gr.  (Cancer-root.)— Mid.  Dist.  (P 
MitcJu  ' . 

-    BOPHULABIA<  1  X. 

.  L.    Mullein.) — Common. 
Blattaria,  L.  (Moth  Mullein.)— Do. 
PHULABiA  nodosa,  L.  (Fig- vort) — All  the  Districts. 
Cheloxk  glabra,  L  (Snake-mouth.) — Common. 

Lyoni,  Pursh. — Mountain  Bid 
Pexstkmok  pubescens,  Soland.  i  Beard-tongue.) — Common. 

\ar :  laevigatas. — Common. 
Lotabla  Canadensis,  Spreng.  (Toad  Flax*) — IjOw.  &Mid.  Dist. 
vulgaris,  MilL  (Butter  <fc  Eggs.  — Roadsides. 
El  ''    .  Mill. — Roadsides  In  Orange,  Co. 
Mimili>  ringens,  L  (Monkey  Flower.) — Common. 

alatus,  Ait.— Lower!  &  Mid.  Dist 
Hebphstib  nigrescens,  Benth.- — Low.  Dist 

Monniera,  II.  I!.  &  K.     Low.  Dist. 
amplexicaulis,  Pursh.-  1  k>. 
CtKAjicLA  Virginiana,  L.  (Hedge Hyssop.) — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist 
Bphsrocarpa,  Ell.  —  Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 

osa,  Bchwein. — Lincoln  &  Surry, 
anrea,  Muhl. — Low.  1  >  I .— t . 
pflosa,  Michx. — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist 
Iltsahtubb  gratioloides,  Benth.  (Fake  Pimpernel.) — Common. 

refracta,   Benth. — Surry   (Gra.y)  to   Henderson,   Co, 
|  Bud  ' 


FLOWERING    PLAN  re. 


[lysanthes  Baxicola,  Chapin.— Kocks  in  fiiwassee  River. 

MlCRANTHEMUM    orLiclllatum.  MicllX. — LOW.  Dist 

Veronica  Virginiana,  L.  (Culver's  Physic.)— Mid.  &  Up.  Dist. 
officinalis.  L  (Speedwell.) — Mountains. 
Berpyllifolia,  L.  (Paul's  Betony.)— Common, 
peregrina,  L  (Purslane  Speedwell.)— Do. 
arvensis,  L.  (Corn  Speedwell.)— Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 
cigr&tiS)  L  (Field  Speedwell) — Up.  Dist. 
BuCHNERA  Americana.  L.  (Blue  Hearts.)— Mid  &  Up.  Dist. 
Seymeria  tennifolia,  Pursh. — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 

pectinata,  Pursh.— Low.  Dist.     (Orvom.) 
Otophylla  Mieliauxii.  Bentli.—  Up.  Dist. 
Dabystoma  pubescens,  Bentli.  (False  Foxglove.)-- Common. 
quercifolia,  Bentli.— Mid.  &  Up.  Dist. 
pedicnlaria,  Benth.— Mid.  Dist. 
pectinata,  Bentli. — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 
Gerardia  linifolia,Nutt.  (Flax  leaved  Gerardia.)— Low.  Dist. 
divaricata,  Chapm. — Do, 
aphylla,  Nutt — Low.  Dist* 
purpurea,  L.  (Purple  Gerardia.) — Common. 

var:  fasciculata, — Low.  Dist. 
maritima,  Bat'. — Sea-beaeh. 
setacea,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
tennifolia,  Vald.— Common. 
parvifolia,  Chapm. — Low.  Dist. 
C.wiiLi.EiA  coccinea,  Spreng.  (Painted  Cup.')— Mid.  &  Up.  Dist. 
S,  HWALBEA   Americana.  L.  (Chan  Seed,  i— Low.  Dist. 
Pkdicclarih  Canadensis,  L  (Lousewort^AH  the  Districts. 

lanceolata,  Michx.— Mountains. 
Melampyrum  AmericMiumi.  Michx.  (Cow  Wheat.)— Mountains. 

acanthaceA 

DiPTERACAjrraua  Btrepens,  Nees. — Common. 

Dianthbra   Americana.  L    (Water  Willow.)— Mid.  and   Up.  Dist. 

ovuta.  Walt.— Low.  Dist. 
Dicliptera  l.racliiata.  Spreng. — Low.  Dist. 

YERBENACEJE. 

\  ruiu-NA  urtieifolia,  T..  (White  Vervain.)— CcinmoU. 
hastate,  L.  (Blue  Vervain.) — Do. 


LO  H.<>\\  i JUNG     l'l.  Wl>. 

Verbena  angnstifolia,  Michx.     Mid.  Diet 

Carolinian*,  Michx. — Low.  Dist 

officinalis^  L.  (Vervain.) — Common. 
Liri-iA  nodiflora,  Michx.  (Fog-fruit) — Low.  Disk 
Callicarpa  Americana,  L.  (Bermuda  Mulberry.)— Low.  Di>t. 
Phbtma  leptoatachya,  L  (Lop-seed.)  —Mid.  and  Up.  Diet 

LABZATA. 

Htptk  radiata,  Willd.— Low.  and  Mid.  Diet 
Mentha  viridis,  L.  (Spearmint.)— Common. 

pip    It  .  It.  (Peppermint.) — Common. 
rotundifoHa,  L,  (Round-leaved  Mint.) — \a>w.  Dist.  Rare. 
Ltcopu8  Virginicus,  L  (Bugle-weed.) — Common. 

ainuatua,  Ell. — Low.  Dist 
Cunila  Mariana,  L.  (Dittany.)— Mid.  and  CTp.  Dist. 
V\<  namiikmim  incanum,  Michx.  (Mountain  Mint.) — Mid. and  Up. 
Dist 

var  :  Tnllia.   -  ( Common, 
dubium,  Gray.-    Mountains.     {Gray.) 
aristatum,  Michx. — Low.  Dist 

var.  hyssopifolium. — Da 
pilosum,  Nutt— Mountains.     {Prof.  Gray.) 
muticum,  Pers. — Mountains, 
lanceolatum,  Pursh. — Low.  and  Mid.  Hist. 
linifolium,  Pursh.—  Common, 
nudum,  Nutt-  Mountains, 
montanura,  Michx.  —  I  \o. 
Oollinsonia  Canadensis,  L  ili<T-t'  Balm.)     Mid.  and  Up,  Di>t. 
punctata,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
ovalis,  Pursh. — Mountains. 
Ukdeoma  pulegioides,  Pers,  (Penny  Royal.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist 
(  'ai.amin  1 11 1   \> j"  ta,  Link.  I  Basil  Thyme.  1 — ( 'ommon  about  streeta. 

Caroliniana,  Sweet— Low.  Diet. 
Melissa  officinaUs^  L  (Balm.) — Mid.  Dist     Rare. 
Salvia   nrticifofta,  L.  (Wild  Sage.)— Mid.  and  tTp.  Dist. 
lyrata,  L.  — ( lommon. 
Claytoni,  E1L— Mid  Dist. 
Monarda  didyma,  L.  (Horse  Mint)     Mountains, 
fistulosa,  L. — ( Sommon. 
punctata,  L.  (Rignum.) — Common. 


Kr.oWERIXo    PLANTS.  41 

Monard  gracilis,  Pursh. — Mountains.  {Lyon.) 
Blephilu  ciliata,  Raf.  (Horse  Mint)— Mid.  Disk 

hirsnta,  Benth. — Mountains. 
Lophanthus  nepetoides,   Benth.    (Giant  Hyssop.) — TN T i *  1 .   and   Op. 
Dist. 

Bcrophularisefolius,  Benth. — Mountains. 
Xkpkta  6a&o/ria\  L.  (Catnip.) — Common  aboul  settlements. 
GlecAoma,  Benth.  (Ground  Ivy.) — Near  settlements. 
Cedronella  cordata,  Benth. — Ashe  Co.  {Prof.  Gray.) 
Bbunklla  vulgaris,  L.  (Heal-all.) — Common. 
Scutellaria  versicolor,  Xutt.  (Skullcap.) — Up.  Dist. 

arguta,  Buckl.— Black  Mt.     {Buckley.) 

Berrata,  Andr.— Mid.  Dist. 

pilosa,  Michx. — Low.  cv;  Mid.  Dist. 

integrifolia,  L. — Low.  Dist. 

lateriflora,  L. — Low.  Dist. 

galericulata,  L. — Mid.  Dist. 

parvula,  Michx. — Mid.  Dist. 

saxatilis,  Riddell. — -Mountains. 
Macbridea  pulchra,  Ell. — Low.  Dist.     Rare. 
Phtso8tegia  VTrginiana,  Benth.  (Dragon-head.) — All  the  Districts. 
Lamiuh  amplexicaule^    I,.   (Dead    Nettle.    Hen  bit.) — Common  in 

Gardens. 
Marrcbium  vulgare,  L.  (Horehoimd.) — Common  about  settlements. 
Leontjrus  Cardiacd)  L.  (Mother-wort.) — Do. 
Stachts  aspera,  Michx.  (Hedge  Nettle.) — Mountain-. 

hyssopifolia,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 
IsAirraus  coeruleus,  Miclx.  (False  Penny  Royal.) — Mid.  &  Up.  Dist. 
Tricho8TEMA  dichotomum,  L.  (Blue  Curls.) — Common. 

"  \ar.  lineare.~Mid.  Dist. 

Teucrtcm  Canadense,  L.  (Wood  Sage.)— Low.  &  Mid.  Dist 

r,o|;K.\i.iX.\<  K.K. 

Heliotropium  Curassavicum,  L,  (Heliotrope.)— Low.  Dist.  near  the 

coast. 
Beliophytum   Tndicum,  I).  C.  (Indian  Heliotrope.)— Low.  &  Mid. 

Dist. 
Echium  vulgare,  L.  (Blue-weed,)— Mid.  Dist.     Rare. 
Onosmodtum  Carolinianum,  D.  C.  (Gromwell.)— Up.  Dist. 
6 


4'1  KLOWKKIXG    l'l.\ 

Oxosmodiuii  Virginianoni,  D.  ('. —  Low.  &  Hid.  Dist. 
Litho6Permoi  arvenae,  L.  (Corn  Gromwell.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

liirtiiin.  Lehm.  (Hairy  Puocooh.) — Low.  T > I —t . 
Mertexsia  Virginica,  1).  (  .  (Roanoke  Bell.  Virginia*  Cowslip.)— 

Hali&x,  Co.    I  /'.  //.  Hill.)  Mts. 
Ctnoolo86uu  officinale,  L.  (Hound's  Tongue.) — Mid.  I>i>t. 

Virginicnm,  I..  (Wild  Comfrey.) — Mid.  &  U\>.  Di-r. 

Morisoni,  I).  ( '.  (Beggar  Lice.) — Do. 
Myosotis  laxa,  Lehm.  (Forget  me  not.) — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist.     Rare* 
trerna,  Nutt—  Mid  &  Up.  l>i-t. 

RYDBOPIT1  I  I. A>  EM. 

Eydbophtllcm  Virginicunij  L.  (Water-leaf.) — Mountain?. 

( Sanadense,  I- — Mountains. 
Ei.i.ima  Nyetelea,  L— Mid.  Dist.     {Prof.  Mitchett.) 
Nemophila  microcalyx,  V.  &  M — Up.  Dist. 
Pha<  elia  bipinnatifida,  Michx. — dp.  Dist. 

Pnrshiij  Buck! — Mountains.     1  Buddey.) 

fimbriata,  Michx. — Mountains. 

parviflora,  Pureh. — Low.  l>i~t. 

HYDEOLEA( 

Hydbolka  quadrivalris,  Walt— Low.  Dist 

POLEMONIAl 

Phlox  paniculata,  L.  (Phlox.) — Lincoln  &  westward. 
\  ar  :  acuminata.     Mountains. 

maculata,  1..     <  Sommon. 

<  larolina,  L — Mountain-. 

glaberrima,  L — MM.  A:  \  y.  I>i-t. 

reptans,  Michx. —  Lincoln  &  westward. 

divaricata,  L — Common. 

Walteri,  Chapm. —  Low. A  Mid.  Dist. 

pilosa,  L — Mecklenburg  &  westward. 

Bubulata,  L.  (Wild  Pink.) — Low.  Dist.  to  Mountain-. 
Polemonidh  reptans,  L.  (Greek  Valerian.) — Haywood  I 
Pi  mi-am iik.ua  barbulata,  Michx.  (Flowering  Moss.)— Low.  I>i-t. 

<  oirroi  \  11  \i  1  .!:. 
Quamooui  oocdnea,  Moanch.-  -Common  in  cultivated  grounds. 
PuAKr.ni-    VU}  Choi*.  (Morning  Glory.)  -Do. 


ll.ow  ElilNG    PLAN  fti.  L'l 

Lpomusa  coimnutata,  K.  &  S. — All  the  Districts. 

paudurata,  Meyer.  (Wild  Potatoe.) — Coast  to  Cherokee, 
sagittifblia,  Bot.  Beg. — Low.  Dist. 
Lacunosa,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
Calystegia  sepinm,  Ti.  Br.  (Bindweed.) — Common. 

spithamaea,  Pursh.  (Low  Bindweed.) — Mid.  Dist. 
Siyi.i>ma  humistrata,  Chapni. — Low.  Dist. 
aquatica,  Chapm. — Do. 
Pickeringii,  Gray. — Do. 
Djchondea  repens,  Forst.  var:  Carolinensis,  Chois. — Low.  Dist. 
Ouscdta  arvensis,  Levi-.  (Love  Vine.  Dodder.) — Mid.  Di>t. 
Gronoviij  Willd. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
rostrata,  Shuttl. — Mountains, 
compacta,  Juss. — All  the  District 

epffiiiitm,  Weihe.  (Flax  Dodder.)  —Orange  Comity. 

SOLANAO££. 

Solanum  nigrum,  L.  (Nightshade.)— Common  aear  settlements. 
Carolinense,  L.  (Horse  Xettle.) — Common. 
aculeaidssimum,  Jacq.  (Soda  Apple.) — Low.  Dir-t. 
Physalis  viscosa,  L.  (Ground  CSieny.)— Common, 
lanceolata,  Miclix. — On  the  cOast. 
angulata,  L — Waste  Grounds  of  Low.  Dist. 
pubescens,  L.— Do. 
Nicandea  physaMdm,  Gsert.   (Apple  of  Peru.)— Waste  grounds. 
Datura  Stramonium,  L.   (Jamestown  Weed.) — Common, 
var:  Tatula, — Common. 
Uetel,  I..— Low.  \)\>\.     {Dr.  UcRee.) 

-  IIAXA<  i:  K. 
SABBATIA   lanceolata.  Lor.  &  Gl\ — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

paniculata,  Pursh. — Low.  Dist. 

angularis,  Pursh.  (Centaury.)— Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

brachiata,  Ell. — Low.  Di>t. 

gracilis,  Pursh. — Low.  and  Mid.  Di-t. 

stellaris,  Pursh. — Salt  Marshes. 

calycosa,  Pursh. — Low.  Di-t. 

ehloroides,*Pursh. —  Do. 

gentianoides,  Ell. —  Do 


44  »W1  KING    11.  A 

ia.\a  quuiqueflora,  Lain,    dive  flowered  Gentian.) — Meckleu- 
bnrg  and  westward, 
crinita,  Froel.  (Fringed  Gentian.)     M 
ochroleuca,  Froel.  (Sampaon  Snake  Boot.  — Mid.  L>i-t. 
Elliuttii.  Ghapm.  (Sampaon  Snake  R  >ot) — Low.  Dist 

Snake  B  ot  — (  tanmon. 
Andrewsii,  Grfc       (fi        aon£  8     ". — MonnU 

angustifolia,    Michx     (Narrow-leaved    Gentian.  — L 
Dist 
ihia  fcenella,  Muhl. — All  the  I 
verna,  Muhl. — Low.  Dist 
Obolaria  Virginica,  L — Low.  and  Mid.  I  >i^t. 
Fbabssa  Carolinensis,  Walt.    (Colnmba) — Vallies  of    Macon  and 

Cheroki 
LiMNANTiiKMiM  lacunosum,  Griseb.   (Floating  Heart      Low.  Di.-r. 
trachyspermum,  Gray. —  !.        Diet. 

AFOI  VXA 

Aiwym'm  cannabinum,  L    (Indian   1:  —Low.  Diet  to  Mts. 

androaseniifolium,  L,     D  _  -  Mi      Dist 

ma  difformis,  A.  D.  C. — Low.  Dist  to  Wake  < 
Ajqohia.  eQiata,Walt — R  reGonnl 

Tabernsemontana,  Walt — Low.  rm<l  Mi   .  Dist  , 

LEPlADACEf. 

Ajbclepus    Cornuti,    Dec     (Milkweed.     SQkweedL) — Low.    I 

I . 
phytolac 

M  rantains. 
pnrpnrascenS]  L.  (Pnrple  Milkweed.) — Mid.  1 
variegata,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Di^. 
irnata,  L.  (Swamp  Silkweed.) — CSomu 
.  Ell. — Cumberland  County, 
paupercula,  Michx.— Low.  1» 
rubra,  L. — L<»w.  ])i-t.  to  Wake. 
obtusifolia,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  1» 
amplexksaulis,  Michx  Milk.)— Low.  Dist 

quadrifblia,  Jacq. — Up.  D 
\iTticillata.  L — Low.  and  Mid.  I>i?t. 
tuberosa,    L     (Butterfly    Weed      PJeu 
I    mmon. 


Kl.oW  BBING     PLANTS.  ±5 

A.cekate8  viridiflora,  Ell.  (Green  Milkweed.)  —Mid.  Dist. 

longifolia,  EH. — Low.  Dist. 
Podobtigma  pubesoens,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
Seuteha  maritima,  Dec — Salt  Marshes. 

GoNOtoaus  hirsutus,  Michx.  (Running  Milkweed.) — Low.  and  Mid. 
Dist. 
lnacroplivllus,  Michx.— Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

OLEACEJB. 

Olea  Americana,  L.  (Devil  Wood.) — Near  the  coast. 

Ligusteum  vulgare,  L.  (Privet.) — About  dwellings. 

Chionanthus  Virginiea,  L.    (Fringe  Tree.     Old  Plan's  Beard.) — 

Coast  to  Bine  Ridge. 
Fhaxims  platycarpa,  Michx.    (Water  Ash.) — Low.  Dist. 

Americana,  L.  (White  Ash.) — Mid.  and  Dp.  Dist. 

pubescens,  Lam.  (Red  Ash.) — Mid.  Dist. 

viridis,  Michx.  (Green  Ash.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

ARISTOEOCUIACE.E. 

Auistolochia  Serpentaria,  L.    (Virginia  Snake-root.) — Common, 
tomentosa,  Sims. — Mountains. 

Sipho,  LMIer.     (Wild  Ginger.     Big  SarsapariUa.) — 
Along  mountain  rivulets. 
As  arum  Canadense,  L. — Mountains. 

Virginicum,  L.  (Heart  Leaf.) — Mid.  and  LTp.  Dist. 
arifolium,  Michx.    (Heart  Leaf.    Asarabacea.) — Common. 

PHYTOLACCACE-E. 

Phytolacca  decandra,  L.  (Poke-weed.) — Common. 

CKKNO  PODI  AC  E/E. 

Chenopodium  album,  L.    (Lamb's  Quarters.) — Common  about  set- 
tlements. 
murale,  L. —  Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
AiifJirliniiifiriim.  L.  (Worm-seed.  Jerusalem  Oak.) — 
Common. 
Atblplex  liastata,  L.  (Orache.) — Seashore. 
Obione  arenaria,  Moq.  (Sand  Orache.) — Sea-beach. 
Cuenopodina  maritima,  Moq.  (Sea  Goosefbot.) — Salt  Marshes. 
Sai.icokma   herbacea,  L.  (Samphire.! — Salt  Marshes. 

ambigua,  Michx. — Do. 
Salsola  Kali,  L.  (Salt-wort.) — Sandy  Sea-shore; 


ii  •  >\\  i  i:i.\i.    ri.  w  n>. 


AM  \i:  \\  i  .\c  ii  . 

A.makami-  albus,  L,  (Amaranth.) — Low.  Dist. 

paniculatu8,  (Red   Amaranth.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

hybridus,  L  (Green  Amaranth.   Careless.) — Common. 

apino»u8,  L.  (Thornv  Amaranth.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

chlorostachys,  \Vill<l.     Cultivated  grounds. 
Euxolus  pumilus,  Raf.  (Dwarf  Amaranth.) — Sandy  Sea-shore. 
AiMHA  cannabina,  L  (Water  Elemp.)  -Low.  Dist. 
T:  i. \.\iiikk\  polygonoides,  Moq. — Low.  Dist. 

POLYGONACE  B. 

Polygonum  orientate,  L.  (Prince's  Feather.)— About  settlements. 

Pennsylvanicuuij  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 

Persicaria,  L.  (Lady's  Thumb.) — Common. 

acre,  Ktli.  (Smart  Weed.)     Common. 

hydropiperoides,   Michx.     (Water   Pepper.)     Common. 

hirsutum,  Walt. — Low.  \)'\>\. 

aviculare,  L  (Knot  Grass.)     \  rery  Common, 
erectiim.— Mid.  and  1  ']>.  Di>t. 
littorale. — Sea-beach. 

tenue,  Michx. — Lincoln  and  westward. 

Vrirginianum,  L.—  ( iominon. 

arifolium,  I..  (Scratch  Grass.)     Common. 

gagittatnm,  L.  (Tear  Thnrab.)— Do. 

cilinode,  Michx. — Snramil  of  Black  Mountain. 

dumetorum,  L.  (False  Buckwheat.)-    Common. 
Fagopyrum  esculentwrii  Moench,  (Buckwheat.)     Occasionally  natu- 
ralized. 

POLYGONELLA    pan  ifolia,    MicllX.-     LiOW.    I>i>t. 

articulata,  Meisn.     I)»>. 
Ki.mi:\  crispus,  L.  (Sour  Dock.)     \  r\\  common. 

verticillatus,  I..  (Swamp  Dock.)     Low.  Dist. 
si/iit/ni m  us,  L.  (Bloody  Dock.) — I)i».  yCrooin-,) 
it>tu#ifoliu*,  L.  (Bitter  Dock.)— All  the  Districts, 
maritimus,  L.  (Golden  Dock.)-  Low.  Dist.     Rait*. 
.  i .-,  ',,s, llu,  L.  (St'iTc-l.  i    ( louimon. 

LAL'RACEAS. 

i  \  Carolinensis,  Nees.  (Red  Bay.) — l*>w.  Dist. 
\  ar  :  palust  ri<*.      I  to 


FTJOWEKIXG     PI  A  4  7 

ficinale,  V  e&i     8  —  Common. 

Benzoes  odorifernm,  N     5.     Spi      Bush.    Fever  Bush.) — Comn 
melissfpfolinm,   Nees.-r-Low.    I»i~r.    (Dr.   McR,  .      Mi 
Di-r.     (Prtf^Mitthdl.) 
'.'axttikj:  \  geniculata,    Nees.     (Pond     Bush.) — Low.    Dist.  t<- 
Chatham  comity. 

TllVMKI.KAi   :• 

Dibca  palnstris,  T.  (Leather-wood.) — MM.  and  Up.  Pi-r.    Rare. 

SANTALA<  K.F.. 

("MANUKA  unibellata,  Nutt.  (Toad  Flax.) — Mid.  Dist. 

Darbya  umbeHulata,  Gray. — Lincoln  County. 

r>n  ki.kya  distichophylla,  Torr. —  French  Broad  an        _    inRivers, 

.    _v  - 
Pthulakla  oleifera,  Gray.  (Oil-nut.  Buffalo-nut.) — Mountain  sides. 

LORANTHACRS. 

Phokadehdeon  flaveseens,  Nutt.  (Mit>t  Common. 

baukuba 
Saheukus  eernuus,  L  iS-.vaii4.Lilh-.  Lizard's  Tafl.)— Common. 

CKRATOPHTl 

CKBATOPnTLLm  deinersmu,  L. — Low.  Dis  , 

'  Ai.UTKK  :i  1 

Callitrjche  verna,  U  (Water  Star  r.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

PODOSTEMACEJB. 

P0DO8TEMFM  eeratophyllum,    Miclix.    (River    W< 
Mid.  and  lip.  Dist. 

KL  1 

Euphorbia  corollata,  L.  (Flowering  Spnrg         I    >mmon. 
var:  angustifolia. — Low.  Dist. 
Curtisii,  Engelm.— Low.  Dist 
atrorubi  slm.— Cumberland  Co.  and«outh« 

1,  Pnrsh.  (Warted  Spurge.   -Low.  Dist. 
Darlingtonii,  Gray.     Sancey  and  Haywood  Counties. 
Ipecacuanha*,  L.     Wild  :  — !.  w.  DUr. 

cyathophora,  Jacq. — Low.  Di-t. 
hypericifolia,  J.. — Common  in  waste  grounds, 
puhentissima,  Michx. — Low.  Disl 


4>  FL0WBOM3    I'J.a.n    - 

Euphobbia  maculata,    L.      Spotted    Spurge.) — Common    in  waste 
grounds, 
cordifblia,  Ell. — Low.  Di>t. 
polygonifblia,  L.  (Shore  Spurge.) — Sea-shore. 
/."M  y/v'.v,  L.    (Gaper  Spurge.  Mole  Plant.) — dp.  Dist 
iieu<j'<n<<i<i.  Pnrah.  (variegated  Spurge.) — Mid.  Di-t. 
Sm  j.in(.ia  Bjlvatica,  L    (Queen's  Delight) — Low.  Dist 

Ligustrina,  Michx — Low.  Diet  [Dr.  McR 
A.  alypha  Yirginica,  L.  (Three  ><-'t'<lt-<l  Mercuiy.) — Common. 

gracUens,  Gray, — Low.  Dist. 
Tuac.i.v  urticifolia,  Michx. — Mid.  I>i-t. 
ureii~.  L.  (Nettle.) — Low,  Diet 
Cbotoh  maritimum,  Walt — Sea  coast 

glandulosum,  L. — Low.  &  Mi  J.  I)i^t. 
monanthogyftuni,  Michx. — Surry  &  westward. 
Cbotohopbh  linearis,  Michx. — Lincoln,  (.'«•. 

Cntooscolus  atimulosus,  Gray.  (Tread  softly.) — Low.  &  Mid.  I  nst 
Kit  im  >  communis^  L.  (Castor-oil  Plant.  \ — Neardwellii  gi 
PiiYr.r.AMiir>  Caroliniensis,  Walt. — Mid.  Dist. 

I  i:n<   \<  K.K. 

I'imi.  a  gracilis,  Ait.  (Tall  Nettle.)— Up.  Diet. 

capitata,  Willd.— Low.  t«.  Up.  Dist. 

urenSyL.  (Stinging  Nettle.)— -Low.  Dist. 
Latobti  \  Canadensis,  Gaud.  (Wood  Nettle.) — Up.  I>i-t. 
Pii.ka  puiuila,  Gray.  (Clear-w<     ..       \11  the  Districts. 
Parietarta   Pennsylvanica,  Mulil.  (Pellitory.) — Up.  Dist. 

debilis,  Forst — Low.  Dist 
BosiiMKRtA  cylindrica,  Willd.  (False  Nettle.) — Common. 

I   \n\Ai:i.\  \.  i   y . 

Cannaki-  ••>•"/'■.  1..    Hemp.) — About  settlements. 
llrMn.r-  Lnpnlns,  L.  (Hop.)— Rockingham  t<>  Cheroki 

Moaufl  rubra,  L.  (Mulberry.) — Common. 

iilh-i.  L.  (White  Mulberry.) — About  DweUii  f 
l'.i;. .i  —  -m  ii  \  papyri/*    '.  Vent  (Otaheite Mulberry.)-— Do, 

t  IMA. 

l'i  mi  -   Ameri  run;..  L.  I  Kim.  —All  tin-  Districts. 


)  ]."\\  l.Kl.Ni.     |-[.\X'!>.  4'.' 

Uimus  t'uha.  Michx.  (Slippery  Kim.)— All  the  Districts. 

alata,  Michx. (Small-leaved  Elm.) — Do. 
Pi.aneka  aquatics,  GhneL  (Planer-Tree,  i— Smith  of  Cape  Fear  River. 

Cki.iis  occidental^.  L.  (Hackberry.) — All  the  Districts. 

\ar:  pnmila,  (Dwarf  Hackberry.) — Low.  &  Mid. 
Dist. 

l'L.\  TAXA<   !  M. 

Pi.ataxo  occidentalis,  L.  (Sycamore.) — Common: 

.in.r.Axmu'K.i-:. 
Jiglaxs  nigra,  L.  (Black  Walnut.) — Common. 

cinerea,  L.  (White  Walnut.) — Guilford  &  westward. 
Carya  alba.  Xutt.  (Shell-bark  Hickory.) — Low.  to  Up.  Dist. 

sulcata,  Xutt.  (Thick  Shell-bark  H.)— W.  part  of  the  State. 

tomentosa.  Xutt.  (White  Hickory.) — Common. 

glabra.  Torr.  (Pig-nut  Hickory .}— All  the  Districts. 

microcarpa,  Xutt.  (Small-nut  II.) — Western  Counties. 

amara.  Xutt.  (Bitter-nut  Hickory.) — Coast  to  the  mountains. 

aqtiatica,  Xutt.  (Water  Bitter-nut  IT.)— Low.  Dist. 

CUPULIFEKJE. 
Quebctts  alba.  L.  ^White  Oak.) — Common 

obtnsiloba,  Michx.  (Post Oak.)— Do. 

lyrata,  Walt  (Over-cup  Ouk.i — Low.  Dist; to  Chatham  & 

( Grange. 
Prinus,  L.  (Swamp  Chestnut  Oak.) — Low.  Dist. 

"       var :    discolor,    Michx    (Swamp   White  Oak.) — 
Mid.  Dist. 
"       var:  monticola,  Michx.  (Rock  Chestnut  Oak.) — 
Mid.  &  Up.  Di>t. 
castanea,  AVilld.  (Chestnut  Oak.)— Low.   &  other  (?)  Dis- 
tricts, 
prinoides,  Willd.  (Chinquapin  Oak.) — All  the  Districts, 
vixens,  Ait.  (  Live  <  )ak. )— Sea-c. »a-t. 
Phejlos,  L.  (Willow  Oak.)— Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 

"     var  :  heterophvlla. — Alamance  Creek, 
laurifolia,  Michx.  (Laurel  Oak.) — Do. 
imbricaria,  Michx.  (Shingle  Oak.) — Mountain  streams. 

"       var  :  Leana. — Pigeon  River. 
cinerea.  Michx.  (Upland  Willow  Oak.) — Low.  Di*t. 
7 


PL  iWERTtfG    PL  i\l  -. 

Quebods  cinerea  rar:  pumila,  (Running  Oak.) — Do. 

aquatica,  Gates.   (Water  Oak.)-   Coast  to' the  mountains, 
nigra,  L.  (Black  Jack.)— Do. 
falcata,  Michx.  (Spanish  Oak.) — Common. 
'•      var:  pagodsefolia. — Low.  Dist. 
triloba. — D<>. 
tinctoria,  Bartr.  (Black  Oak.) — Low.  i  and  other  Districts. 
COCcinea,  Wang.   (Scarlet  Oak.) — All  the  Districts. 
rubra,  L.  (Red  Oak.)— Do. 
Oatesbsi,  Michx.  (Scrub  Oak.) — Low.  Dist. 
ilieifolia,  Wang.  (Bear  Oak.) — Mountains.     Bare. 
Castanea  ve.-ca,  L.  (Chestnut.) — Guilford  and  westward. 

.   pumila,  Michx.  (Chinquapin.) — Coast  to  Cherokee. 
"        var:  nana. — Low.  Dist.  to  Wake. 
Fagub  ferruginea,  Ait.  (Beeeli.) — All  the  Districts. 
CoBTLUfl   Americana,  Walt.  (Hazel-nut.) — Mountain-. 

rostrata,  Ait.  (Beaked  Hazel-nut.) — Mid.  and  Dp.  Di>t. 
Cm'.i'ixls  Americana,  Michx.  (Hornbeam.) — Common  alongstreams. 
Osteta  Virginica,  Willd.    (Hop   Hornbeam.) — Mid.  and  Tp.  Dist. 

MYin<A<  i  .k. 

Mybica  cerifera,  L.    (Wax  Myrtle.     Bayberry.) — Swamps  of  Low. 
Dist. 

\ar:  pumila. — Barrens  of  Low.  Dist. 

Comptoxia  asplenifolia,  Ait.    (Sweet  Fern.) — Franklin.  Wake  and 
Cumberland  to  the  mountain-. 

i:i.l  l  I..\ri:.K. 

Betula  nigra,  L.  (Red  Birch.) — Common  on  rivers. 

excelsa,    Ait.      (Yellow    Birch.) — Black    Mountain.      Also 

mountain-  of  Haywood.   (JBitckley.) 
Lenta,  L.  (Black  Birch.)— Mountains. 
A.LNU8  serrulata,  Ait.  (Alder,) — Common. 

viridis,  D.  0.   (Mountain  Alder.)— Top  of  Roan  Mountain. 

-  LLK  \<  l    B. 

Sm.ix  nigra,   Marsh.    (Black   or  Swamp  "Willow.) — Common   on 
streams, 

tristis,  Ait.  (Gray  Willow.) — Mountain-. 

humilis.  Marsh,  i  Bush  Willow.) — All  the  Districts. 


F&OWEBINti    HANTS.  51 

Bericea,  Marsh.   (Silky-leaved  Willow.)  -Low.  Dist.  { 
Babylonica,  Tourn.  (T^eepiag  Willow?) — About  dwellings. 
vitettina,  Smith.  (Yellow  Willow.) — Do. 
Populus  angulata.  Ait.  (Carolina  Poplar.) — Lew.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
heterophvlla,  L.  (Cotton  Tree.)— Low.  Dist. 
grandidentata,    Michx.     (Large-toothed    Aspen.) — Mid. 

Dist. 
dioatata,  Ait.    (Lombardy  Poplar.)  —About  settlements. 

CoNIFEK-E. 

Pints  mitis,  Michx.  (Yellow  or  short-leaved  Pine.) — Common. 

mops,  Ait.  (Cedar  or  Scrub  Pine.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

pungens,  Michx.    (Prickly  Pine.) — Pilot  Mountain  to  Blue 
Ridge. 

rigida,  Mill.  (Pitch  [id.  and  Up.  Dist:     Rare. 

serotina.  Mi  -;     .  id  .       :.  >w.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

Tbda,  L.(01  L  :  Slash  Pine.)— Low.  an 

Dist 

australis,  Michx.     (Long-leaf   Pine.) — Low.  Dist.     Rare  iu 
the  Middle. 

Strobus,  L.  (White  Pine.) — Mountains. 
Anir.s  Praseri,  Purah.  (Balsam  Fir.) — Highest  mountains. 

nigra,  Poir.  (Black  Spruce.) — Do. 

alba,  Michx  \  (White  Spruce.)— Do. 

Canadensis,  Michx.  (Hemlock.     Spruce  Pine.) — Mountains. 
Ci  I'KKssrs  thvoides,  L.  (White  Cedar.     Juniper.) — Low.  Dist, 
Taxodium  distichum.  Rich.  (Cypress.) — Do. 

"         var:  imhricaria,  Nutt. — Do. 
Thuja  occidentalis,  L.  (Arbor  Vitse.) — Mountains.    Pare. 
Jr.Mi'i  ins  Virginiana,  L.  (Red  Cedar.) — Common. 


FLOWERING    PLA 


(  LASS  II.  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 


PALXACEJE. 

Sabal  Palmetto,  \l.  A  s.  (Palmetto.) — Cape  Fear  A:  southward. 
Adansonii,  Guerns.    I  >warf  Palmetto  |  —Low.  I  > i~r . 

ABA) 

Aih-.ema  triphyllum,  Torr.  (Indian  Tnrnip.) — Common. 

Dracontinm,  Schott.  (Dragon  Root.] — Mid.  Di^t. 

polymorphum,  Chapm. — French  Broad  River.  (Buckley.) 
Peltabuba  Virginica,  Raf.  (Arrow  Arum.) — Lincoln  (  !o. 

Xabthosoma  sagittifolium,  Schott  (Sj n  Flower.) — Wilmington. 

E   mpuh  aepcb  foetidus,  Salisb.  (Skunk  Cabbage.      N.  sar  Raleigh. 
Qbohtiuii  aquaticum,    L   (Golden   Club.  Water  Dock.) — Coast  to 

Cherol 
AooBUfl  Calamus,  L.    <  alai  ins.  — All  the  Districts. 

LEMXA4 

Lbmha  minor.  L  (Duck-weed.) — Low.  &  Mi  1.  Di-t. 
polyihiza,  L. — L<>w.  Di-t. 

TYPHA<  I 

Ttpha  latifolia,  L.  'Cat-tail.' — Common. 

Spakgaxiuv  ramosum,  Huds.  (Bur  Reed. — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist 

NAIAI>\<  )  .V. 

Naias  flexilis,  Rotsk. — Low.  Dist 

Zostbba  marina,  L.   &  i-wrack.) — Saltwater. 

Zannk  hki.ua  palustris,  L — Low.  T> i - r . 

Ruppia  maritima,  L.  (Ditch  Grass.)— Low.  I)i>t. 

Potamoobtoh  pectinatus,  L.  (Pond-weed.)— Low.  Di.-t. 

pauciflorus,  Pursh. — Low.  &  Mid.  Dist. 

.peHbliatua,  L. — Low.  I>i-t. 

luoens,  L — Low.  &  Mid.  I)i-t. 

fluitans,  Roth. — Low.  &  Biid.  I>i>t. 

heterophyllus,  Schreb. — Low.  A  Mid.  L)i>t. 

hybridus,  Michx.—  I  k>. 

AI.I.-MA' 

Ai.i-ma  Plantago,  L.  (Water  Plantain.) — Common. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  53 

Tbiglochin  triandrnm,  Miebx.  (Arrow  Grass.) — Low.  Dist. 
EcHENODOKua  radicans,  Engelm. —  Low.  Dist. 
Sagittaria  variabilis,  Engelm.  (Arrow-leaf.)— Common. 

falcata,  Pursh. — Low.  Dist. 

heterophylla,  Pursh. —  Low.  Dist. 

simplex,  Pnrsb. — Do, 

nutans,  Michx. — Do. 

pusflla,  Xntt.— Do. 

ttYDROCHARIDACEaS. 

Anachabis  Canadensis,     Planch.     (Water-weed.) — Valley    River, 

Cherokee. 
Vallissnebia  spiralis,  L.  (Tape  Grass.) — Near  Newbern.     (Croon*.) 
Ljhnobxum  Spongia,  Rich.  (Frog-bit-) — Low.  Dist. 

BUBMANNIACE^!. 

Buemannia  biflora,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
capitata,  Chapm. — Do. 


OKI    IllOAl    1...1'.. 

Microstylis  ophioglossoides,  Nutt.  (Adder's  Mouth,)— All  the  Dis- 
tricts. 
Lipabis  liliifolia,  Rich.  (Twayblade.)— Low.  and  Up.  Districts. 
CoKALi.ounizA  odontorhiza,  Nntt.  (Coral  Root.)— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

innata,  R.  Br.  —  I p.  Dist. 
Aplectbum  hiemale,  frutt.  (Putty  Root.)— Macon  Co.  (Buckley.) 
Calopogon  pulchellus,  R.Br.  (Bearded  Pink.) — Common, 
parviflorus,  Lindl. — Low.  Dist. 
var:  albus. — Do. 
Tipulabia  discolor,    Nutt.    (Crane-Fly   Orchis.) — Low.  and   Mid. 

Dist 
Bletia  aphylla,  Xntt.— Low.  Dist.  (Dr.  MeJRee.)  Mid.  Dist.    (Dr. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides,  Xmt. — Low.  Dist.  to  Mountains. 

pcndula,  Lindl.— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

divaricata,  R.  Br. — Low.  and  Up.  Dist. 

verticillata.  Nutt — Low.  Dist.     (Geo.    Wilton.) 
AjtSTHUSA  bulbosa,  L. — Mountains.    (Michcnix.) 
Obchis  Bpectabilis,    L.    (Showy    Orchis.)     Davidson    county   and 
westward. 


54  H.oWKUINo    PLANTS. 

Gymnadenia  uava,  Liiidl.     Macon  and  Cherokee. 

trident  at  a,  Lindl — Mountains. 
Plataktheka  orbiculata,    Lindl.    (Hound-leaved    Orchis.) — Moun- 
tains. 

flava,  Gray,  (Yellow  Orchis.)— low.  Dist. 

bracteata,  Tor.  (Green  Orchis.) — Mountains. 

ciliaris,  Lindl.  (Yellow  Fringed-Orchis.) — Common. 

blephariglottis,    Lindl.    (White    Fringed-Orchis.) — 
Low.  and  Mid.  Di>t. 

cristata,   Lindl.    (Ci*ested  Orchis.) — Coael   to  Moun- 
tains. 

lacera,  Gray.  (Ragged  Orchis.) — Pp.  Di^-t. 

pgycodes,  Gray.    (Small   Purple  Fringed-Orchis.) — 

Mid.  and  Op.  Dist. 

mnbriata,  Lindl.  (Large  Purple  Fringed-Orehis.) — 

Mountain  Swamps. 
per  mo  na,  Gray.  (Great  Purple  Orchis.) — Mid.  and 
(p.  Dist. 
Babenarla  repens,  Xutt. — Low.  Dist. 
Si'iKANTiiKs  cernua,  Rich.  (Lady's   Tresses.) — Common, 
odorata,  Xutt. — Low.  Dist. 
tortilis,  Willd. — Common, 
gracilis,  BigeL — Low.  Dist.  # 

Goody  era  pubescens,  P.  Br.  (Rattlesnake  Plantain.) — Lincoln  and 
westward. 
repens,  11.  Br. — Mountains. 

Listkka  australis,  Lindl.   (Twayblade.) — Low.  Dist, 

convallarioides,  Hook. — Mountains. 
Pontiiikva  glandulosa,  P.  Br. —  Low.  Dist. 

Cypbipediuii  pubescens,  Willd.  i  Vol  low  Lady's  Slipper.)  -Mid.  and 
Pp.  Dist. 
parviflorum,  Sali>l>. — Mountains.  I  Michauv.) 
gpectabile,  Swart/.     Mountains, 
dcaule,  Ait.    (Purple  Lady's  Slipper.) — All  the  Dis- 
trict-. 

\M  LSYLLIDAl  i  v:. 

Amaeyllis  Atamax'o.  L.   (Atamasoo  Lily.') — Low*  and  Mid.  Dist. 

PancBATIUII   rotatmn.  Kcr.-  -Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

Agave  Vir-inica.  L.  (False  Aloe.)— Mid.  and  Pp.  Dist, 
HxpoxYfl  erecta,  L.  I  Yellow  Star-'rr;i.~^.  i — Common. 


FLOWKB1NG    l'l.AM-. 
II.EMODORA<  Y.E. 

La<  uxaxthk>  tinetoria,  Ell.  (Red Root.) — Low.  l>i>t. 
Lophiola  anrea,  Ker. — Low.  Dist. 
Alktris  farinosa,  L.  (Star-grass.  Colic-root) — Common, 
anrea,  Walt — Low.  and  Mid.  Pi>t. 

BSOMKLIACELfi. 

Tii.lam'-ia  usneoides,  L.  (Long  Moss.) — Low.  Dist 

IRIDAc  K  E. 

Ii:i>  versicolor,  L.  (Bine  Flag.) — Common. 

tripetala,  Walt.— Low.  Dist. 

Virginiea,  L. — All  the  Districts. 

cristata.  Ait.  (Crested  Iris.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

verna,  L.  (Dwarf  Iris.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Parpaxtju-s  ChinensiSj  Ker.  (Blackberry  Lily.) — Mid.  Dist 
Si-YRixciiu'M  Bermndiana,  L.  (Blue-eyed  Grass.    Pepper  Grass.  — 
I     Mimon. 

DIOSCOBEACKS. 

Dioscorea  villosa,  L.  (Wild  Yam.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 

SMII.AfK.E. 

Smilax  rotnndifolia,  L.  (Bamboo. — Common. 
tamnoides,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
P-eudi>-Cliina,  L.  (China  Root  i — Common, 
glauca,  Walt  (Sarsaparilla.) — D". 
Walteri,  Pnrsh.  (Red-berried  Bamboo.) — Low.  Dist. 
lanceolata,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
lanrifolia,  L. — P<>. 
anricnlata,  Walt. — On  the  Coast. 
C0PBO8MAHTHTT8  herbaceus,  Ktli.  (Carrion  Flower.) — Mid.  Dist. 
pednnenlaris,  Kth. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
tamnifolins,  Kth. — D<». 
Trillium  sessile,  L.  (Wake Robin.) — Davidson  and  westward, 
cernnnm,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
stylosnm,  Xutt. — Mid.  Dist. 

erythrocarpnm,  Michx.  (Wild  Pepper.) — Mountains. 
grandiflornm,  Salisk — Mountain-, 
erect  11111.  L. — Mountains. 
pnsillmn,  Mielix. — Low.  Dist. 
Mki>K<'T..\  Virginiea,  L.  (Cncnmber  Root.) — Lincoln  and  westward. 


FLOWERING     I'l.A.N  I -. 

i.i i.i a i  i;.k. 
Lilicm  Biiperbuin,  L.  (TurkVeap  LUy-)- -Mountains. 

var:  Caroliniamim. — Mid.  and  (Tp.  J)i>t. 
Canadense,  I..  (Yellow  Lily. » — Mountain-. 
Philadelphicum,  L.  (Orange  Lily.) — Do. 
Catesbsei,  Walt.  (Sontheni  Lily.)— Low.  Di>t.  to  Wake  Oo. 
Yucca  aloifolia,  L  (Spanish  Bayonet.) — Low.  Di-t. 
gloriosa,  L.-  Sea-coasl . 

filaraentosa,  L.  (Bear  Grass.)--Al]  the  Districts, 
recnrvifolia,  Salisu. — "'Sandy  fields,  X.  Car."'     (Nuttatt.) 
Erythbonium  Americanum,   Smith.   (YeTIow  Adder's   Tongue.) — 

Mid.  and  Dp.  Dist. 
Polygonatdw  biflorum,  Ell.  ( Solomon*-  Seal.) — Common. 
Smii.a<  ixa  racemosa,  Desf.  (False  Spikenard.) — Mid.  and  tip.  Dist. 

bifolia,  Krr.— Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Conyallaria  majalis,  L.  (Lily  of  the  Valley.)— Mountains. 
(  'i.intoma  umbellata,  Torr. — Mountains. 

borealis,  Raf.— Do. 
Allium  tricoccum,  Ait.  (Karnps.)-  -Mountains, 
cernuum,  Roth. — Do. 
Canadense,  Kalm. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
striatum,  Jacq.     Low.  Dist.  to  Wake, 
rinriilr.  L.  (Wild  Onion.)     Fields  in   Low.  and  Mid.   Dist. 

Mil    \.\ TIIACK.K. 

Mii.a.ntiihm  Virginicum,  L.  (Bunch  Flower.)  -All  the  Districts. 
Zygadenfs  glaberrimus,  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 

leimanthoides,  ( rray. — Mountains. 
Si i;.\A.\iiinM  angustifolium,  Gray. — All  the  Districts. 
V  bratrum  viride,  L.  (Big  Hellebore.   Bear  Corn.) — Mountains. 

parviflorum,  Michx.—  Mountains. 
A mia.vi  hum  musceetoxicum,  Gray.  (Fall  Poison.    Hellebore.  Crow 
Poison.)     Common, 
angustifolium,  Gray.     Low.  Dist. 
Xkeophylluu  asphodeloides,  Gray.*-  Table  Mountain. 
('iia.m.ki.ikum  luteum,  <  lraj  .  i  Blazing  Star.  Devil's  bit.)— Common. 
Pi.kka  tenuifolia.  Michx. — Low. .Dist. 
Toi'iKi.itiA  glabra,  Nutt.  (False  Asphodel.)  -Low.  Di>t. 

pubens,  Ait. — Com  in  on. 


FLOWERING    PLAXi-.  ~>~ 

Tofieldia  glutinosa,  Willd. — Mountains. 
UvTJLAEIA  perfoliata,  L.  (Bell-wort.) — Mid.  Dist. 

grandiflora,  Smith. — Mountains. 
-ilifolia.  L. — Common. 

puberula,  Miehx. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
Prosartes  lanuginosa,  Don. — Mountains. 
SrEEPTOPua  rosens,  Miehx — Do. 

JTDKCAGEfi. 

Juwcub  eftusus.  L.  (Bog  Rush.) — Common. 

setaeeus,  Rostk. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

maritimus.  Lam. — Brackish  marshes. 

tennis,  Willd. — Common. 

Gerardi,  Lois. — Brackish  marshes. 

dichotomus.  Ell. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

scirpoides,  Lam. — Do. 

polycephalus,  Ell. — Common. 

paradoxus.  Merer. — Low.  Dist. 

debilis.  Gray. — Low.  Dist. 

acnminatus,  Miehx. — Do. 

Elliottii,  Chapm. — Do. 

Conradi,  Tuck. — Do. 

marginatus,  Rostk. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

var:  cylindricus. — Lincoln  County. 

bufonius,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
Luzula  campestris,  D.  C. — Common. 

pilosa,  "Willd. — Mountains. 
Cephaloxys  flabellata,  Desv. — Low.  Dist. 

PONTEDER  J  AC  E.E. 

Poxtederia  cordata,  L  (Pickerel  Weed.) — Common. 

Schollera  graminea,  Willd.  ("Water  Star  Grass.)— Surry  and  west- 

ward. 
Heteraxthera  renifurmis,  R.  &  P.  (Mud  Plantain.) — X.Carolina. 
(Prof.  Darly.) 

I  I  MMELYXACE.E. 

(ommllyxa  communis,  L.  (Day  Flower.) — Low.  Dist 
Virginica,  L. — Common, 
erecta.  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 

8 


5S  FLOWERING    PL  A 

Tki  :a  Yirginica.  L.  (Spider-wort.) — Mountain 

a,  Vent. — Low.  Dist. 

KAYACACEA. 

Mayaca  Michauxii.  8.  &  E. — Low.  Di=t. 

XXX1DACBJB. 

Xyris  brevifolia.   Michx.    <  Yell<>w-eved    <-:.--    —Low.   and    Mid. 
Dist. 
arnbigua.  Beyr. — Low.  Dist. 
flexuosa.  Muhl. — Up.  Dist. 
Caroliniana,  "Walt. — Common, 
nmbriata.  Ell. — Low.  D- 
torta.  Smith. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
tenuifolia.  Chapm. — Low.  Dist. 
Baldwiniana.  P.  &  S. — Low.  Dist. 

DDOCACIOHACBJt 

Eriocaui."X  decaiigulare,  L.    Pipe-wort  — I  w.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

gnaphalodes.  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 
Pjepalaxthus  rlavidnlus.  Ktli.  ('Yellow  Pipe-wort.) — Low.  D'-- 
Lachhocautoh    Miehanxii.  Kth.     [Hairy    Pipe-wort.) — Low.    and 
Mid.  Dist. 

cyperacea.     (Sedge  G.    9G  - 
Cypeeus  fiv  L — Mid.  Dif 

diandrns.  Torr. — Common. 
Nnttallii,  Ton*. — Low.  1 1 
microdontr.  -  — Mid.  Dist. 

Gal  rr. — L:<w.  Dist 

strig-  ana,  L. — Common, 
spec: os us,  Y  .... — Low.  Dist. 
stenolepis.  Torr. — Do. 
Miehauxianns.  Sclmltes. — D. •. 

"        var:  \  elongatns,  Torr. — Up.  Dist 
tetragonus.  Ell. — Low.  1 1 
repens.  Ell. — 1>  . 

rotundus.  L.  (Nut  Gnas.) — L'>w.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Haspan.  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
dentatns,  Torr. — L:»w.  and  Mid.  D^t. 
virens.  Miehx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
■etna.  Willd. — Low.  Dist. 


FLOWERING    PLANTS.  59 

Cyperus  inflexus,  Muhl. — Mid.  Diet, 
compressus,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
filiculmis,  Yalil. — Do. 
Ghrayii,  Torr. — Do. 

ovularis,  Torr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
retrofractus,  Torr. — Common. 
Baldwinii,  Torr. — Low.  Dist. 
erythrorhizos,  Muhl — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Kyllixoia  pumila,  Michx. — Common. 
Lipocarpiia  maculata,  Torr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
IIemicarpiia  subsquarrosa,  Nees, — Mid.  Dist. 
Dulichium  spathaceum,  Rich. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Futrexa  squarrusa,  Michx.  (Umbrella  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

var:  luspida.— Mid.  Dist. 
Eleochabis  equisetoides,  Torr.  (Spike  Rush.) — Low.  Dist. 
quadrangulata,  R.  Br. — Do. 
tuberculosa,  R.  Br. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
simplex,  Torr. — Do. 
prolifera,  Torr. — Low.  Dist. 
intermedia,  Torr. — Mid.  Dist. 
rostellata.  Torr. — Low.  Dist. 
melanocarpa,  Torr. — Do. 
tricostata,  Torr. — Do. 
tennis.  Schultes. — Mid.  Dist. 
microcarpa,  Torr. — Low.  Dist. 
olivaeea,  Torr. — Sea-coast. 
palustris,  R.  Br. — Low.  Dist. 
obtusa,  Schultes. — Common, 
acicnlaris,  B.  Br. — Low.  Dist. 
pygmsea,  Torr. — Xear  the  Coast. 
Baldwinii,  Torr. — Do. 
BcDEtPua  ciespitosus,  L.  (Bulrush.) — Mountains, 
debilis.  Pursh.— All  the  Districts. 
pungens,  Vahl.  (Sword  Grass.) — Xear  the  Coast. 
Olneyi,  Gray. — Brackish  marshes. 
laeustris,  L. — Low.  Dist. 
maritimus,  L. — Salt  Marshes, 
polvphyllus,  Vahl.— Mid.  Dist. 
Eriophorum,  Michx. — Common, 
lineatus.  Michx. — Low.  Dist. 


60  nowsBora  plants. 

Esaoraom  m  Vuginicnm,  L  ■  C"« »tt^>n  Grass.) — Common, 
polystachyon,  L. — Mountain  Bwamps. 

Fimkki-i tub  Bpadicea,  Vahl. — Low.  ami  Mid.  Dist. 
var  :  puberula. — Low.  Dist. 
laxa,  Vahl. — Mid.  and  Up,  PUt. 
TtacBELomiMB  antumnalis,  Chapm. — Common. 
Isoum  capillars.  R  A  S. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 
ciliatifolia.  Torr. — Low.  Dist 
stenophylla,  Torr. — Low.  Di-t. 
BnmcmMoraKA  plnmoaa,  Ell.  (Tick-seed  Grass.  — Low.  Di?t. 
oligantha,  Gray. — Low.  Dist. 
rariflora,  Ell. — Do. 
Torreyana,  Gray. — Do. 
cymosa,  Xutt. — Mid.  Dist. 
microcaipa,  Baldw. — Low.  Di-t. 
inexpansa.  Vahl. — Do. 
caduca,  Ell. — Do. 
miliacea.  Gray. — Do. 
Grayii,  Ktb. — Do. 
megalocarpa,  Gray. — D 
Baldwinii,  Gray. — Do. 
ciliata,  Vahl. — Do. 
ocularis,  Nntt. — Do. 

var:  distant. — Do. 
filifolia.  Gray. — Do. 
pallida,  M.  A.  C— Do. 
alba,  Vahl. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
gracilenta.  Gray. — Do. 
glomerata.  Vahl. — Common. 

var  :  paniculata. — Do. 
eephalantha,  Ghray. — Low.  Di>t. 
Chapinanii.  M.  A.  C— ] 
CnAToacmuci  macrostach jna,  Gray.  (Honied  Rash.) — Low.  Dist. 

comicnlatas,  Nees. — Low.  Di>t. 
PaiLocAKTA  rhynchosporoides,  T->n-.  (Bald  Rush.) — Low.  Di-t. 
Cladtch  effbsom,  Torr.  (Saw  Grass.) — Low.  Di>t. 

tnariscoides,  Torr.  (Twig  Rush.) — Da 
DicHROMsara  latifolia,  Baldw. — Low.  Dist. 
leucocephala,  Micfax. — J 


FLo\VKKIN<;    PLANTS.  61 

St.kria  triglomerata,  Michx.  (Nut  Hush.) — Common. 
reticularis,  Michx. — -Low.  Di<t. 
laxa,  Torr. — Common. 
Elliottii,  Chapm. — Low.  ami  Mid.  Dist. 
pauciflora,  Muhl. — Mid.  Dist. 
gracilis,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
verticillata,  Muhl.— Do. 
Cases  bromoides,  Schk.  (Sedge  Grass.) — Low.  Dist. 
decomposita,  Muhl. — Mid.  Dist.  1 
vulpinoidea,  Miclix. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
stipata,  Muhl. — Do. 
sparganioides,  Muhl. — Mid.  Dist. 
Muhlenbergii,  Schk. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
cephalophora,  Muhl. — Mid.  Dist. 
rosea,  Schk. — Do. 
retroflexa,  Muhl. — Mountains, 
stellulata.  Good . — Common. 
canescens,  L. — Mountains.     {Buckley.) 
scoparia,  Schk. — Common. 

"       var:  lagopodioides. — Do. 
straminea,  Schk. — Do. 

"      var:  festneacea. — Up.  Dist 
fcenea,  Muhl. — Low.  Dist. 

"  var":  alata. — Do.  (Croom.) 

torta,  Boott. — Macon  County. 
stricta,  Good. — Common. 
crinita,  Lam. — Common. 

"       var:  gvnandra. — Low.  Dist. 
Mitehelliana,  M.  A.  C. — Chatham  County, 
polytrichoides,  Muhl. — Common. 
Fraseri,  Sims. — High  mountains. 
Willdenovii,  Schk.— Up,  Dist. 
squarrosa,  L — Mid.  Dist. 

Bnxbaumii,  "Wahl — Mountains.  (Prqf.  Gray.) 
hirsuta.  Willd. — Common, 
trice]".-,  Michx. — Mid.  Di>t. 
virescens,  Muhl. — Mountains, 
aestivalis.  If.  A.  C.  (Winter Grass.) — Mountains, 
gracillima,  Si-hwein. — Low.  Dist. 
Davisii,  Schw.  &  Tori". — Mountains. 


62  FLOWERING    n.AXTS. 

Cases  miliaoea,  Muhl. — Lincoln  td  Cherokee, 
filiformie,  L. — Mountain  swamps, 
restita,  Willd.— Up.  Diet. 

polymorphs^  Mulil. — Swamps  of  Low.  and  Up.  Dist. 
dasycarpa,  Muhl. — Low.  Dist. 
Pennsylvanica,  Lam. — Common. 

var:  Muhlenbergii. — Up.  Dist. 
laoormri,  Willd. 

"       var:  nigromarginata. — Mid.  Dist. 

"       var:  Emmonsii. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
grisea,  WaM. — Mid.  Dist. 

"     var:  niutica. — Low.    Dist. 
granulans,  Muhl. —  Low.  Dist. 
com >i( lea,  8chk. — Common, 
tetanica,  Schk. — Mountains, 
lax  i  flora,  Lam. — Common. 

var:   striat  ula.—  Mid.  and  [Jp.  Dist. 
Btyloflexa,  Buckl. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
digitalis,  Willd. — Do. 
oligocarpa,  Schk. — Common. 
plantaginea,  Lam. — Mountains.  {Prof.  G-ray.) 
Carolinian  a,  Buckl. — Mountains, 
venusta,  Dew. — Low.  Dist. 
debilis,  Michx. — ( lommon. 
juncea,  Willd.-   Roan  Mountain.  (Buckley.) 
seal trata.  Bchwein. — Mountains, 
tlacca.  Schreb. — Mid.  Dist. 
glancescens,  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 
verrucosa,  Ell. — Do. 
comosa,  Boott. — Do. 

liyslricina.  Mnhl.  —  Mountains. 

tentaculata,  Muhl. — ( lommon. 
gigantea,  Rudge. — Up.  Dist. 

lupulina,    Muhl. — Common. 
Bubulata,  Michx.-  Low.  Dist. 
folliculata,  L. — ( lommon. 
tnrgescens,  Torr. — Low.  I>i>t. 
Elliott ii,  Scliw.  &  Tor.— Do. 
intumescens,  Rudge.    -Up.  Dist. 
Striata,  Michx. — Low.  Dist.  ^ 


FLOWERING    PLANTS. 


63 


Caricx  riparia,  Curt. — Low    Dist. 
bullata,  Sc-hk.— Mid.  Dist.  \ 

oramixk.e.  (Grasses.) 
Leersia  oryzoides,  Swartz.  (Rice  Grass.) — Common. 
Virginica,  Willd. — Common. 

lenticularis,  Michx. — Islands  of  the  Roanoke.  (Pursh.) 
Zizania  aquatica,  L.  (Wild  Rice.) — Low.  Dist. 

miliacea,  Michx.  (Wild  Oats.)— Low.  and  Mid,  Dist. 
Hydeociiloa  Carolinensis,  Beauv. — Low.  Dist. 
Alopecurus  geniculates,  L.  (Floating  Foxtail.) — Swampy  Grounds. 

jrratensis,  L.  (Meadow  Foxtail.) — Meadows. 
Phledm  jjratense,  L.  (Timothy.) — Meadows. 
Polypooon  maritimvS)  Willd.  (Beard  Grass.) — Sea-coast. 
Spororolus  jnnceus,  Kth.  (Wire  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Indicus,  Br. — Do. 
Virgin  icus,  Kth. — Mid.  Dist. 
Vilfa  aspera,  Beauv. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

vaginaeflora,  Torr. — Mid.  Dist. 
Agrostis  elata,  Trin.  (Tall  Thin  Grass.)— Common. 
perennans,  Gray.  (Thin  Grass.) — Common. 
Bcabra,jWilld.  (Hair  Grass.)— Do. 
alia,  L.  (Bent  Grass.  Herd's  Grass.) — Common. 
rupestris,  All. — Mountains. 
Cixna  arundinacea,  L.  (Wood  Reed  Grass.) — Common. 

var  :  pendula. — Mountains. 
Muhlehbergia  Mexicana,  Trin.  (Drop-seed  Grass.) — Mid.  and  Up. 
Dist. 
Willdenovii,  Trin. — Mountains. 
diffusa,  Schreb.  (Nimble  Will.) — Common. 
capillaris,  Kth.  (Hair  Grass.) — Near  the  coast. 
trichopodes,  Chapm. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
BrAciiyklytrum  aristatum.  Beany. — Mountains. 
Cai.am.u.imstis  coarctata,  Torr.  (Reed  Bent  Grass.  Wild  Oats.) — 
Common, 
arenaria.  Roth. — Sea-beach. 
Stow  avenaeea,  L.  (Feather  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  \)\a. 
Aristida  lanata,  Poir.  (Three-awned  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  I>i.-t. 
pnrpnrascens,  Poir. — Common. 
gracilis.  Ell. — Do. 


•''4  H.oWKKINi.     PI.AM-. 

Aristida  trirgata,  Trill. — Low.Dist. 

strieta,  >n«*hx.  (Wire  Grow.) — Low.Dist 
dichototna,  Miehx.  (Poverty  Grass.  — Mid. Diet 
spiciformis,  Ell. — Low.  I >i>r. 
oligantha,  Miehx. —  I  k>. 
Si-aktina  Juncea,  Wflld. — Sea  coast 

polystachya,  WilM. —  Low.  Diet, 
glabra,  Mnhl.  (Mareh  Grass.) — Salt  Marshes. 
Gymxopogon  racemo&us,  Beauv. — Common. 

var:  filiformis. — Low.  and  Mid.  I >i-r. 
acuta  petnea,  Desv. — Sea  coast 
Cynodoh  Dactylon,  Pers.  (Bermuda  Grass.  Reed  Grass.) — Low.  and 

Mid.  Dist 
Otenicii  Americanum,   Spreng.   (Lemon    Grass.) — Low.   Di>t.   to 

Wake  Co. 
Dacttloctenium  .  .  Willd.    Egypti  -—Do. 

Eleusine  1,,'l-n.  Grsert    Goose  Grass.) — Common. 

u>i  mucronata,  Kth. — Common  in  enlt.  grounds, 
polystachya,  Kth. — Brackish  marshes. 
Tivii  DSFia  Beslerioides,  Ten-. — Common  in  old  fields. 
Triflasis  Americana,  Beauv.  (Sand  Grass.)— Low.  Di-t. 

purpurea,  Chapm. —  Low.  T  >i-t. 
Eatohia  obtusata,  Gray.— Common. 

Pennsylvanica,  Gray. — Mid.  and  Op.  Di>t. 
Mki.ua  mutica,  Wart  (Meb'c  Grass.) — Common. 
Glyorria  nerrata,  Trin. — All  the  Districts. 

pallida,  Trin. — dp.  Dist     {Dr.  Hunter.) 
fluitans,  K.  Br.— Low.  and  dp,  Dist 
Aim  nmnakia  gigantea,  Chapm.  (Cane.)— Low.  Dist. 

tecta,  Mnhl.  (Reed.) — Common. 
Bruopyruii  Bpieatum,  Book.  (Spike  Grass.      Sea  ooast 
Poa  annua.  L.  (Spear  Grass.  May  Grass.)— Common, 
ftexuosa,  Mnhl. — Common, 
pratensis,  L.  (Blue  Grass.) — Common, 
compreesa,  L. — All  the  Districts. 
l>v  iv i.i-  glomerate)  L  (Orchard  Grass.)—  All  the  Districts. 
Eragrostoi  reptans,  Nees.     Mid.  and  IJp.  Ih%t. 
megastachya^  Link. — ( Sommon. 
Purshii,  Schrad. — 1><>. 


Ebaqbostis  tenuis,  Gray. — Do. 

papillaris,  Xees. — Mid.  Dist. 
pectinacea,  Gray. — Common. 

"         var:  refract  a. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Festdca  Myurus,  L.  (Fescue  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
tenella,  Willd.— Do. 
duriuscula,  L. — Sea  coast. 
elatlor,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
nutans,  Willd. — Common. 
Bbomus  sccali?ms,  L.  (Cheat.  Chess) — Wheat  fields, 
ciliatus,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  DUt. 
"       var  :  purgans. — Do. 
Uniola  latifolia,  Michx. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist.  * 

paniculata,  L.  (Beach  Grass.) — Sea-beach. 
gracilis,  Michx. — Common. 
IIordecm  pusillum,  Xutt. — Low.  Dist*     (TF.  M.  Canty.) 
ElymUs  Yirgink-us,  L.  (Rye  Grass.) — Common. 

striatus,  Willd. — Mountains. 
Gtmnootichum  Ilystrix,  Schreb.  (Bottle  Brush.) — Mid.  and  [Jp.  Dist. 
Loxnm  temulmtumj  L.  (Darnel.) — Mid.  Dist. 
Aira  tlexuosa,  L.  (Hair  Grass.) — Mountains. 
Tki-ktum  palustre,  Torr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Diet. 

niolle,  Kth. — Roan  Mountain. 
Danthonia  spicata,  Beau  v.  (Wild  Oat  Grass^ — Common. 

sericea,  Xutt. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
Arkiikxatuerum  avif)act(/.//i,  BauiY.  (Tall  Oat  Grass.) — Mid.  Hist. 

in  meadows. 
H0LOU8  lanatus,  L.  (Velvet  Grass.) — Common.     In  meadows. 
Axtiiuxaxtiilm  odorafaem,  L.  (Sweet-scented  Grass.) — Do. 
Piialaris  intermedia,  Bosc.  (Southern  Canary  Grass.) — Low.  Dist. 
Paspalum  miitans,  Kth.— Lincoln  Co.     Also  Gaston  Co. !     (Dr. 
Hunter.) 
"Walteri,  Schultes. — Low.  Dial. 
Digitaria,  Poir. — Do. 

disticlnnn,  L.  (Joint  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
prtscox,  Walt — Low.  Dist.  t<»  Wake, 
lseve,  Michx. — Common. 
Floridanum,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Di>t. 
racemnlosnm,  Xutt. — Coast  t<>  CSierokee. 
0 


N  H."\\Kl:iN«,     n.AM-. 

PasPALDM   undulatuin.  Poir. — Low.  and  Mid.  Di-t. 

ciliatitulimn,  Michx. — Common. 
Ami-mi.  AiuTM  Purshii.  Kth. — Near  Newborn.    {Croom.) 
I'ami  im  x-'/t<ivut<ii<..  L.  (Grab  Grass*) — Common, 
filiforme,  L — Common, 
gibbnm,  Ell. — Low.  Diet. 
Cnrtiaii,  Chapm. — Do. 
hiana,  Ell. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dkt. 
anceps,  L. — Common, 
virgatnm,  L. — Do. 
amarnm,  Ell. — On  the  ooast 
prolifernm,  Lam. — Common. 
w         capillars,  L. — Do. 

divergenBj  MnhL — Low.  Di^t. 
verrue<  earn,  MnhL. — Common. 
latifolium,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.  Di^r. 
elandeatinnm,  L. — Mid.  L>i;t. 

iparium,  L. — Common, 
panciflornm,  Ell  ( — Low.  Dist. 
visciduin.  Ell. — Low.  Dist. 

rinacnlnm,  Ell. — Da 
mierocarpon,  Muhl. — Mid.  Dist. 
dichotomnm,  L. — Common, 
commntatnm,  Schnltes. — Low.  and  Mid.  ! 
depatfperatnm,  Muhl. — 1  >• .. 
ignoratnm,  Kth. — Lew.  Dist. 
niluin.  Kth. — Do. 
< '/  U8-G       '.  I..     I     liuiion. 

rat  :  hispidum. — Da 
Walteri,  Ell. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist 
hirtelluin.  L. — Near  the  coast 
Brabia  iv. — L"\v.  D 

</<(>«\r,  Beany.  (Foxtail) — Cum:: 
It'iJi'-'i,  Kth.  (Italian  Millet.) — Near  Wilmington. 
Ckhchbto  tribnloidea,  L  (Sand-spnr.) — <  >n  t!. 
Rottbooxia  rngosa,  Nntt — NearNewbern.    (Oi         a-  Wilson.) 
TmrsAouu  dactyloideSj  L  (Gama  G  L    ..  and  Mid.  Di~t. 

An;  ftfichx.     (Broom  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid. 

Dist 


FLOWERING    PLANTS. 


67 


Andkopogon  iurcatus,  Muhl. — Common. 

tetrastachyoa,  Ell. — Common. 

"        var :  distachyns. — Low.  Diet. 

Elliottii,  Chapm. — Low.  Dist. 
Virginians,  L. — Do. 

"        var:  vaginatus. — Low.  Dist.  to  Wake  Co. 
macrourus,  Michx. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
ternarius,  Michx- — Mountains.  (Michaitae.) 
Ektaxtiius  alopecuroides,  Ell. — Coast  to  Cherokee. 

brevibarbis,  Michx. — Mid.  Dist. 
Sobohtjm  avenaceum,  Chapm.   (Indian  Grass.) — Common. 

Holopense,  Pere.  (Cuba  Grass.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 
nutans,  Gray.    (Wood  Grass.) — Common. 


FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 


EQTJIBETACEA 

Eqvisi-  ri  m  laevigatum,  Brann.    (Horse-tail.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Dist. 

FILICES.      (FeBNS.) 

PoLYPODini  rnlgare,  L  (Polypod.) — Mid.  and  Uy  Dist. 

liexagonopterum,  Michx. — Lincoln  and  westward* 
i iic;u mm,  Bwartz. — Common, 
Ptebis  aquilina,  L.  (Brake.)— -Da 
Pkix.ka  atropurpurea,  Link.  (Book  Brake.) — Mountains. 
( '  1 1  in.  wi  iu:s  vestita,  Swart/.  (Lip  Fern.) — Wake  Co.  to  Mountains. 

tomentosa,  Link. — Mountains. 
AuiANir.M  pedatum,  L.  (Maiden-hair.  Hair  Fern.) — Common. 
Woodwaedia  angustifolia,  Smith. — Low.  Dist. 

Virginica,  Willd. — Do. 
Camptosobus  rhizophyllus,  Link.  (Walking  leaf.) — Mountains. 
A.8PLENIUM  pinnatifidiun,  Xutt.    (Spleen-wort) — Do. 
Trichomanes,  L. — Lincoln  and  westward, 
ebeneum,  Ait. — Common, 
angusl  ifolium,  Michx. — Mountains, 
montanuin,  Willd. — Orange  Co.  to  Mountains. 
Ruta-muraria,  L — Mountains. 
thelypteroides,  Michx. — Do.  {Mieka/uaa.) 
Filix-foemina,  Bernh. — Common. 
Cystopteem  fragilis,  Bernh.  (Bladder  Fern.) — Mountains. 

bnlbifera,  Bernh.     Mountains. 
Ajspedidh  Thelypteris,  Swartz.  (Wood  Fern.) — lT]».  Dist. 
Noveboraoense,  "Willd. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dist. 
BpiUulosum,  Swartz. — Mountains. 

"  var:  dilatatum. — Do. 

marginalo,  Swartz. — Do. 
acrosl  ichoides,  Swartz. — Common. 
Onoclka  senaibilis,  L.  (Sensitive  Fern.) — Common. 
Woodsxa  Ilvensis,  B.  Br. — Mountain-. 
obtnsa,  Torr. — Do. 


PL0WB&LE88    PLANTS.  69 

Dicksonia  pilosiuscnla,  Kunze. — Do. 

Lygodium    palmatum,     Swartz.      (Climbing     Fern.) — Mountains. 

{BwMey.) 
Osmuwda  regalis,  L.  (Flowering  Fern.)-   Common. 
( Qaytoniana,  L. — Mountains, 
cinnamomea,  L. — Common. 
Botrychium  \Tirginicum,  Swartz.  (Moonwort.) — Mountains. 

lnnarioides,  Swartz. — All  the  Districts. 
Ophioglossum  vulgatnm,  L.  (Adder's  Tongue.) — Up.  Dist. 

I.Ycol'oDIACK.E. 

Ltoopodtum  lucidulum,  Michx. — Mountains. 

Selago,  L. — Do. 

alopecuroides,  L. — Low.  Dist.  to  Wake. 

clavatum,  L.  (Club  Moss.) — Mountains. 

dendroideum,  Michx.  (Ground  Pine.) — Do. 

Carolinianum,  L. — Low.  Dist. 

complanatum,  L. — M<  mntains. 
Sklaoinella  rupestris,  Spring. — Low.  and  Up.  Di>t. 
apns,  Spring. — Common. 

ErYDBOPTERIDES. 

AzollA  Caroliniana,  Willd. — Low.  Dist. 


MUSCI   OK  MOSSES. 


Spuaqnuh  cynibifblium,  Dill. — Common.     Dog:-  and  Swamps. 
compaetum,  Brid. — Up.  Dist.     Springy  places. 
Lescurii,  Sull. — Low.  and  Up.  (Lesquereux.)  Wet  ground. 
Schradcri,  Sull. — (Sull.)     Wet  ground. 
humile,  Schimp. — Up.  (Lesq.)    Wet  ground. 
cyclophyllum,  Sull. — Low.  and  Up.?     Swamps. 
Bedoides,  Brid. — Mountains.  (Lesq.)    Springy  places, 
macrophyllum,  Bernb. — Low,     Swamp.-. 
acutifolium,  Ebrh. — Common.     Moras 
molle,  Sull. — Mountains.  (Gray.)     Wet  places, 
cuspidatum,  Ebrh. — Common.    Swamps. 
talmlare,  Sull. — Mountains.  (Sulliv.)     Wet  rocks. 


FLOWKSLES8    IT.. 

Ahdrjea  rupestris,  Turn. — Mount*  ins.   (Soil.      I  ' 
Phabcum  serratum,  Schreh, — (8nH.)     Damp  ground. 

--incrvi      .  S     wsegr. — (SnlL)     Earth  in  wot 
cohserens,  Hedw. —  (SuD.)     River bonks, 
patens,  Hedw. —  SnlL)     On  clay  soil, 
mnticnm,  Schieb. — Mid.     N  rth. 

Bnbnlatnm,  Sc]     b. — (Snll.      Earth, 
crispum,  Hedw. — (Snll.)     D 
hi.v  flexuosa,  Schwsegr. —  I.    ■.. 

brevifolia,  SnlL — Low.     Earth. 
Ran  n<  lii,  Wils. — Low.     '  rrassy  la 
Weisia  viridula,  Grasslands. 

Rhabdowkisia  denticulata,  Br.  &  Sch.  —  M-.    S 
Camftlopub  a,  Brid. — Mts.   (Sullir. 

Tbematodon  longicollis,  Bich. — Mid.  and  Up.     Clayey  soil. 
Dicranvii  yarimn,  Hedw. — Mid.  and  Dp.     Clay  1-; 

heteromaflum,  Hedw. — Common.     Wet  ground, 
interruptum,  Br.  &  Sch. — Mta  (SnlL      0 
longifolium,  Hedw. — Mountains.    Etavenel.)     R 
parinm,  L — Common.     Earth  andro     - 
ogatnm,  v  .  . — Mts.     Earth. 

\   -•  ;:n.  Brid.— Mts.     RockB. 
Bpnrinm,  Hedw. — Low.  &  Mid.  (Snll  |     B 
Ckkatodob  pnrpnrens,  Brid. — Low.  ft  Mid.     Sandy  ground. 
Leuoobbtoh  minus,  Hampe. — Low.  &  Mid.     Earth. 

glaueum,  Hampe. — <  M   isl  _    »nnd. 

Fissidehs  bryoides,  Hedw. — Mid.  ft  Up.     Shaded  banks. 
Raveni  lii,  Snll. — Ix>w.     Si<k-  <»t"<lit< " 
unundioides,  Hedw. —  Mts.    Snll.      Base  of  tr© 
Bubbassilaris,  Hedw. — Mid.     Old  logs  and  tn 

Hedw.— Low.     Earth  in  woods, 
adiantoides,  Eledw. — Low.     Wet  ground. 
1        iMirsnm  Jnliannm,  Mont. — Low.     Shallow  streams. 
Tkjchostomuii  vaginalis,  SnlL — Low.     Side  of  ditches, 
glau  .  Hedw. — Up.  (Snll.)     Earth. 

tortile.  Schrad. — Mid.  ft  l"j>.     Clay  sofl. 
pallidum,  Hedw. — Common.     Clay  soiL 
Barbula  nngnicnlata,  Hedw. — Mid.     Earth. 

,  Sclrw    _  '.—Low.  ft  Mid.    Eni-th  and  walls. 


I'I.o\Vi:UI.l>>    PLANTS.  71 

Rakbhla  tortuosa,  W.  v.v  M. — Mts.  (Sull.)    Wet  rocks. 

rnralis,  Hedw. — Up.  (Sull.)     On  rocks. 
Desmatodoh  plinthobius,  Sull.  &  Lesq. — Low.     Brick  walls. 
Tbtraphis  pellucida,  Hedw. — Mid.  &  Up.     Earth  in  woods. 
Zygodon  Sullivantii,  Mull. — Mts.  (Sull.)     On  rocks. 
DsUMMONDlA  clavellata.  Hook. — Common.     Trunks  of  trees. 
Obthoteichum  cu}mlatum,  Iloff. — Up.  (Sull.)     On  Bocks, 
exiguum,  Sull. — Low.  (Sull.)     On  Trees, 
stran^ulatum,  Beau  v. — Common.     Trees. 
Hutchinsiae,  Smith. — Mts.     Bocks. 
crispum,  Hedw.- — Mts.     Trees. 
pTTCHOMrrRiUM  incurvum,  Schwaegr. — Mts.  (Sull.)     Rocks. 

Drnmmondii,  II.  Oc  W. — Low.     Trees  and  roofs. 
Gkimmia  apocarpa,  Hedw. — Up.     On  rocks. 

Pennsylvanica,  Schwsegr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rocks. 
Hedwigia  ciliata,  Ehrh. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rocks. 
Buxbaoiia  aphvlla,  Haller. — Up.  (Sull.)     Earth. 
Dipiiyscium  foliosum,  W.  &  M. — Mts.     Earth. 
Atbichum  undulatum.  Beany. — Up.  (Sull.)     day  banks. 

angustatum,  Beauv. — Common.     Shady  woods. 
Pogonatum  brevicanle,  Brid. — Mid.  and  Up.     Clay  banks. 
hrachvphvllum,  Michx. — Low.     Sandy  banks. 
Pogonatum  ornigernm,  Brid. — Mts.  (Sull.)     Earth, 
capillars  Drid.— Mts.  (Sull.)     Earth. 
alpinum,  Brid. — Mts.  (Sull.)     Earth. 
PoLYTEiCHTJM  commune,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.     Damp  sandy  soil. 
formosuin,  Hedw. — Mts.     Earth  around  trees. 
pilifernm,  Schreb. — Mts.  (Sull.)    Rocky  soil. 
Aii.a<  om.niox  palnstre,  Schwaegr. — Low.     Swampy  ground. 

heterostichum,  Br.   &   Sch. — Mid.  and  Up.     Shaded 

hanks. 
androgynum,  Schwaegr. — Mts.  (Sull.)  Rocky  groimd. 
Bbyum  pyriforme,  Hedw. — Mid.  and  Up.     Moist  ground 
crudum,  Schreb. — Mts.  (Soil.)     Earth, 
annotinum,  Iledw. — Mts.  (Sull.)     Earth. 
elongatum,  Dicks. — Mts.  (Sull.)     Crevices  of  rocks. 
roseum,  Schreb. — Mid.  and  Up.     Shady  woods. 
argenteum,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.     On  roofs,  open  ground,  &c 
pseudo-triquetrum,  Schwsegr. —  Up.  (Sull.)    Wet  r<»cks. 


n  PLJLNT8. 

Bbtdm  oernuum,  Hedw. — Dp.  (SnlL)    Dani]>  w la 

intermedium,  Brid. — L"\v.     Briek  Avail-. 
capillare,  Hedw. — Dp.  (SulL)     Rocks. 

•itieium,  L. — MM.  ami  Op.     Earth  ami  r.«.k-. 
atropnipureum,  W.  &  M. — hits.  (SulL)    Earth. 
Mmim  attine.  Bland. — Common.     Shady  hank-. 

stellare,  Hedw. — Dp.  (SolL)    Borden    I         .m>. 
punctatum,  Hedw. — Mr-.     Dam]-  earth, 
borialuw,  Brid. — Mts.  (SnlL)     Margin  of  rivulets, 
itratum.  Schwaagr. — Dp.  (SnlL)    Along  atrean  -. 
cuspidatum,  Hedw. — Mid.  and  Dp.     Baoo  of  to 
Bartkamia  pomilbrmia,   Hedw. — Mid.    and     Dp.    Damp  shaded 
ground, 
fontana,  Brid. — Mid.  and  Dp.     Springy  ground, 
oalearea,  Br.&Seh. — Mountains.  (Leaonr.)    Wet  rocks, 
radicalia,  Beauv. — Low.     Side  of  atresias. 
Finahia  hygrometrica,  Hedw.— Mid.  and  Dp.     Earth. 
flavicans,  Michx. — Low.     Earth. 
rata,  Beanv.— Low.     Earth. 
Ehtosthoooji  Dnunuiondii,  Soil. — (SnlL)     Clayey  - 
Piiy>< o.MiTuit  m  pyriforme,  Br.  &  Seh. — Ja'av.     Damp 
Pbisaplodoji  anstralia,  SulL  &  Leaq. — Low.     In  swamps. 
FoBTorALni  disticha,  11.  &  W. — (SulL)     In  rivulets. 

■  ■urii,  Sull. — Mountain-.  (Leaquer.)     Streama. 
squamosa,  L  -Mountain-.     In  streams. 
Dichkltxi  captllaeeuui,  BryoL  Eur. — (SulL)     In  rivulet-. 

aubulatum,  Myrin. — (SulL)     Rivulets. 
Cstfhjia  a^omerata,  Schimp. — Low.  &  Mid.    On  1 

nervosa,  II.  &  W. — D.-.     On  to 
Letoodom  julacena,  Hedw.— Low.  &  Mid.     <  hi  to 
btachypua,  Brid.  -Mts.    On  trei 
odqh  trichomitrion,  Mohr. — I  p.     On  to 

unmenum,  SnlL  A:  Lee         S  On  1 

Anjitki"  iiia  Gurtipendnla,  Brid. — Mts.     ;    -         Earth. 
Ajtoxodon  viticulosus,  II.  &  T. — Mts.     E 

spioulatua,  Br.  &  Sen.— Do,  (SulL)    Old  V g 
ohtu.-itV.liu>.  Be.  &  Son.— (SulL)    Tn 
attonuatua,  JIul>. — Mid.     Roeka  and  to* 
triads,  Ceaat.— Mid,  &  Dp. 


PLOWERLESS    1-LAM-.  ,'■'• 

Leskea  polycarpa,  Hedw. — (Sull.)     Base  of  trees, 
obscura,  Hedw. — Mid.     Base  of  trees, 
rostrata,  Hedw. — Mid,  &  Up.     Base  of  trees, 
dentkmlata,  SulL— Mts.  (Sull.)    Da 
Clasmatodon  par  ml  lis,  Hanipe. — Low.     Trunk  of  trees. 
Thelia  hirtella,  Hedw. — Low.  &  Mid.     Trunk  of  tree.-. 

Lescurii,  Sull. —  Sandy  ground. 

Myubella  Careyana.  Sull. — Mountains.  (Sull.)     Earth. 
Fabrokia  Ravenelii,  Sull. — (Sull.)     Rocks. 

Caroliniana,  Sull.  &  Lesq. — (Sull.)     Decayed  logs. 
AjfACAMFPODON  splachnoides,  Brid. — Mid.     Hollow  trees. 
Pylaibjsa  intricata,  Hedw. — Mid.     Roofe  &  trunk.-  of  trees. 
Homalothecium  subcapillatum,  Bryol.  Eur. — Mid.    On  trees. 
Platygykium  repens,   Bryol.  Eur. — Mid.  &  Up.     Rotten  logs,  &c. 
OnjNDEOTHEcroM   seduetrix,    Bryol.    Eur. — Common.       Decaying 
wood, 
cladorrhizans,  Bry.  Eur. — Mid.  »V'  Up.    Oldlogs. 
apressum,  Bry.    Eur. — Low.  &  Mid.     Trees. 
Sullivantii,  C.  Mull.— Up.  (Sull.  >     Stones. 
Drummondii,   Schimp. — Up.    (Rav.)     Rocks   & 

Tr< 
brevisetum,  Bry.  Eur. — Mid.     Trees. 
N      :eea  pennata,  Hedw. — Mt>.     Trunks  of  tn 

eomplanataj  Bry.  Eur. — Z\It>.     On  rocks. 
Hookeeia  acutifolia,  Hook? — Mts.»(Sull.)     Earth. 
OuMAcnru  Americanum,  Brid. — Up.     Earth  and  logs. 
Hypnum  tamariscinum,  Hedw. — Common.     Earth  and 
delicatulum,  L.— Mts.  (Sull.)     Earth. 
minutulum,  Hedw. — Common.     Logs  and  walls. 
scitum,  Beaur. — Up.  (Sull.)     Base  of  tn 
gracile,  Br.  &  Sch. — Mts.     <  Hd  Logs, 
triquetrum,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.     Earth  in  woods, 
brevirostre",  Ehrli. — Mts.     Rocks  and  base  ofti 
splendens,  Hedw. — Up.     On  earth  in  woods, 
nmbratum,  Ehrh.— Mts;     Sull.)     Rock's. 
Alleghaniense,  C.  Mull.— Mts.  (Snll.)  Borders  of  rivulets, 
hians,  Hedw. — Low.     Earth. 
Boscii,  Schwsegr. — Up.     Earth. 
serrnlatnm,  Hedw. — Up.  (Rav.)-   <>n  the  ground, 
in 


74  fi> 

IIypntm  rosciforme,  Weia — Up.     Bocks  in  stream?, 
demissnm,  Wila— Mte.  (Sail.)     II    - 
mierocarpnm,  0.  Mull. — Common.    Tnn 

cvlindrocarpum.  C.  Mull. — Mte. 

.   ibb,  Schwsegr. — Common.     Earth  and  rocks 
albnlam,  C.  Mull. — Common.    Damp  gronad 
engyriam,  Bry.  Eur. — Mte.     Wet  ground. 
moUe,  Dick.-. — Mta.    Margin  of  streams, 

spidatmn,  L. — (SalL)     Marshy  pit 
oordifoUnm,  Hedw. — (Still.)     In  S 
oncinatam,  Hedw. — Mta    BolL)     Rocks  and  1  _ 
fluitan-.  Ll —  Boll.)     Swan, 
aduncum.  Hedw. — Mt~.     B       ipj  groan 
moUaficnm,  Hedw. — Mid.  and  Up.    Earth  and  rocks, 
cnpressifbrme,  L. — Mts.     Tree?  and  earth. 
imponens,  Hedw. — Mid.  and  l"]».     Earth  and  logs 
reptile,  Miehx. — Mta     Decaying  I  _-. 
eurvifulium.  Hedw. — Mid.  and  Up,     Earth  and  1  _-. 
Bemorosam,  Koch. — Mts.  (SnU.)    Decayed  1  _-. 
rag  Ehrh. — Up.  (SnlL)     Lime-" 

mm,  Hoffm. — Common.     Earth  and  I  _-. 
acuminatum.  Beaav. — U}».     Earth  and  logs 
rutabulum.  L.  (SnU.)     Springy  ground, 
plamosnm,  L. — Mte.    SnU.)    Earth. 

.  Schreb. — Mid.  and  I".  .     M      hy  ground. 
hispidnlnm,  Brid. — Mid.  and  Up.     E 

-.  Hedw. — Common.     Ro  _-        :  earth. 

radicale,  Brid. — Common.  _-  and  earth. 

riparinm,  Hedw. — L     .     S  ram]     ground. 
La      ii,8  ilL— Mte.    SnU.)     W\ 
denticulatum,  L. — Up.  (Sail.)     Recke 
Mnhlenbeckii,  Bky.  Ear. — Mte.     B   11.)    Earth  and  i 
fulvum,  H.  A:  W. — L<>w.     In  water. 
>ylvaticum,  L. — Mta  (SnU.)     Earth. 


FLOWKRLEBS    IT,  A  MS.  75 


IIEPATIC.E  OR  LIVERWORTS. 


Riccia  glance,  L. — Common.     Damp  ground. 

lutescens,  Schwein. — Low.  and  Mid.     Damp  ground. 

SphJbbogaspus  Michelii,  Bellard. — Low.  and  Mid.    Cult,  ground. 
AxTiiocEKos  punotatus,  L. — Common.     Side  of  ditches,  &c. 
Levis,  L. — Common.     Moist  earth, 
laciniatus,  Schwein. — Mid.   (Schwein.)     Wet  gravelly 
ground. 
Xototiiylas  orbicularis,  Snll. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Damp  ground. 
Mae-cuaxtea.  polymorpba,  L. — Common.     Damp  ground. 
Dumokttera  hirsuta,  Nees. — Common.     Face  of  rocks. 
Feoateela  eonica,  Cda. — Mid.  and  Up.     Moistgronnd. 
Reboijlia  hemispherica,  Raddi. — Low.  and  Mid.     Springy  ground. 
FnnmiAniA  tenella.  Nees. — Common.     Shaded  ground. 
Metzoeria  furcata,  Nees. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rocks  and  base  of  trees, 
pubeseens,  Raddi. — Up,    (Schwein.)    Rocks  and  base 
of  trees. 
Axeuka  senilis,  Spreng. — Low.    Rotten  wood. 

pinguis,  Dum. — Mid.    (Schwein.)     Among  Swamp  Moss, 
palmata,  Nees. — Mid.     Wet  earth  and  wood. 
multirlda.  Dum. — Common.     AVet  earth  and  wood. 
Steetzia  Lvellii,  Lehm. — Low.  and  Mid.     Wetground. 
Pkllia  epiphylla,  Xees. — Mid.  and  Up,     Wet  ground. 
EossoMB&oiriA  pusilla,  Nees; — Low.  and  Mid.     Wot  --round. 
Gbocalyx  grayeoienSj   Nees. — Low.    and  Mid.      Rotten  logs  and 

wet  rocks. 
Ciiii.os.vi'nrs  polyanthos,  Cda.—  Mid.    (Schwein.)     1  Jocks  and  wet 
ground. 

BBCendetlS,  II.  &  W.—  (Sulliv.)      Rotten  logs.  &c. 

LoPHOooLBA  heterophylla,  Nees. — (Sull.)    Rotten  logs. 
Sphaonkxetib  communis.  Xees. — Common.    Damp  mossy  places. 
Sgafahia  aemorosa,  Nees.— Common.    Wet  rocks  and  earth. 

undulata,  Neee  and  Mont.— Mid.  (Schwein.)  Boggy  lands. 
Jiwoeumanney  setacea,  Web. — Mid.  and  Up.      Wet  ground. 

trichophvlla,  L.— Up.    (Sull.)     Deeaved   wood.  &c. 


N  1- 
•  II  N-.LKM  A.VMA    O'llllhc!:-.    !' (  U 

enrrifolia,      Dicks. — Mid.       (Schwein.)        1>. 

-     lata,  L — Mid  and  L'j  ..  &t. 

.  .  .:!•!:. — Up.    (SnlL       I  '  ;.  &C. 

SnlL)     Earth  and  r< 
auxii,  Web. — Mid.  and  Up.  S 
incisa,  Schrad. — Mi   .    -  I  >..::.•,   earth. 

Schraderi,  Mart — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth  and 
■  nnlata,  Sin. — Mid.     Wet 

8  hmidel.— 
w< 
isifolia,  Hook.— M  .        rth  audi 

albicans,  L — Mi<l.     -  Earth. 

Plagkx  imi. a  spinulosa,  N.  &  M. — Mta.    (SnlL)     Banks  of  rivu 

-.  X.  &  M. — Mi  I.  Schw.     !':ink> 

of  rivnli 
porelL  1. — T}>.     Swampy  ground. 

s  rraue  Ehrhaiti,  Cda. — Mta.    S 
:an!a  Grayana,  Mont. — Mid  and  Up.     R 
l,  SnlL — Low.     Bark  of  ti 
Ilnu-lii;  Mta     Snll.)     Wt  I 

V    ginica,  Lehm. — Low.  and  Mid.    Trees  ami  old 

5,  Lehin. — L  w.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  tn    -. 
plana,  Snll.— II        -  ;    is. 

b. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rod 
Lejkukla  dypeata,  Schwein. — Common.     Trees  and  n 
1..H,  Soil.)     T 

ycolata,  Tayl. — Mts.    -  a& 

.  Lib. — Low.  and  Mid. 
cncollata,  Nees. — Mta.    -   .  .      R    ska. 
..  a  porella,  Nees. — Come  ml     Earth  and  n- 
playthylla,  D       — Mid.  and  Up.     i 
j,  £ 
Kmmi.a  oomplanata,  Dnm, — ]  hwein.)     Bark  of  tr© 

pollens,  N<  ■  - — Mts.    S  Old     _-. 

l'ni.ii'ii  m  ciliaiv.  Nees. —  S 
Bkhdtnkra  .  jnniperina,  Snll.      Earth. 


PLOWKRLEBS    1'I.A  .  7 

••ntella.  Nees. — Mid.  and  Up.     Damp  ground. 
Mastigobbygii  trilobatuni,  Nees. — Common.     Damp  ground. 
Leptoozu  -.  N     s. — Mts.    SnlL)     Wei 

Trichomi    is    Cda.-  -L  i      ind. 


LICHENES. 


COLLEMACKL 


vlitm  polycoccum,  (Nyl. — Mid.  Di.-t.     On  rt 
•idum.  Ach. — Mill,  and  Up.     Rocks. 
palehelluin,  Ach. — Low.  and  Mid. —  oks. 

u — Mid.  (Sehwc  the  earth. 

lim  Mid.  (S  iiwein.  i     On  the  earth. 

. — Mid.  and  Up.     Bocbb  and  trunks. 
ivrr   -  k. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunk?. 

leptalenm,  Tuck. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks, 
pjcnocarpnm,  Nyi — Mid.     On  trnnl  - 
Lkptogium  laceruni.  Eartli    am 

ticola,  (Tayl.)  Tuck. — Mid.  and  Up.     Mossy  trunks 

tremelloides,  (L.)  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  ro 
saturninum,  (Dicks.)  Nyl, — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunk?  and 

- 
chloromelum,  (Sw.)  Xvl. — Mid.    (Scliwein.)   and    Up. 
inks  and 
Mykian'h  >i  I  .     '  Ou  trim" 

! 

u<  in:x  • 

icium  tracbeliiinm,  Ach. — Mid.  and  Up.     <  m  dead  wood, 
quercinum,  Pers. — Mi        Scl  1 

e  furfuracea,    L)  Fr. — Mid.  (Scliwein.)     Trunk?. 
I  ,  Schwei   . — Mid.     S  'hweii  .      Trunl  -. 


7s  ¥  U  >u  l.l;l. K-s    PLAN  i>. 

ll.EnMvn-  ericetorum,  (L.)  I>.  C. — Common.     Earth. 
Cladonia  Papillaria,  (Ehrh.)  Hoffm. — Common.     Earth. 

cespiticia,  Fl. — Up.     Trunk-. 

pjxidata,  (L.)  Fr. — Common.     Earth. 

gracilis,  (L.)  Fr. — Common.     Earth. 

fimbriata,  (L.)  Fr. —  Mid.  and  Up.     Earth. 

furcata,  (Schreb.)  Fl. — Mid.  and  Up.     Earth. 

squamosa,  EJoffm. — Common.     At  base  of  trees,  &c 

rangiferina,  (L.)  Hoffm. — Common.     Earth. 

nncialis,  Fr. — Up.     Earth. 

Caroliniana,  Schwein. — Mid.  and  Up.  (Schw.)   Earth. 

Mitrula,  Tnck.— Low.  and  Mid.     Earth. 

Georgiana,  Tuck. — Mid.  and  Up.     Earth. 

cornucopioides,  (L.)  Fr.-'-Up.  (Ray.)    Earth. 

cristatella,  Tuck. — Common.     Earth. 

macilenta,  Hoffm. — Up.     Earth  and  rotten  logs. 

pulchella,  (Schwein.)  Tuck. — Mid.    (Schwein.)     Earth. 

cetrarioides,  (Schwein.)  Tuck. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Earth. 

lepdrina,  (Fr.  Jib.)  Tuck. — Tow.  and  Mid,     Earth. 
Stebeocaulon  sphserophoroides,  Tuck. — Mts.     Earth. 
Usnea  barbata,  Fr. — Common.     Limbs  of  trees. 

trichodea,  Ach. — Low.  and  Mid.     Limbs  of  trees, 
angulata,  Ach. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Limbs  oftr 
AlectobiA  jubata,    (  E.)  Ach. — Mid.  and  Up.      Old  rails  and  rocks. 
Ramalina  calicaris,  Fr. — Common.     Trees,  rails,  &c. 
Evebnia  fnrfuracea,  (L.)  Mann. — Midland  Up.  Limbs  and  trunks. 
Cetbabia  Islandica,  (L.)  Ach. — Grandfather  and  Black  Mts.  Earth. 

lacunosa,  Ach. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks. 

ciliaris,  Ach. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks  and  old  rails, 

Oakesiana,  Tuck.— Mts.    Trunks. 

juniperina,  (L.)  Ach.— Common.    Trunks  and  lim!>s. 
Nephroma  tomentosum,  I  Hoffm.)  Koerb. — Mid.  (Schwein.)  Trunks. 
Helveticum,  Ach. —  Low.  and  Mid.      Trunks  and  rocks. 
Peltioeba  aphthosa,  (L.)  Hoffin.  —  Up.  (Rav.)     Earth. 

canina,  (L.)  Hoffm. — Mid.  and  Up.     Earth  and  trunk.-. 
rufescens,  (Neck.)  Hoffm.     Common.    Trunks, 
polydactyla,  (Neck.)    Hotl'm. — Common.      Rocks  and 
trunks. 
Kticta  pulmonaria,  (L.)  Ach. — Common.     Trunks. 


FLOWKRLESS    PLANTS. 


7'.' 


Sticta  qucrci/.ans,  (Michx.)  Ach  — Mta     Trunks  arid  rocks. 

glomerulifera,  (Lightf.)  Delise.— Mts.     Trunks  and  rocks. 
Ravenelii,  Tuck.— Low.     Trunks. 
crocata,  (L.)  Ach  —  Mts.   (Buckl.)    Rocks, 
aurata,  (Sin.)  Ach. — Common.     Rocks  and  trees. 
Paumki.ia  perlata,  (L.)  Ach.— Common.     Rocks  and  trees, 
crinita,  Ach. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks. 
perforata,  Ach.— Mid.  and  Up,     Trunks. 
laevigata,  (Sm.)  Ach. — Coinmon.    Trunks. 
aurulenta,  Tuck. — Up.    Trunks  and  rocks, 
tiliacea,  (Ehrli.)  Ach.— Common.     Trunks  and  rails. 
Borreri,  Turn. — Low.  and  Mid.    Trunks, 
aleurites,  Ach.— Mts.  (Rav.)     Trunks  and  rails. 
colpodes,  Ach. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks, 
olivacea,  Ach. — Mts.  (Rav.)     Trunks, 
caperata,  (L.)  Ach.— Common.     Trunks  and  stones. 
conspersa,  (Ehrh.)    Ach. — Common.     Rocks  and  stones. 
ambigna,  Ach. — Common.     Trunks  and  dead  wood. 
Piiyscia  chrysophthahna,  (L.)  D.  C— Low.     On  trees. 

parietina,  (L.  Duf.)  NyL — Common.     On  trees. 
candelaria,  (Ach.)  NyL— Low.  and  Mid.     On  trees. 
aquila,  Ach.  (Nyl.)— Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks. 
Speciosa,  (Wulff.  Fr.)— Common.     Trunks, 
stellaris,  (L.) — Common.     Trunks  and  rocks. 
obscura,  (Ehrh.)  NyL— Mid.  and  Up.     Trees, 
picta,  (Ach.)  Nyl.— Low.     Trunks. 
I'miulk  akia  mammulata,  Ach. — Mts.     Rocks, 

Pennsylvanica,  lloti'm. — Mts.     Rocks, 
pustulata,  llotl'm.— Mid.  and  Up.     Rocfes, 
Muhlenbergii,   (Ach.)    Tuck.— Mid.   (Schwein.)   and 

Up.      Rocks. 
Dillenii,  Tuck. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rocks. 
Pyxine  Cocoes,  (Sw.)    Nyl.— Mid.  and   Up.     Trunks,  woods  and 

rocks. 
Paxxabia  rubiginosa,  (Thunl>.)  Delis.— Mid.  and  Up.     Tree-. 

leucosticta,  Tuck.— Mid.    (Schwein.)     Rocks  and  trees. 
tryptophylla,  (Ach.   Fr.)    NyL— Mid.   and  Up.    Rocks 
and  tr> 
COO       ARPIA   Stellata,  Tuck. — Low.      Trunk--. 


'  paroieli  -■  Trim    - 

.  act — M 

tli. 
haragin  -Mid.     Scbwei  ks. 

I 

—  M 
anrantii 
einnal.arina.  Ach. — Mid.      B 

.  Tuck. — Low.     Ttob] 
ten:  _         .     B      -      N;  :. — Mid. 
cer. 
cln 

-:.;:..    r 

ta.  • 

]>a"  5,  8  .—Mi 

pallida,  (Sehreb.)  Schser. — I.  Tru: 

.  —  Mi    .     ^ 
Berit-a.  Tuck. — Mid.     T 
varia,  (Ebrh.)  Ach. —  :i.     Tnu 

Scln 
atra.  (Hud?.)  Ach. — Mid. 

—  I  . 
elir  -  Mid. 

Arli. — Mi 
punicea,  A  T 

- 
Uvt  oa,  (S  in.)    IJ    -ks. 

act! 
pF.irn>ARi.\  pertoi  < 

pilulitl  .     Trunk-. 

.    I.        Mid.     Tn. 
liyineni  . 
a 

lei  Tnu 

The!  y. 

tile,  Tuck. — Low.     Trunk-. 
(tymx.'Tkema  atratuiu.  S     .---I.  w.     Tr 

pineti,    8  .     M  S  urth. 

pellii.  Tnck. 


FLuWEKLESS    1'LAMS.  81 

Lbchdea  rufonigra,  Tuck. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rocks. 

chlorosticta,  Tuck. — Low.     Pine  and  Cypress  trunks. 

parvifolia,  Pers. — Common.     Trunks. 

absconsa,  Tuck. — Low.  (Tuckerm.)     Red  Oak  Trunks. 

microps,  (Fr.)  Tuck. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Trunks. 

russula,  Ach. — Common.     Trunks. 

spadicea,  Ach. — Low.  and  Mid.     Trunks. 

sanguineoatra,  Ach. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     On  Mosres. 

anomala,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Trunks. 

uliginosa,  Ach. — Mid.     Earth. 

recedens,  Njl. — Low.     Dead  wood. 

leucoblephara,  Nyl. — Low.     On  bark. 

exigua,  Chaub. — Common.     Trunks. 

luteola,  Ach.— Mid.     Trunks. 

Schweinitzii,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  trunks. 

Elizae,  Tuck. — Low.     Pine  bark. 

pachycheila,  Tuck. — Low.     Trunks. 

Domingensis,  (Ach.) — Low.     Trunks. 

leucoxantha,  Spreng. — Low.  and  Mid.     Trunks. 

parasema,  (Ach.)  Nyl. — Low.     Trunks. 

"         var:   enteroleuca. — Mid.     Pocks. 

lactea,  Massal. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Rocks. 

atroalba,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Eocks. 

petraea,  Plot. — Mid.     Rocks. 

contigua,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rocks. 

rivulosa,  Ach. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Rocks. 

discifomiis,  (Fr.)  Nyl. — Common.     Trunks. 
Cqnotbbma  urceolatum,  (Ach.)  Tuck. — Mts:     Trunks. 
Grapiiis  scripta,  (L.)  Ach. — Common.     Bark  of  trees. 

striatula,  Ach. — Mid.     Trunks. 

inusta,  Ach. — Low.     Trunks. 

dendritica,  Ach. — Common.     Trunks. 

Afzelii,  Ach. — Low.     On  bark. 

astrcea,  Tuck. — Low.     Bark  of  Cypress. 

nitida,  (Eschw.)  Xyl. — Low.     Bark. 

erumpen-.  Nyl. — Low.     Bark. 

Patcllula,  (Fee.)  Xyl.— Low.     Bark. 
OpEGRAniA  oulocheila,  Tuck. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Rocks, 
varia,  Pers. — Common.     Trunks. 
11 


<  >ri.  -j:.\i-iia   atra.  Pen. — Coinilion.      Trunk-. 

Pi.aty'. kapha  <>eellata.  Nyl — Low.     Smooth  Lark. 
Akth<>ma  cinnabarina,  "Wallr. — Low.     Trunks. 

■  ■].— Mid.     Trunks. 
ruhella,  Fee. — Low.     Trunks. 
..  Xvl. — Low.     Trunk-. 
Ilia,  Rot.— Mte.  (Bav.)    Trunks. 
i.  Act — Mid.     Trunk.-. 
glao     -       -.  Xvl. — Up,  (B  Trunks. 

Gltphes  Achariana,  Tuck. — Low.  and  Mid,  Smooth  bark. 
Nqkmahdiha  Jnngermanwias,  !Nyl — Mte.  (Raw)  OnMose 
Ekdocabfqh  miniatnm,  Aeh. — Mad     S  T     ."  Etav.)     On 

Ro 
Muhlenbergii,  Ach- — Mid.  and  Up,     <  >n  rocks. 
rluviatile.  (Web.)  D.  0.— Mte.  (Rav.)  ka 

Tnckermani,  Mont. — Common.     Mossy  trunks. 
hepaticnm,  Acn. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Earth. 
Vkrruoajsia  nmbrina,  (Aeh.)    WahL — Mid.    (Schwein.)    Granite 
rock?. 
nigrescens,  Pers. — Mid,  and  Up,     Rocks, 
fascella,  (Torn.)  Aeh. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Keeks. 
rnpestris,  Schrad. — Up.     Lime  recks, 
ditiractella,  Nyt — Mid.   (Schwein.)     Rods. 
_  ea,  Per.-. — Low.  an<l  Mid.     On  naked  earth, 
pinea,  (Pers.)  Ach. — Mid.     Trunks. 
Xucula.  (Ach.     Xvl. — Low.     Trunks. 
pyrennloides,  (Mont.)  Xvl. — Low.     Trunk-. 

Tuck. — Low.     Trun 
nitida,  S  -(      imon.    On  smooth  bark, 

pnnctella,  NyL — Low.     Trunks. 
thelomorpha,  Tuck. — Low.     Trunk-. 
spinnlosa,  Schwein. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     I     uks. 
_  X;.1. —  Low.     Trunks. 

.  Ach. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Trunk 
tnata,  Ach. — Low.     Trunks. 
snl  -.  Xvl. —  Low.     Trunks. 

tropica,  Aeh. — Low.  and  Mid.    Smooth  1 
-.  Mont, — Low.     Trunks. 
rata.  Xyl. — Low.     Trunks  of  Holly. 


FLOWEKLESS    PLANTS.  S3 

Verrucas]     gptdermidis,  Ach. — Common.     Smooth  bark, 
Pyrenastr       Amcricanum,  Spreng. — Low.    Trunks, 
simplex,  Itav. — Low.     Trunks. 
Ravenelii,  Tuck. — Low.     Trunks. 
Trypethelium  eruentum,  Mont. — Low.     Trunks. 

scoria,  Fee. — Low.  and  Mid.     Trunks, 
virens,  Tuck. — Mid.     Trunks. 
Carolinianum,  Tuck. — Mid.     Trunks. 
Q-TROBTOMOM  Curtisii,  Tuck. — Mid.     Trunks. 


FUNGI. 


I.    IIYMENOMYCETES. 

AGARICU3  (I.  Amanita.) 

ccesareus,  Scop. — Common.     In  Oak  forests. 

virosus,  Fiv — Common.     Sandy  woods. 

vermis,  Fr. — Common.     Woods. 

phalloides,  Fr. — Common.     Woods. 

muscarine,  Fr. — Mid.  (Seliw.)     Woods. 

monticulosu.8,  Berk,  and  Curt. — Common.     Sandy  woods. 

pantherinus,  D.  C. — Common.     In  woods. 

8trobilffiormi&i  Yitt. — Common.     In  woods. 

Mappa,  Batsch. — Common.     In  woods. 

recutitus,  Fr. — Common.     In  woods. 

agglutinatus,  B.  &  C. — Low..    Pine  woods. 

rubescen8,  Pers. — Low.     Damp  woods. 

polypyramis,  B.  &  C. — -Low.     Fine  woods. 

excelsus,  Fr. — Common.     Earth  in  woods. 

lenticulariSj  Fr.? — Mid.     Earth  in  woods. 

asper,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Earth  in  woods. 

vaginatus,  Bull. — Common.     Woods  and  fields. 

farinosns,  Scliwein. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 

pubescens,  Schwein.— Mid.  (Schw.)     In  grass.y  land. 
(II.    Lepiota.) 

procerus,  Scop.     Common,     Woods  and  fields. 


84  wummLmm  plants. 

nichmlc-s,  Vitt. — Mid.     Base  of  stumps  and  trees. 

excoriatust,  Fr. — Mid.     Grassy  lands. 

mattoideu8i  Fr. — Common.     Woods. 

aentesqnamos&s,  Wem. — Low.  and  Mid.     By  rotten  l<><r> 

and  Btnmps. 
cljpeolarinB,  Bull. — Common.     On  earth  and  rotten  I  _ 
cristatns,  Bolt. — Common.     Gardens  and  rich  swamps. 
oepffiatipes,  Sow. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Cultivated  ban 
granulosus,  Batsch. — Gammon.  Woods  and  cult,  grounds, 
floralis,  Berk.  ft  Rav. — Low.     Cultivated  grounds, 
cnltorum,  B  ft  C. — Low.    Cultivated  groan 
fulvastcr,  B.  tfc  C. — Low.     Sandy  Lrrass  plain, 
aspratns,  Berk. — Low.     Rotten  sticks  in  swamp-, 
delicatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)  Damp  woods  and  la 

(III.   Akmii.lakia.) 

bulbiger,  A.  &  S. — Low.  and  Mid.     Woods, 
robustns,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     "Woods. 
//,,//,  //>,  Vahl. — Common.     About  stumps  and  logs, 
mncidus,  Sekrad. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  dead  Beech. 

(IV.    TnOHOLOMA.) 

equestris,  L. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Pine  woods. 

Bejnnctns,  Sow. — Mid.  (Schw.)     W K 

ustalis.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  woods, 
fiavobrunnens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Damp  w< 
Russula,  Schseff. — Low.     Among  leaves  in  woods. 

frument         .  BnlL — Mid.     Pine  w Is, 

-   dptnratns,  Fr. — Low.    Pine  logs  and  stamps. 
hypopithyus,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.     Pine  woods. 
(    umbetta,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 

raocinns,  Pen. — Mid.  (Schw.)    W Is. 

tenons,  Schseff. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods  and  fields. 

cuneifolius,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    W b  and  fields. 

Inteovirens,  A.  &  B. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  w< 
saponacens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Among  fallen  tea 
oeutusi  M.  A.  C — Mid.     Qrassy  old  fields, 
snlforeus,  Bull.— Mid.  (Schwlj    Wo 
nih.lhi^,  1 ).(.'.  r—Mid.    Damp  woods, 
albus,  Vr. — Low.     Swamps  and  woods 


FLOWKKI.K--    TLA  85 

atmsoeiatus,  M.  A.  C- — Mid.     Pino  woods. 

pmwna&uSj  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Near  rotten  logs. 
nudus,  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods, 
grammopodins,  Bull. — Low.     Shady  woods  and  swamps. 
adstringens,  Per-. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Woods. 
melaleueus,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Grassy  woods. 
brevipes.  Bull. — Low.     Humous  earth. 
humilis,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Humous  earth. 
(V.  C'i.itocybe.) 

hJndo.rl*,  Batsch, — Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  woods. 

clavipes,  Pers. — Mid,  (Sehw.)    Woods. 

fumosus,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Grassy  w< 

viridis.  Scop. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 

odontic  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 

phyllopliilus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 

eandicans,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  woods. 

illudens.  Schwein. — Mid.     Bass  of  trees. 

opacns,  With. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  wood-. 

giganteus,  Sow. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Borders  of  Pine  woods. 

infondibuliformis,  Schseff. — Common.     Earth  and  rotten 

wood. 

parilis.  Fr.  i — Mid.     Woods  among  leaves. 
gilvus.  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Wooded  hill  sides, 
setisedns,  Schwein. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Among  fallen  leaves, 
eyathiformis.  Bull. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Wooda 
brnmalis,  Fr. — Low.     <m  decayed  wood  in  swamps, 
hellus.  Pers. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth  and  trunks. 
laceatns,  Scop. — Common.     Earth  in  woods. 

•    s,  M.  A.  C. — Common.     Base  of  stumps. 

(VI.    CoiXTBIA.) 

radicatus,  Bull. — Common.     Wood-. 
platyphyHus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Rotten  wood. 
maculatus,  A.  &  S.— Mid.  (Sehw.)    Woods. 
butyraceufi,  Bull. — Mid.     Rotten  trunks. 
asemus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  woods. 
velutipes.  Curt. — Mid.  and  dp.     Rotting  logs, 
stipitarius,  Fr.— Mid.  and  Up.     <  >n  decaying  trunks. 
oonfluens,  Pers. — Mid.  ami  Up.    Among  rotting  leav< 
detersibilk.  B.  &  CL — Low.     Sandy  grass  land. 


I 

-.  P    i, — Low.     Rotting  Pine-burs, 
cirrhatus,  Pere. — Low.     Damp  earth. 
tu'i       -     .  BolL — MioL  (8chw.)    On  decaying  Agari  a 
collinua,  B       .  — Low.     Pine 
atric  -  a,  Bull. — Low.    Rotten  h  . 
.. — Mid.    9  1 

'.!u~.  Per-. — M  Schw.)     Pine  woods, 

philua,  BnlL — Mid.     "W 
Fr.  I — Up.     Earth, 
i         -.  BnlL — Mid.     Among 

(YU.  Mi 

elegans,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.      Pi 

pnr  — Mid.    S  Shaded  pi 

C. — L<>\v.     Rich  swampy  w< 
Adonis,  Lull— Mi  L  (Schw.      I  a  farm 
lineatus.  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.       I  b     -viands. 
lacteus.  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pint. 

sens,  A.  &  S. — - Mi  L    Schw.)    Earth  and  trunks. 
intertextus.  B.  &  G — Low.     Decaying  Pine  I 
galerieulatus,  S       — Common,    Earth  and  rotten  wood, 
mmns,  Bull. — Mi      (S  trunks. 

s,        -     .—Low. 
alcalinua,  1    — Mi   .    Schw.      Trunks. 
amictus,  Fr. — Mi   .  (Schw, 

baematopua,  v.  and  Mid.  wood, 

galopua,  B  '  rth. 

epipterygi       £  >mmon.     Rotten  w 1. 

\iii_  (S  Earth. 

citrinell  .-.  P    -       '■'■         S    iwein.)     Pine  w. 

Schwein.      On  stems  of  1< 
—Mid.  f  trunks. 

capQlaris,  Schwein. — Low.     Rotting  lew 

(VIE    <  hU'HAU 

chryeoleucua,  Fr. — Mid.    8  rich  laud-. 

<  Cultivated  grounds. 

chryBophylluSj  Fr.  \ — Low. 
xanthophylluB,  R  a :  i       L  Rottei 


b'LOVVEKLESb    CI.  A  MS. 


37 


pyxidabus,  Bull. — Common.     Grassy  places. 

Epichysium,  Peip. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Eotting  wood. 

muralis,  Sow. — Low.     Damp  woods. 

umbelliferus,  L. — Conmion.     Damp  woods. 

stellatus,  Fr. — Common.     On  trunks. 

campanella,  Batsch. — Common.     Rotten  wood. 

setipes,  Fr. — Low.     Sphagnons  swamps. 

centenariuSj  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  logs. 

fibula.  Bull.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  mossy  places. 

integrellus,  Pern— Mid.  (Schw,)    Swamps. 

Muscorum,  Hoffm. — Mid.    (Schw.)  Mosses  at  base  of  trees. 

(IX.  Pleueotus.) 

drvinus,  Pers.— Mid.  (Sehwein.)     Dead  trunks. 
uknarvus,  Sow.— Mid.  (Scliwein.)     Dead  trunks. 
tezsulatus,  Bull.— Mid.  (Scliwein.)     Pine  trunks. 
l\»ncti,  Fr.— Mid.     Carious  wood. 
glcmduloms,  Bulk— Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  trunks. 
ostreatus,  Jacq.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  trunks. 
saUgnus,  Pers.— Common.     On  trunks  and  stumps, 
petaloides,  Bull.— Low.  and  Mid.     On  Pine  wood. 
serotinus,  Schrad.— Mid.   (Schw.)     Trunks. 
planus,  A.  &  S.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks, 
nidulans,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  trunks. 
septiens,  Fr.— Mid.     On  dead  Polyporus. 
mastrucatus,  Fr.— Common.     Dead  wood. 
atrocoaruleus,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  trunks, 
ah'-idus,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  wood  and  sticks. 
flnxilift,  Fr.— Low.     Rotten  wood. 
niger,  Scliwein.— Common.     Dead  limbs  and  twigs. 
applicatus,  Batsch.— -Common.     Dead  hark  and  wood. 
striatums,  Fr.— Low.      Dead  wood. 
perpusillus,  "Weim. — Low.     On  hark. 

(X.    VOLVAEIA.) 

lombyomu*,  Schaffl— Low.  and  Mid.     Earth  and  carious 

wood. 

volvaceus.  Bull.— Mid.  (Schwein.)  Rich  cult  ground, 
parvulus.  AVein.— Low.  and  Mid.     Cult,  grounds. 


vv  PL0WSBLB8G    ri.ANi-. 

parvulus,  var:  major,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Woods. 

gpeciosiM,  Fr. — Low.     Grassy  land. 

emendatior,  B.  &  ('. — Low.     Earth. 

gloioeephalus,  D.  C. — Low.     Cult,  Lands. 
(XI.  Pluteus.) 

cervinuB,  Schseff. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Dead  trunks. 

Curtisii,  Berk. — Low.  and  Mid.     Carious  wood. 

leoninus,  Schseff. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  trunks. 

nanus,  JVrs. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  trunks. 

chrysophlebius,  B.  &  R.— Low.    Dead  trunks. 
(\n.  Entoloma.) 

prunnloides,  Fr. — Low.     Dry  Swamps. 

serieellus,  Fr. — L<»w.  j  and  .Mid.      Grassy  lands. 

•  •lodes,  Fr. — Mid.     Woody  hili-eides. 

]iauseo>us,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.     Old  fields  umlcv  Cedars. 

clypeatus,  L. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Swampy  ground. 

turbidus,  Fr* 2 — Mid.   (Sehw.)     Aranng  rotten  sticks. 
(XIII.  Cluofiltjs.) 

Pruniihis,  Scop. — Low.  and  Mid.     Damp  woods. 

popinalis,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Swampy  lands. 

carneo-albus,  With. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth. 
(XIV.  Lkitonia.) 

Berrulatus,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.  J  (Schw.)    In  woods. 

chalvlioMis,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Swamps. 

apularum,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Rotten  wood  in  swamps. 

(XV.    XmLANKA.) 

pascuus,  IVrs.-  Mid.  tV  I'p. '.  iSchw.  >  Woods  and  pastures, 
mammosus,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.     open  woods. 
hiftipes,  Schwein. — Low.     Sphagnous  swamps. 

(XVI    Fre.i.iA.) 

atrides,  Batsch. — Up.     Rotten  wood. 
(XVII.  Pholiota.) 

aureus,  Math.     Low.  and  Mid.     Buried  wood. 

precox,  I'd--. — Loav.  ami  Mid.     Grassy  land-. 
adiposus,  Batsch.-— Mid.     Mulberry  trunks. 

aurivellus,  Batsch.      Mid.   (Schw.)     Dead  Alders. 
Bqua/rrotua,  Mull. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Oak  stumps. 


I  U  m  B8LEBS   I'LA.N  is.  5^ 

tuberculosis,  Fir. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks. 
tmttab&is,  Scha?if. — Mid  (SchW.)     Trunk?. 

(JLVIUL  Hebeloma.) 

lannginosns,  Bull. — Low.     Earth  in  woods. 

laeerus,  Fr. — Low.     Pine  woods. 

Bongardi,  "Wein. — Low.    Woods, 

rimosus.  Boll. — Common.     "Woods. 

trednsporus.  Berk. — Low.     Decayed  wood. 

geophyllus.  Bow. — Mid.  iSeliwein.)     Woods. 

Bcabreflufl,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)   Among  leave-  and  grass  in 

WOOds. 

fastibilis,  Pers. — Mid.     Woods. 
(XIX.  Flammula.) 

lentus,  Pera. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Woods, 
spumosus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     In  thickets, 
flavidus,  Scfaaeff. — Low.  and  Mid.    Rotten  logs. 
inopus.  Fr. — Low,  and  Mid.     Rotten  logs. 
polychrous.  Berk. — Low.     Rotten  logs. 
penetrans,  Fr. — Low.     Rotten  logs, 
sapineus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Pine  stumps, 
picreus,  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.     Damp  Ions. 

(XX.  Xaucokia.) 

subglobosu-.  A.  &  IS. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Pine  woods, 
cerodes,  Fr. '.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Cultivated  fields. 
argillosus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     "Woods, 
semiorbicularis,  Bull. — Common.     Woods  and  fields, 
furfuraceus,  Pers. — Low.     De^id  sticks, 
conspersus,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  woods, 
siparioides,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Exsiccated  swamps. 
Curcuma,  B.  ifc  C. — Low.     Old  stumps. 

(XXI.  Galera.) 

tener,  SchgsfE — Common.     Rich  grounds. 

Ravenelii,  B.  tfc  C. — Low.     Pine  w< 

crocnsporus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Decaying  vegetable  matter. 

Ilypnorum,  Batsch. — Mid.  and  Up.     Among  M 

(XXII.  CREPmoTus.) 

mollis,  Schteff. — Common.     Carious  wood. 
V2 


yO  PL0WE&LES8    PLANTS. 

nephrodes,  B,  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  wood, 
variabilis,  Pen. — Common.     Trunks  and  dead  wood. 
elatinus,  Pers. — Low.    Rotten  wood. 
deplmens,  Batsch. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth  and  wood. 
Pecten,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  wood. 

(XXIII.  Pballiota.) 

catnj' ■  aY/'/.v,  L. — Common.     Fields  and  pastures. 
arvcnxix,  Bchfflff. — Common.     Fields  and  pasture.-. 
amij<j<l<dlnw,  M,  A.  C. — Common.     Rich  grounds,  woods 

and  lanes. 
Acliimcncs,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Earth. 
cretaceuS)  Fr. — Common.     Earth  and  wood. 
8yfo)ati<yu8,  Scluenv — Low.  and  Mid.    Woods, 
echinatus,  Roth. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Cultivated  Lands, 
aeruginosus,  Curt. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth  and  wood. 
BquamosuSj  Fr. — Low.     Pine  woods, 
stercorarius,  Fr. — Low.     Manured  ground, 
semiglobatus,  Batsch. — Common.     On  cow  dung. 

(XXIV.  IIypiioloma.) 

sublateritius,  Sehreff. — Common.     On  and  around  stumps. 
epixanthus,  Paul. — Low.     Burnt  places  in  woods. 
fascicularis,  Iluds. — Common.     Rotten  wood. 
dispersus,  Fr. — Low.     Earth  in  Pine  woods. 
Iacrymabundus,  Fr. — Low.     Earth  and  trunks, 
velutinus,  Pers. — Low.     Earth  and  wood. 
appendicular.  Bull. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dried  swamps. 

(XXV.    PSILOCVKK.) 

Antillarum,  bV. — Low.    Stable  yards  and  gardens. 
spadiceus,  Bchaeffi — Low.  and  Mid.    Shaded  and  grassy 

places, 
foenlsecii,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Meadows. 
ericSBUS,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods  and  holds. 
atrOrufus,  Scha?ft". — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods  and  fields. 
(XXVI.    Psatiiyka.) 

COnopilus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Among  Mosses. 
obtusatus,  Fr. — Low.     Woods  and  swamps, 
fagicola,  Lasch.  ? — Low.     Rotten  wood. 


FL0WEKLE8S    PLANTS. 


91 


Pastures  and  rich  grounds. 
Rich  ground. 
Among  manure. 
Among  manure. 


(XXVII.  Paxjeolus.) 

papilionaeeus,  Bull. — Cum. 
campannlatoB,  L. — Common. 
separatus.  L. — Mid.  (Schw.) 
fimicola,  Pr. — Mid.  (Schw.) 

(XXVIII.  Psathykella.) 

dissem  hiatus.  Per?. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth. 
OoFEoroa  eoiitdtus,  Pr. — Low.  and  Mid.     In  stable  yards. 
cUramenkurina  Bull. — Mid.     Manured  grounds, 
nmetarius,  L. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Hedge  rows,  ice 
niveus,  Fr. — Low.     On  cow  dung, 
tergiversans,  Fr. — Low.     Earth, 
micaceus,  Fr. — Mid.     About  rotten  stumps. 
radiates,  Bolt. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Horse  dung, 
domesticus,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     In  gardens. 
ephemeras,  Pr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Li  gardens, 
plicatilis.  Curt,— Common.     Manured  grounds. 
Spragneii,  B.  &  0. — Mid.    Rich  grass  plats. 
BoLsrnns  vitellines,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     ()n  manure. 

titubans,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     On  manure. 
IIiatula    fragilissima.    Rav. — Low.     Vegetable    matter 

grounds. 
C'Rhxauius  infractus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 

glaucopus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Gardens, 
callochrous,  Fr. — Low.  and]  Mid.     Woods  &  swamps, 
coerulescens,  Fr. — Mid.     Woods, 
turbinates,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     "Woods, 
rufoolivaeeus.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)     Woods. 
Bcaurus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods. 

BroceoKXBrTileus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    W Is. 

maculosus,  Pr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 
sul.tortus,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     W 
collinitus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods. 
Lodes,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Mossy  ground, 
argentatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 

»,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     W Is. 

violaceo-cinereua.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Damp  woods. 
albo-violaceus,  Fr«~ -Mid,  (Schw.)    Woods, 


in    rich 


IB  rxiwbbum  plants. 

0">RnxARir>  phoKdens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     DenM  woods. 

snblanatQS,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woody  1 1 1 1 1  sides. 

oehrolencns,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    "Woods, 
decnmbens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Gravy  woods, 
anomalns,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woody  hill  sides. 
sanguineus,  Fr. — Common.    Damp  woods. 
eirmarrwm&tts,  Fr. — Common.    Earth  and  wood. 

"         var :    eroeens,    Fr. — Mid.    (Schw.)       On 
trunks, 
macropus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods. 
hi  veins,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods, 
hinnuleus,  Fr. — Low.     Among  leaves  in  Pine  woods. 
gentflis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods, 
flexipes,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Moist  woods, 
iliopodius,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods, 
hemitrichns,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Among  fallen  leaves. 
armeniacus,  Fr. — (Schw.)  Wooded  hill  sides. 
castancus,  Fr. — Common.     Earth  in  woods, 
decipiens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods, 
acutus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Mossy  ground. 
Paxillus  inroJutus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Sandy  woods, 
.itr.'-tomentosus,  Fr. — Mid.     Pine  wood-, 
llavidns.  Berk. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth  in  woods. 
Panuoides,  Fr. — Common.     Pine  wood. 
Curtisii,  Berk. — Common.     Pine  and  Fir  wood. 
renitVinnis.  Berk,  and  Rav. — Up.  (Rav.)     Woods, 
porosns,  Berk. — Low.  and  Mid.     Woods. 
Oomphidius  viscidns,  Fr. — Low.     Sandy  wood-. 
HTOROPnoBDS  ehrysodon,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Woods. 
ebumeu8fTr. — Mid.  (Schwein.)    Woods, 
pnrpnrascens,  Fr.— -Mid.  (Schwein.)  Among  rotting 

leave- . 

erabescens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Springy  ground 

discoidens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods. 
tcpliroleucus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Pine  woods. 
pratensiSfYr. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Hillside-. 

einnabarinus,  Fr. — Common.     Damp  w Is. 

Cantharellns,  Fr. — Common.   Amon_r  decayed  wood. 
Ifetns,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Mossy  grotmd, 


FLOWEKLESS    PLANT*. 

IIygropiiorus  ceraceus,  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.     Dried  swamps, 
coccinellus,  Fr. — Low.     Sandy  woods, 
hiridus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Swamps, 
haematocephalus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Pine  woods, 
coecineus,  Fr. — Common.     Mossy  grounds. 
miniatus,  Fr. — Low.     Damp  woods  and  swamps, 
mueilaginosus,  B.  tfc  C. — Low.     Swamps. 
nitidus,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Swamps. 
Eavenelii,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Wet  grounds. 
conicus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Grassy  land, 
ehloroplianns,  Fr. — Mid.     Among  rotting  leaves, 
psittacinus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pastures. 
Lactarius  torminosus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Woods, 
turpis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 
insuhuSs  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods, 
flexuosus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  woods, 
pergamenus,  Fr.  ? — Low.     Woods. 
piperatus,  Fr. — Common.     Dry  woods, 
vellereus,  Fr. — Common.     Dry  woods. 
ddieiosus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Pine  woods. 
Indigo,  Fr. — Common.     Woods, 
chrysorheus,  Fr. — Common.     Swamps, 
acris,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 
pallidas,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  woods. 
volemus.  Fr. — Common.     Woods. 
subdulcis,  Fr. — Common.     Damp  grounds, 
subtomentosus,  B.  &  K. — Common.     Swamps, 
camphoratus,  Fr. — Low.     Woods  and  thickets. 
illacrymans,  B.  &  R. — Common.     Swamps. 
helviis,  Fr.— Mid.  (Sehw.)     Woods, 
fuliginosus,  Fr. — Low.     Woods  and  thickets. 
Rubsula  adnsta,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods  and  thickets. 
t'urcata,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods  and  thickets. 
depallens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods. 
rubra,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 
lepufa)  Fr. — Low.     Pine  woods. 
vintoena,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 
lactea,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 
eraetica.  Fr.-  Common.     Woods. 


la  ochroleuca.  Fr. —  \         -  ly  hills 

:    -     -.  Ft.— U 
fragilis.  Fr. — IE 
sul  -  — 

nitida,  Fr. — M        S  d& 

a<    I 

ochraeea,  Fr. — Mid.    £ 
lutea,  Fr. — 
.hakell;  Fr. — 

floe  S         — Mid.  m 

aurantiaeus.  Wul£ — M 

umbonatu?.  Fr. — Common.     Wood* 

tub:-  .  — ' 

lutescens,  Bull. — Mi    .  (6  anonf; 

cinereus,  Fr. — U 
niUiCigenub,  Bull. — X     .  (S 

-.  I .-. — Mid.  and  Y 
lignatili?,  B.  &  C. — \ L  '  »od. 

— M       S  EEott 

phora,  Fr. — .  L  Up.    B 

Maeasmius  oreads.  Yt. — Mid.    Sdr 
planeus.  Fr. — L 

ar  -.  Yt. — Ml 

soot  Fr. — Ml   .  (£  _        _ 

calopu*,  Fr. — M         S        .)    Deu 

Vaillantii,  I  Mid. 

cla  .  Fr. — Mid.     On  dead  pL 

ramealir.  Fr.— 4  Dead  L< 

opacu*.  B.  &  C — I. 

-    I    .  —  1 1  Earl 

haematoeephalu? ,  M 
brevipe-  — 

alliaceu?.  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     \ 
nigripe?,  Yt. — M:i.    3 
androsaceui,  Fr. — M 
rotula,  I  jdod.     Dea 

- 


FLOW  ERLESS    PLANTS. 


y5 


Mauasmius  (rraniinum,  Berk. — Low.     Dead  grass,  herbs,  tfce. 
pithyophilns,  B.  &  0. — Low.     Dead  Pine  leaves, 
perforans,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  Fir  leaves. 
insititius.  Fr. — Up.     On  fallen  leaves, 
pruinatus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  bark  and  wood. 
pusio,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Trunks. 
dichrous,  B.  &  0. — Low.     Fallen  limbs. 
velutipes,  B.  ec  C. — Low.     Rotting  leaves  in  swamps. 
epiphyllns,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fallen  leaves. 
Lkxtints  Schweinitzii,  Fr. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Sides  of  trunks. 
Lecontei,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  stumps. 
strigosus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Trunks  of  Tulip  tree, 
tener,  Kl. — Low.     Dead  wood  in  swamps. 
tigrinns,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  stumps. 
Ravenelii,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Dead  wood, 
lepideus,  Fr. — Common.     Stranps. 
cochleatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  wood. 
trial >ilis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Side  of  trunks, 
chama,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  trunks. 
flabeHiformis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  trunks, 
pelliculosus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  trunks. 
Micheneri,  B.  it  C. — Up.     Dead  wood, 
pectinatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Side  of  trunks, 
tenuissimus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Willows. 
Pakus  conchatns,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  trunks. 
torolosus,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Stumps, 
levis,  B.  <fe  C. — L<»w.  and  Mid.     Trunks  and  logs. 
foetens,  Seer. — Low.     Dead  wood, 
dorsal  is,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Pine  stumps  and  logs, 
stypticus,  Fr. — Common.     Bead  wood, 
dealbatns,  Berk. — Up.     Dead  wood, 
angustatus.  Berk. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Dead  wood. 
Xiuotus  nigrita,  Lev. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  wood. 
ScmzoPHYLLUBi  commune,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  wood. 
Lenzttes  betulina,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  stumps. 

Berkcleii,  Lev. — Common.     Logs  and  stumps, 
trabea,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
striata,  Fr. — Common.     On  wood. 
abietina,  Fr. — Common.     Old  posts  and  rails. 


'.*>'•  KLOWK&LH86    PLANTS. 

sepiaria,  Fr.— Common.     Old  posts  and  nils. 

Lenzites  rhabarbarina,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Trunks. 
tricolor,  Fr. — Low.    Dead  lin 
Klotschii,  Berk. — Common.     Trunks  and  logs. 
CratflBgi,  Berk. — Common.     Trunks  and  limbs. 
variegata,  Pr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks  and  limlis. 
Boletus  listens,  L — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  woods. 
daganSf  Fr. — Low.     Earth  in  woods. 
Curtisii,  Berk. — Low.     Earth  in  wo> 
Jtooidu8,¥r. — Common.    Dampwp 

l&nUus,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Dp.     Pine  wooda 
gran  ,  L. — Common.     Woods  and  fields. 

.  L. — Common.     Pine  w< 
decipiens,  B.  Oc  V. — Low.     Damp  wo 
piperatns,  Bull. — Low.  and  Mid.    Woods. 
laeticolor,  B.  tfc  C. — Mid.     Woods. 
Betula,  Schw. — Mid.     Ligneous  earth. 
variegatus,  Fr. — Mid.     Sphagnoos  grounds, 
chrvsenteron,  Bull. — Mid.  and    L'p.      Dam],   woods    and 

fields. 
subtom*  L. — Common.    Earth  in  woods. 

heniiehrvsus,  B.  cV:  C. — Low.     Base  of  Pines. 
rnbiginosns,  Retz. — Mid.    Woods, 
ealopns,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    "Woods, 

pachypus,  Fr. — Low.     AV K 

retii".-.  B.  cV  C. — Mid.     Wooda 

Satanas,  Lenz. — Mid.     W k. 

purpureas,  Fr. — Mid.    Woods. 
luridus,  Sclueff. — Mid.  (Schw.)     W. 
&,  Hull.— Mid.  (Schw.)     W 

''''*.  Fr. — Mid.    Woods. 
her.  Bull. — Low.  and  Mid.    Sandy  woods. 
fellens,  Bull. — Low.  and  Mid.    Banks  and  thick' 
castaneus,  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.      W 

imon.     W Is  and  thicket-. 

albo-ater,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Moisl  vroods. 
Ana1  tas,  M.  A.  C-r-Low,     Under  Pine  logs, 


PJ&WEBLB88    PLANTS.  i)7 

PoLTPOBUe  {I.  Ml 

.  Fr. — Mid.     Woodft 
ovin  us,  ScluxnT.— Low.  and  Mid     Earth  in  Woods. 
poripee,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.    Wooded  ravines. 

arcularius.  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  sticks. 
brumalis,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  stick-. 
ciliatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  Sticks. 
Schweinitzii,  Fr. — Mid.     Pine  woods. 
tabulseformis,  Berk. — Low.     Earth  in  Fine  woods. 
persicinus,  B,  &  C. — Low.     In  swamps, 
dependens,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Under  Pine  logs. 
rafeseen-,  Fr. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
tomentosus,  Fr. — Low.     Case  of  Pine-, 
perennis,  Fr. — Common.     Earth  in  woods, 
parvulu-.  Kl. — Low.  and  Mid.     Burnt  places  in  woods. 

(II.  Pleubopus.) 

Boucheanus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Qn  sticks. 

'*      Far:  peponinus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     I  to  sticks. 

melanopus,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     On  sticks. 

varius,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks  and  limbs. 

elegans,  Fr. — Up.    Earth. 

hicidus,  Fr. — Common.     Buried  roots. 

Curtisii,  Berk. — Common.     Buried  roots. 

dealbatus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Buried  wood. 

mutabilis,  B.  &  C. — Com.    Stumps  and  stick-  in  swamps. 

rhipidius,  Berk. — Common.     Dead  limbs. 

sanguineus,  Fr. — Common.     Qnlogs. 

(III.  Mi:::t~ma.) 

fi  .  Fr. — Common.     Earth  and  base  of  stumps. 

.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  woods. 
n8t  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Pine  wood-. 
tji'j-  .  Vv. — Low.  and  Mid,     Base  of  stumps, 

lobatus,  Fr. — Low.    Base  of  stumps. 

.  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  logs. 
B  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Wo 

distortus,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.  y  hanks. 

graveolens,  Schw. — Common.     On  trunks. 
13 


(IV.  Arua.) 

D  .  limbs. 

i  C. — Low.     Stu: 
—  I  'ine  woods, 

lacteus.  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and 
mollis,  Fr. — Mid.    E  On  stic' 

carriiir.  Fr. — Mid.     8  ":s. 

dc-  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.      W    -d  and  !•  _ 

-i-ulij  Fr. — D        -       v.)     Trunk  of  Buck* 
gflvus,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  lin. 
adustus,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  lim 
crispus.  Fr. — Mid.  and  t  nut  Trunks 

isabellinus.Fr. — MM.  (Schv 
unicolor.  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  trui. 
Pi".       .  E         —   '   I.  and  Up.    (fi 
hispidus.  Fr. — Common.  \  Trim 
labvrintkicus.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trui. 
searrosus.  R  ft  0. — Low.     L  g  of  Tulip  tree, 
borealis,  Fr. — Low.     I.  _  . 
cerifluus.  P..  ft  C. — Low.     D  _ 

undulatus.  Fr. — Mi  Trunks. 

.  Fr. — Mid.     B  I   .lien  lin. 

dryophilus,  Berk. — Low.     Oak  ('.)  trui. 

:•. — Common.     On  1 
palust:  Pine  tru: 

pallesceris.  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks  and  limbs. 
conchifer,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  lin. 

.  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid:     Trunks. 
applanatus.  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks  and 
fomentarius.  I    .— <  \>mmon.     Trunks  and  lh. 
cupulaefon.  I       I      onion.     Bar  t,  fi 

mach,  A 

:. — Oomm  d.     TronkB  and  Lin 
Ben  '. — Ljw.  and  Mid.     Tru:. 

conchatus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     L  _ 

C—  Mid.  (Schw.)     Tru 
salicinu?.  Fr. — Cuinmon.     Lo^s  and  lin. 
scutellatus,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Up.     Bark  of  li: 

I  Pine  trunk 


FL0WERLES8    PLANTS.  99 

marginatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Beech  trunks. 
cameos,  Xees. — Common.     Posts  and  logs, 
annosus,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  wood. 
cinnabarinus,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  limbs. 
scruposus,  Fr. — Common.     Stumps  and  logs, 
radiatns,  Fr. — Up.     Trunks, 
eervinus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Bark  of  Peach  tree. 
biformis,  Kl. — Low.  and  Mid.      Stumps,  logs,  sticks,  &c. 
undatus,  Fr. — Up.     Logs, 
hirsutus,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  limbs, 
hirsutulus,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  limbs, 
zonatus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  wood, 
versicolor,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks,  limbs,  &c. 
decipiens,  Schw. — Common.     Trunks,  limbs,  etc. 
zonalis,  Berk. — Low.     Trunks,  limbs,  &c. 
abietinus,  Fr. — Common.     Pine  and  Fir  limbs, 
deglubens,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  Pine  limbs, 
dendriticus,  Fr. — Low.     Cypress  stumps. 
chartaceus,  B.  &  0. — Mid.  Trunk  and  limbs  of  Tulip  tree, 
velutinus,  Fr. — Mid.     Carious  wood. 
Sullivantii,  Mont. — Common.     Limbs, 
pergamenens,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  limbs, 
elongatns,  Berk. — Low.     Stumps  and  stick-. 
cinerascens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Scbw.)    On  wood. 
virginens,  Scbw. — Mid.  and  ITp.     Dead  limbs. 
Nilgerrhensis,  Mont. — Mid.     Logs. 
Floridanus,  Berk.— Low.     Logs  and  limbs. 
barbnlatns,  Fr. — Low.    Bark  of  Cedar  and  Cypress. 
(V.  Rbbupinatds.) 

obliqans,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Logs  and  trunks. 
Viticola,  Fr. — Mid.     Grape  vines, 
contignns,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  sticks, 
ferruginosus,  Schrad.— Common.     Dead  limbs. 
occidentals,  Kl. — Low.     Logs, 
niger.  Berk. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
xanthus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Up.     Under  Pine  wood. 
nitidus.  Fr.  '.— Low.     Bark  of  Tulip  Tree, 
pulchellus,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Underside  of  log. 
anreolns,  Grev. — "Low.    Pine  wood. 


-L  v,\     Tnr 

Oak  trunk-. 
.ilimi?.  Fr. — M  id.     S 
incarnatu?.  Fr. —  I  d.     Bark  and  wo 

purpureus,  Fr.- 

—     ..nnon.     Wo 
mncidus.  Fr. — Common.     W 
caflosus,  Fr. — I.  ( 

vulgaris.  Fr. — Common.     Carious 
Cremor,  B.  c\:  C. — L.y.v.     Fallen  li::. 
9b  j'hcneii.  Berk. — Low.  and  Yy.     Dead  tin 
xantholoma.  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw  I  wood. 

limita: 

.purer.-.  Fr. — M:  I  logs. 

Bam  I  l '. — Comi  I  -  - 

Juglandinus.  Fr. — Mid.    (Schw.  i     ( >n  Walnut  and  E 
in<»re. 

-.  I    ps. — Low.     On  sticks, 
itus,  A.  ft  B. — L  w.     <  " 
ft  0. — Low.    Rotten  vtikxl. 
ks. 
-..--'  .d  bark, 

irinus,  Fr. — L     .     Oari 
Vaillantii.  Fr. — Up.  (Bar.      L  _-. 
:  rinellus,  Fr. — Common.     (  d  and  bark. 

.  Fr.— IC       -  W 

I 
Berk. — Up.     Stumps. 
I 
ru"t  Fr. — Mid.  (Scliw.      I  •  .  V, 

Pini.  Fr. — L"W.     Fine  tru1 
[).•  :ima.  R.  A:  C. — '  I 

Trunk-. 
'       :  trunks. 
.  Fr.  \ — 1 1  Tl      k& 

..  1'r. :— (  .     Stun  |  -  and  . 

ta,  Sdr    — Hid.  (S  1 

IIexao-na  carbonaria,  bnrntloga 

i,    -  ipurpun  B  — '  Logs  and  trunk?. 


FLOW  KK 1. 1  -  lOl 

amorphus,  (Fr.) — Low.  and  Mid.     Logs  and  trunks. 
Mbettlius  incarnatus,  Schw. — Common.     Rotting  1 

conflnens,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  Alders.  <fcc. 

tremellosns,  Schrad. — Common.     Rotten  logs. 

incrassatus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Carious  Tine  stump. 

Corinm,  Pr. — Common.     Sticks  and  I 

ceracellus,  B.  oj  C. — Low.    Dead  Oak  liml>s. 

molluscus,  Pr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Wood. 

fugax,  Fr. — Low.     Pine  limbs. 

Porinoides,  Fr. — Common.     Under  Pine  wood. 

rufus,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks. 

serpens,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.    Pine  trunks  and  limbs. 

BrassicsBfolins,   Schw. — Low.   and    Mid.     Damp   wood, 

v.- alls,  &c. 
lacrymans,  Schum. — Mid.  (Schw.)     In  cellars. 
Porotiielioi  fimbriatnm,  Fr. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
lacerum,  Fr. — Common.     Wood  and  sticks, 
subtile,  Pr. — Common.     Park  and  wood. 
Arkiiytidia  flava,  P.  &  C. — Low.     Pine  Lark  and  wood. 
fulva,  P.  &  0. — Low.     Underside  of  Pine  lo 
Fisttlixa  hepatica,  Fr. — Up.     Base  of  trunks  and  stumps, 
radicata,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Hollow  trunk-. 

Htdstom  (I.  Mesopus.) 

imbricatum,  L. — Mid.  and  Up.     Earth  in  woods. 
8iib8qua/mo8um^  Batsch. — Common.     Damp  woods. 
IcBvigafocm,  Swartz. — Low.     Pine  wood-. 
canum,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Mossy  banks. 
repcmdum,  L. — Common.     Woods. 
rufi  ■  shaeff. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods, 

compactum,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Wood.-. 
aurantiacum.  A.  &  S. — Mid.  and  Up.     Hill  Bides, 
ferrugineum,  Fr. — Low.     Pine  wood-. 
Bpadiceum,  Pers. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Pine  wood.-, 
velutinum.  Fr. — Mid.     Woods, 
zonatum,  Batsch. — Common.     Woo 
graveolens,  Delast. — Common.     Base  of  stumps, 
tomentosura,  L. — 7\  T  i « 1 .  (Schw.)     Woods. 


108  I  !.•  I  I    W  I-. 

I  II.     PlEI  BOP1  B.) 

adustum,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Op.    Or  stick--. 
(III.  Mkrtbma.) 

'"/••  -       . — Common.    Bide  of  trunks, 

ramosnm,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood. 
Erinaceus,  Boll — Common. 
'    put-Medusa,  Bull. — Common.     Trunks  and  loirs. 

(TV.  Arcs.) 

gelatinosum,  Scop. — Common.     Trunks  and  I 
cirrhatum,  Pers. — Common.     L  _-. 
pulcherrimum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stumps  and  logs, 
amblyodon,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.     On  wood. 
Btrigosum,  Swartz. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks. 
Rhois,  Schw. — Common.     Stumps  and  stir'. 
laeticolor,  !>.  &  C. — Low.     Fallon  limbs. 
ocliraccum,  Pers. — Common.     Sticks,  stumps,  &c 

(V.  Resupinatus.) 

fuscoatrum,  Er. — Common.     Wood  and  .-ticks. 
membranaceum,  BulL — Common.     Wood  and  Bticks, 
ferruginosum,  Schrad. — Common.     Wood  and  Lark. 

Bum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    AV !. 

Bulfureum,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  limbs, 
fragillimum,  1!.  &  C. — Low.     CTnder  rotten  1( 
alutaceum,  I-'r. — Mid.     Carious  wood, 
spathulatum,  IV. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Carious  wood. 
viridc.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Rotting  trun 
udum,  Fr. —  Low.  and  Mid.     Carious  wood. 

lliinantia.  Schw. — Mid.      Carious  w 1. 

mucidum,  Pers. — Low.     Trunks  and  wood, 
diaphanum,  Schrad. — Mid.  (Set  _;-  and  leaves, 

farihaceum,  Pers, — Common.    On  wood. 
fasciculare,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  log 
chrysodon,  B.  &  C. — Low.    On  Oak  chips. 
Fascicularia,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Carious  wood  and  hark. 

latum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Underside  carious  wood 
ciliolatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  limbs, 
plumosum,  Duby. — Low.     Wood  and  hark. 


i  1...W  ERLE88    PLANTS.  103 

caryophyllsBum,  B.  A  C. — Low.    Carious  wood, 
xanthum,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Up.    Fallen  limbs, 
pithyophilum,  R  it  C. — Low.     Pine  wood, 
plumarium,  B.  &  0. — Low.     On  dead  Viburnum.  ? 
Nyss»,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Log  of  Black  Gum. 
depauperatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Carious  wood. 

nudum.  B.  &  C. — Common.    Rotten  w 1.  &c. 

IIei;i:ium  Ilystrix,  Fr. — Low.     Base  of  tree?. 
Sistoteema  confluens,  Per?. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 

occarium,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks. 
Irpex  pendulus,  Fr. — Low.     Pine  stumps. 

fusco-yiolaceus,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Cedar  and  Pine  trunks. 
sinuosus,  Fr. — Common.     Stumps,  limbs,  &c 
pallescens,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)  Trunk  of  Tulip  Tree. 
-    crassus,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Oak  trunks. 

mollis,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Trunks  and  stumps. 
tabacinus,  B.   Sc  C— Low.   and  Mid.     Bark  of  White   and 

Post  Oaks. 
Scliwcinitzii,  B.  &  C. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  limbs, 
paradoxus,  Schrad. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  Birch  and  Cherry, 
cinerascens,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Side  of  trunks. 
obliquus,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  Sweet  Gum. 
Tulipiferae,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Tulip  Tree, 
deformis,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks, 
cinnamomeus,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  limbs, 
carneus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  bark. 
Eaduluai  molare,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  limbs. 
pallidum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Sticks, 
ketum,  Fr. — Common.     Brand 
fagineum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Wood  of  liml   . 
Piiledia  Merismoides,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  limits. 

zonata,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Up.     Wood  and  limbs. 
reflexa,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Oak  lim 
radiata,  Fr. — Common.     Limits  and  Logs. 
orbicularis,  B.  Sc  C. — Low.     Fallen  Oak  limbs. 
vaga,  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.     Rotten  logs. 
Gsakdinia  granulosa,  Fr. — Common.     Carious  wood. 
Odontia  fimbriata,  Fr. — Common.     Fallen  limbs, 
lateritia,  B.  $  C. — Fp.     Carious  wood. 


iV. — Mi<l.  (Sch w.i     On  wood. 
Knei  .  Fr. — Common.     On  wood. 

I '. — Com.  Bark  of  Cedar  and  Grape. 
—  L     .     Carious  v. 

.  and  Mid.     Earth  in  woods, 
lutes      -.      — L  Earth  and  rotten  wood, 

ides,  Per.-. — Common.     Wo< 
as,  Fr. — !  Mot  -y  banks; 

tharellus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth  in  woods, 
Tuelkphoka  (L  Me 

Schw. — Mid.  banks. 

.  Fr.  I — Mid.  larth, 

tw. — Common.    "W 
.        ..   (    —Mid.  and  Up.     W< 
tuberosa,  Fr. — W  Earth. 

i.  Bull — Common.     W< 
ypphyllaea,  Fr. — I  a.     Woi 

multipartita,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Earth. 
dr.  Merjbma.) 

Cladonia,  Fr. — Mid,  and  Up.     Woods, 
palmata,  Fr. — Common.     Earth  in  woo 
pa]  rw. — Common.     Earth  in  woods. 

.Ma,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth  in  wo 
tern  rh, — Mid.  and  Up.    Earth  in  w< 

gausapata,  Fr.-  M         Schw.)     Trunks, 
lutosa,  Schw:— Mid.  (Sd 

(III.  Ap 

fimbriate,  Fr.— Mid.  irth. 

.  — !  [id.     ~  :hw.)     Fine 
— (  trnnks. 

biennis,  Fr.—  M  id.  and  trunks. 

and  trunk.-. 
I      —Mid.   (Schw.)     Earth. 
1 1  V.  Resi  "••>>■,  i  ; 

Helvell  hw. — M  Earth. 

.-]  7. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Mossy  rocks. 

.  I  £       of  ditcht 

\  Fr. — Common.     I. 


FLOWERLEdS   PLA2STS.  105 

Stabularis,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Stable  manure, 
umbrina,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.    Under  logs  and  sticks^ 
arida,  Fr.- — Low.     Ou  Fine  wood. 
terrea,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Under  prostrate  Fine  wood, 
granosa,  B.  &  C. — Common.    Botten  log.;. 
ferruginea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Fallen  branches. 
anthochroa,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  and  stick*, 
mollis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fine  wood. 
pediceliata,  Scbw. — •Common.     On  living  branched, 
fusca,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Bark  oi'  trunks. 
bufonia,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Limbs  oi  Sweet  Gum. 
Steueum  (I.  Mesopus.) 

calyculus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Moist  woods. 
tenerrimum,  B.  &  R. — Low.     Among  Mosses, 

(11.  Apus.) 

fasciatum,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  limbs, 
lobatum,  Xze. — Common.     Trunks  and  limbs. 
versicolor,  Swartz. — Low.     Fallen  limbs. 
striatum,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  limbs. 
porrectum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  limbs, 
complicatum,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  limbs. 
purpureum,  Pers. — Common.     Trunks  and  stump*, 
spadiceum,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks  and  stumps. 
molle,  Lev. — Mid.     Logs. 
hirsutum,  Fr. — Common.     Limbs  and  logs. 
Btyracifluum,  Scbw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  Sweet  Gum. 
sauguinolentum,  A.  &  S. — Low.  and  Mid.     Pine  trunks, 
ockraceo-navum,  Schw. — Common,     On  limbs, 
bicolor,  Fr. — Common.     Logs  and  limbs. 
Micheneri,  B.  &  C— Mid.  and  Up.     Fallon  limbs. 
i'errugincum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fallen  limbs, 
rubiginosum,  Schrad. — Common.     Trunks  and  sticks, 
papyrinum,  Mont. — Low.     Decaying  logs. 
tabacinum,  Fr.— Mid.  and  Up.  (Schw.)     Fallen  limbs, 
cerviuum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  Oak  limbs, 
imbricatulum,  Schw. — Common.     Trunks  and  branches. 
Curtisii,  Berk. — Common.  Bark  of  White  and  Post  Oaks 
Leveilleanum,  B.  <fc  0. — Low,  and  Mid.    Dead  limbs. 
14 


1<A)  9U 

albobadium,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.  Trunks  and  branches, 
candidom,  Behw. — Lav.  and  MM    Bark  of  to 
frustulosuin,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.    Wood  and  stumps* 
Bubpileatum,  B.  i\:  C. — Common.    Logs  and  stomps, 

rugosum,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks  and  log 
'..  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Fin*-'  Lark. 

ulneum.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood. 

acerinum,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  tree?. 
Aii:k  UL.vniA  mesenterica,  Bull. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Tru\ 
Cokihxum  (L  Arus.) 

oehroIenDomn,  Fr. — Low.  and  Yy.  \     Fallen  limbs, 

sabasonatom,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    AV 1. 

Lvens,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  l>ark  of  trees, 

?alicinum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Willows. 

Oakesii,  B.  ft  Ov— Up.     Bark  of  White  Oak. 

(II.    HlMA>-TIA.) 

giganteum,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  and  wood. 
laeve,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  and  wood. 
Auberianum,  Mont. — Common.     Bark  and  wood, 
roseum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Bark  of  trunk.-, 
velutinum.  Fr. — Bark  of  Sweet  Gum. 
glabrum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Sticks  in  wet  ground, 
sulfureum,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Wood,  bark,  &c 
Yiticola,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up     Bark  of  Grape  ?in< 
alutaceum,  B.  «t  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Carious  wood. 

ruleum,  Fr. — Oommon.    Wood  and  bark. 
atrovirens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Carious  wood, 
arachnoidenm,  Berk. — Common.    Wood  and  bark, 
polyschistum,  B.  *k  CL — Low.    Branches  of  Apple  tree, 
leueothrix,  B.  v\:  ('. — Low.    Underside  of  rim.-  wood. 

(III.    LkI--TU"MA.) 

ealceom,  Fr. — Common.    Wood  and  bark. 
Bubicola,  B.  vV:  C. — Oommon.    Blackberry  stalky 

viscusiini.  Peri. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Putrid  wood. 
Martianum,  B.  A  C. — Up.     Putrid  wood. 

molle,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Putrid  wood 
ochraceum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     "Wood. 
■K-riale.  Fr.  ? — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  wood. 


KLoWKRLESS    PLANTS  10? 

quereinuin,  Purs. — Mid.  and  Up.     Bark  of  Chestnut,  <fcc. 
albido-carneum,  (Schw.) — Common.     Carious  wood, 
cinerenm,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  limbs, 
scutcllatuni,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Bark  of  limbs. 
incarnatum,  Fr. — Common.     Wood  and  bark, 
polygon ium,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  limbs. 
corrugatum,  Fr.— Common.     Bark  and  wood. 
Sambuci,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Elder. 
episphsBria,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)  On  wood  and  Hypox": 
stigma. 
Gdepinia  Spathularia,  Fr. — Common.     Pine  wood. 

elegans,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Up.     Trunks  and  logs. 
Cypiiella  lacera,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  vegetable  matter. 
Filicicola,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stem  of  Ferns. 
Capula,  Fr. — Common.     Stems  of  herbs, 
fulva,  B.  &  R. — Common.     Branches  of  Alder. 
Sparassis  cyrUpa,  Fr. — Up.     Earth. 

laminosa,  Fr. — Low.     Oak  log. 
spathulata,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth. 

Clay  aria  (I.  Ramaria.) 

jlava,  Fr. — Common.     Earth  in  woods. 
Botrytis,  Pers. — Common.     Earth  in  woods. 
fasUglata,  L. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Grassy  places. 
muscoides,  L. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Grassy  places. 
tetragona,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Damp  woods. 
cristata,  Ilolmsk. — Mid.  and  Up.     Damp  woods. 
'nigosa,  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Damp  woods. 
fuliginea,  Pers. — Low.  and  Mid.     Shady  woods. 
macropus,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth. 
mMHU,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Shaded  ,T>ank&. 
pyxidata,  Pers. — Common.     Rotten  wood. 
aurai,  Scha?ff. — Common.     Earth  in  woods. 
farmoea,  Pers. — Common.     Earth  in  woods, 
abietina,  Schum. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Ligneous  Earth, 
leucotophra,  B.  k  C. — Mid.     (Schw.)      Among   rotting 

leaves, 
grisea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Woods. 
gracilis,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Shady  banks, 


10.$  KLOWBBUW  IT. ANTS. 

stricta,  Pen, — Common.    Wood, and  earth. 
byssiseda,  Per?, — Mid.  (Schw.)    Rottinpr  leaves, 

(II.  Btnoobthts.) 

infequalis,  Fr. — Common.     Damp  woods. 
fusiform  is.  Sow. — Common.     Fields  and  woods. 
argillacea,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fields  and  woods, 
vermicnlata,  Scop. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Grassy  fields, 
fragilis,  Holmsk. — Common.     Earth  in  woods, 
tenaeella,  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Woods. 
fnmosa,  Pens.-   Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  woods. 

(Til,    HoLOOOBXNE.) 

pistillaris,  L. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Shady  woods. 
ligula,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Among  shrubs, 
fontorta,  Fr. — Up,     On  sticks. 
falcata,  Pore. — Mid.  and  Dp.     Mossy  place-. 
vernalis,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Naked  earth. 
mncida,  Pere. — Common.     Damp  rotting  wood, 
acuta,  Sow. — Low.     Mossy  hanks. 
[  trichomorpha,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  Corn  stalks. 
Calocrra  viscosa,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.')    Pine  wood-. 
palmata,  Fr. — Common.    Carious  wood. 
rarcata,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Trunks.. 
cornea,  Fr. — Common.     Park  and  wood. 
pilipes,  Schw. — Mid,  (Schw.)    On  wood. 
Crtnvla  paradoxa,  B.  &.C.— Low.    On  Oak  leaves. 
TrpnuLA  tennissima,  M.  A.  C. — Low.     Rotting  leave-. 

Grevillei,  Fr. — Low.  Fruit  and  Leaf  stalks  of  Sweet  (lum. 
iiyrans.FY. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Stems  of  herbs. 
mucosa.  B.&G — Low.    Stems  of  herbs. 
PisiTLLARrA  Mnscicola,  Fr.— Mid.  and  TTp-    On  Mosses, 
rosella,  Fr, — Low.    Rotting  leave-. 
clegans,  B.  <fe  0. — L<»w.    Dead  twigs  of  Snow  Ball. 
miean-.  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Stems  of  herba 
ovata.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  leaves. 
Tbxmklla  foliacea,  Pera — Common.    Trunks.  logs,  «fec 
nurautia.  Schw. —  Common.     Trunks,  logs,  && 
Intescens,  Fr.r— Common.    Trunks,  logs^  <kc 
resiearia^  Pull.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  plants. 


FI.oWEULRSS    PLANTS.  109 

meeenterioat  Ret/. — Common.     On  bark, 
intumescens,  Sm. — Common.     Wood  and  limbs, 
albida,  Huds. — Common.     "Wood  and  limbs, 
virens,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Dogwood  limbs, 
enata,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Oak  limbs. 
sarcoides,  "With. — Mid.  and  Up.     Trunks  and  branches, 
parasitica,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  Lentinus  tigrinus. 
Cobtne  gyroeephala,  B.  ifc  C. — Low.     Wet  rotten  wood. 
Extdia  Auricula- Juda?,  Fr. — Common.     Trunks, 
auriformis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     On  wood, 
recisa,  Fr. — Low.     Fallen  limbs. 
pednnculata,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fine  wood, 
glandnlosa,  Fr. — Common.     Limbs  and  sticks, 
crenata,  Fr.- — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  limbs. 
NjEmatelia  encephala,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Fallen  limbs. 

nucleata,  |  Fr. — Common.     Fallen  limbs. 
Dagbymyces  fragiformis,    Nees. — Mid.     (Schw.)      On  Hypoxylon 
stigina. 
moriformis,  Fr. — Low.     Wood  and  bark, 
violaceus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Branch  of  Apple  tree, 
stillatus,  Fr. — Common.     Pine  wood, 
tortus.  Fr. — Common.     Pine  wood. 
deHquescens,  Dnby. — Up.    Dead  limbs, 
lacrymalis,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
involntns,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Old  wood. 
pellueiduB,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Wood. 
Syringa?,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Dead  bark  of  Lilac, 
cpiphyllus,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaf  of  Galium. 
Hymendxa  Phytolacca?,  B.  &  0. — Mid.  Dead  stem  of  Poke  weed. 
Aoybium  nigricans,  Fr.  ? — Low.     Dry  wood. 


11"  rLOWEBLBBS    PI  ! 


II.  GASTEROMYCETE6. 


m  transven-ale.  Fr. — Low.   and  Mid.     Earth  in  damp 
woods. 
IlritxAxwirM  Bavenelii.  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Bwampy  ground. 
Rhtzofogon  luteolus,  Tul. — Mid.     Swampy  ground. 

rubescens,  Tul. — Low.  and  Mid.     Swampy  ground. 
Melakogasteb  rubescens,  Tul. — Up.     Bwampy  ground. 
Phallus  duplicatus,  Boec. — Common.     Earth  in  Pine  wood  j, 
indnsiatos,  Vent. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Earth. 
tmpndicus,  L. — Mid.     Earth, 
rubieundus.  Fr. — Low.     Earth. 
O'RYxrTKs  brevis,  13.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid    Fields  and  Garden-. 
Olaxhrub  eolumnatus,  Bose. — Low.  and  Mid.     Sandy  wood.-. 
Tulostoma  limbriatum,  Fr. — Common.     In  light  s«>il?. 

mammosnm,  Fr. — Common.     In  ligneous  earth. 
Ltoopebdoh  Bovieta,  L. — Common.    Grassy  land. 

eandidum,  Sehw. — Mid.  i^Sehw.^     Grassy  woods, 
celatum,  Bull.— L:>w.  and  Mid.     Earth   and  stumps, 
pusfllum,  Batseh. — Low.  and  Mid.     I.         jofl. 
acuminatum,  B.  &  CL — Low.  and  Mid.    On  Most 
gemmatum.  Batseh. — Common.     Woods  and  field-. 
pyrifbime,  Sehrcft'. — Common.  Earth  and  rotten  log.-. 
Bovi-ta  nigrescent  Pere. — Common.    Grassy  fields. 
.  Pers. — Common.     Grassy  fields. 
cyathiforuii-.  (Bosc) — Common.      Fields  and  hank-. 
Gkastbb  fornicatus,  Fr. — Common.    Earth  in  woods. 
minimus.  Sehw. — Common.     Earth  in  woods, 
limbatus,  Pr. — Dp.     Woods, 
fimbriatus,  Fr.— -Low.     Sandy  woods. 

;itns.  Fr. — Common.     Earth. 
rufeecens,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Hill-sides, 
hygrometricus,  Per^. — Common.    Earth. 
fibrillosUB,  Sehw. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Naked  Earth. 
S     ebodbbma  Geaster,  Fr. — Common.     Clayey  hank-. 
rnlgare,  Fr. — Common.     Earth. 


FL0WEBLES8    PLANTS.  Ill 

Texense,  Berk. — Low.     Sandy  woods. 
Bovista,  Fr. — Low.     Sandy  woods. 
Lycoperdioides,    Schw. — Mid.     (Schw.)      Logs  and 
ligneous  earth. 
Polysaocuw  Pisocarpium,  Fr. — Low.    Base  of  stumps,  &c 
Akaciinion  album,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth. 
MniiEMvcEs  lutescens,  Schw — Common.     Damp  woods, 
cinnabarinum,  Schw.? — -Low.     Damp  woods. 
Ravenelii,  Berk. — Up.     Earth. 
Lyoogajla  epidendrum,  L. — Common.     Rotten  wood. 
Retioulakia  umbrina,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Kotten  trunks, 
atra,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  wood. 
Muscorum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Mosses. 
Aktiialium  septicum,  Fr. — Common.     On  wood,  stumps,  <fec. 

Ferrincola,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     On  a  piece  of  iron. 
Piderma  stellare,  Pers. — Low.     Pine  wood. 

floriforme,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  trunks, 
globosum,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves, 
difforme,  Sommerf. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Stems  of  Irish  Potato, 
testaceum,  Pers. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Dead  stems  of  plants, 
contextum,  Pers. — Mid.;  (Schw.)     Dead  stems  of  plants, 
reticulatum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  leaves. 
Leooakpus  vernicosus,  Lk. — Mid.  and  Up.  Dead  leaves,  sticks,  &c. 
Didymium  Clavus,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Rotting  leaves, 
furfuraccum,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  wood. 
rufipes,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  trunks. 
tigrinum,  Schrad. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  wood, 
squamulosum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fallen  leaves, 
farinaceum,  Schrad. — Low.     Fallen  leaves, 
pusillum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotting  stem  of  herb, 
xanthopus,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  leaves,  stems,  &c. 
chrvsosepton,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotting  leaves. 
Ravenelii,  B.  &  C. — Up.  (Rav.)     Rotten  wood, 
spumarioides,   Fr. — Mid.    and    Up.      Rotting   leaves, 

Moss,  &c. 
luteo-griseum,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Living  leaves 

of  Gonolobus,  6cc. 
polycephalum,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Trunks,  sticks, 
leaves,  <fcc. 


11-  nawBiLMat  PLsjnfl. 

Curtisii,  Berk. — Low.     living  grate  and  leave* 

ffiegalo^wnDum,  13.  cV  C. — Low.    Dead  lea 

Physaroides,  Pr. — Low.     Baric  of  trunks. 

einereuin.  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dark  of  trunks. 

terrigenum,  B.  k  C. — Hid.     Naked  clayey  soil. 
Phtsabum  nutans,  Per?. — Common.    On  dead  wo 

aureum.  Pen. — Common.     On  dead  wood. 

sulphureum.  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Dead  leave-. 

eolnmbinnm,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Trunk  of  Birch. 

caprieeps,  B.  &  II. — Low.     Rotten  Pine  wood 

hyalinnm,  Per?. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Bark  of  trunk?.. 

Licea,  Pr. — Mid.  (8chw.)     Pine  wood. 

album.  Fr. — Low.     Fallen  Leaves. 

decipiens,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Oak  trunk. 

oonflnens,  Pers. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Stumps. 

elegana,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leave?  and  plants. 

effoanm,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  tan-bark. 
AHGXORmnm  sinuosum.  Grev. — Common.     Leave?.  stems.  &c 
C'katekium  pedunculatum,  Trent. — Mid.  (Sehw.)  Leaves,  stems.  Ac. 

leneoeephalnm,  Dittm. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Bit?  of  wood. 

globosnm,  Fr. — Low.     Corn  stalk?. 
Diacuea  elegana,  Fr. — Common.     Leave-,  stems,  grass,  &c. 
Broomn  fusca,  Both — Common.    Wood,  leave?.  Moss,  && 

ferrnginea,  Ehrb. — Common.     Oarions  wood. 

typhoides,  L).  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Wood  and  sticks. 

oblonga,  Fr. — Mid.     Bark  of  trunk-. 
ata,  Pers.  -  Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  rood. 

obtnsata,  Fr. — Common.    Dead  wood. 

tenerrima,  M.  A.  C. — Low.     Dead  stems. 

papillata.  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  w 1. 

Physaroides,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Birch  trunk. 
Finmiinrmnrj  elegana,  Bowm. — Low.    old  roof  of  shed. 
DicTYDirM  nmbflicatnm,  Schrad.-  Common.     Pine  wood. 

microcarpnm,  Schrad.-- Common.     Carious  WOod. 

venoenm,  Schrad.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Carious  wood. 
Quorum  macrocavpa,  Schrad. — Mid.    S  Pine  wood, 

argillacea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Rotten  trunks, 
purpurea,  Schrad. — Mid.  iSchw.)     Carious  wood. 
vulgaris,  Schrad.-  Mid.  (Schw.)    Rotten  trunks. 


FLOWERLESS    PLANTS.  113 

intricate,  Sclirad. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
tenella,  Sclirad. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Carious  wood, 
minutissima,  Schw. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Carious  wood, 
microscopiea,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Old  Pine  wood. 
Akcykia  punicea,  Pers. — Common.     Carious  wood. 
incamata,  Pers. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
cinerea,  Fl.  Dan. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
nutans,  Grev. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
pallida,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Carious  wood, 
umbrina,  Schum. — Common.     Carious  wood. 
ochroleuea,  Fr. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Carious  wood. 
globosa,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Cliestnut  burs. 
Tbichia  rubiformis,  Pers.— Mid.  and  Up.  Rotten  wood  and  Mosses, 
pvriformis,  IIotYm. — Common.     Sticks  and  logs, 
serotiria,  Sclirad. — Common.     Carious  wood, 
fallax,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Carious  wood. 
clavata,  Pers. — Common.     Carious  wood. 
nigripes,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Carious  wood. 
turbinata,  "With. — Common,      wood  and  sticks. 
cnrysosperma,  D.  C. — Common.     Rotten  wood, 
varia,  Pers. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  trunks  and  logs. 
serpula,  Pers. — Common.     Dead  herbs,  sticks,  cvrc. 
Lachnobolus  cribrosus,  Fr. — Mid.     On  logs. 

cinereus,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems. 
Peuicii.exa  populina,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  trees. 

marginata,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  trees. 
veiTiiicularis,  Fr.  (Sum.  Veg.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of 

trees, 
lutco-valve,  Fr.  (Sum.  Veg.) — Mid.  (Schw.)  Dead  stems. 
Licea  cvlindrica,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.      Rotten  wood. 

fragiformis,  Nees, — Common.     Wood,  Moss,  &c 
stipitata,  B.  &  R. — Low.  and  Pp.     Sticks  and  logs. 
variabilis,  Sclirad. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Trunks. 
Tkictiodekma  viride,  Pers. — Common.     Bark  and  wood. 
Pvkexioi  terrestre,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Among  putrid  Lichens. 
MySOTHECTUM  roridum,  Tode. — Low.     Decaying  leaves,  Arc. 

Yerrucaria,  Dittm. — Low.     Putrescent  seeds  of  Wa- 
termelon. 
IIyi'iieua  terrestris,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Shaded  earth. 
15 


114  FLO WERLESS  PLASTS. 

Nidulaba  pulvinata,  Schw. — Common.     On  rotten  wood. 
CrATnus  striates,  Huffm. — Low.  and  Mid.     Earth. 

campanulatus,  Fr. — Common.     Woody  matter. 

Crucibulum,  Pers. — Common.     Wood  and  bark. 
Sph.erobolus  stellatus,  Tode. — Common.    Wet  or  carious  wood. 
Tiielebolus  stercoreus,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Among  manure. 


III.  COXIOMYCETES. 


Micbothtsiuii  Sriiilacis.  DeXot. — Common.     Branches  of  Bamboo. 
Leptostroma  caricinum,  Fr. — Common.     Leaves  of  Carex. 

Spires,  Fr. — Low.     Leaves  of  Paspalum. 

litigiosum,  Desm. — Low.  and  Mid.     Stems  of  Pteris. 

vulgare,  Fr. — Common.     Stems  of  plants. 

Sphssrioides,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  plants. 

Aetata?,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  Battle  Top. 

Scandentium,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Shoots  of  Amphi- 
carpa?a. 

Donaeis,   Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Stalks  of  Arundo 
donax. 
Piioma  miserum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Pose  bushes. 

erumpens,  B.  &  C. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Branches  of  Bamboo, 
decorticans,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Branchlets  of  Water  Oak. 
emilacinum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     On  S.  lamifblia. 
pallens,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Dead  branches  of  Grape  vine. 
Radula,  B.  &  Br. — Low.     Twigs  of  Apple  and  Sycamore, 
mixtum,  B.  6c  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Tulip  Tree. 
Syringe,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Lilac, 
mamillanum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leafstalks  of  Sweet  Bay. 
longipes,  B.  A  C. — Mid.     Cedar  t\v'_ 
subconnata,  B.  <fc  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stalks  of  Gossypium, 
Cucurbitacearum,  (Fr.) — Common.     On  dry  Cucurbita. 
Hordeola,  B.  A  C. — Low.     Bean  pods. 
Cimicifugn\  B.  &  C— Mid.  and  Up.    Stems  of  Rattle  Top. 


FLOWERLESS    PLANTS.  115 

Glandicola,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Old  White  Oak  Acorns, 
coinplanata,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  herbs, 
navicularis,  B.  &  G — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  herbs, 
aterrimimi,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Old  Corn  stalks. 
Uvicola,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Hotting  grapes. 
Cacti,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  C.  triangularis, 
soriatmn,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  C.  triangularis, 
cucurbitale,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Seeds  of  Watermelon. 
Citrulli,B.  &  C. — Low.     Seeds  of  Watermelon. 
Peponis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Seeds  of  Pumpkin, 
cinctum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dying  leaves  of  Elm. 
maculaecola,  B.  &  C. — Mid,     Leaves  of  Iledera. 
concentricum,  Desm. — Low.     Leaves  of  Yucca, 
campy lospor urn,  B.  &  C. — Low.  Leaves  of  Panicum. 
Filum,  Fr. — Common.     Grass  leaves,  &c. 
Poarum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  P.  hirsute. 
aridum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Cyrilla. 
Andromeda?,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  A.  axillaris. 
ApiospoKiuit  stilbosporoideum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Carious  limbs. 
Cryptosporium  filicinum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stem  of  Ferns. 

Novoeboracense,  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Bark  of  Abies. 
Spjsronema  subulatum,  Fr. — Mid.     Rotting  Agarics. 

rufum,  Fr. — Low.     Bark  of  Magnolia  glauca. 

epigloium,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Up.  On  Tremella. 

Spina,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.  Branches  of  Fraxinus. 

aciculare,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood. 

Acrospermum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  fire  wood. 

macrosporum,  B.  &  C. — Low.  Branches  of  Robinia. 

Ampelopsidis,  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Branches  of  A.  quin- 
quefolia. 

penicillatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Rotting  wood  and  bark. 

ventricosum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  trunks. 

cylindricum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  herbs. 

conicum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood. 

hemisphericum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Willow  wood. 

echinatum,  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Petiole  discs  of  Rhododen- 
dron. 

?collapsum,  B.    &   C. — Low.    and   Mid.     Leaves    of 
Pyrus. 


11G  l  i  "\\  Kl.l.i  38    PLAAT& 

nitiduin.  B.  &  0. — Mid.     Dead  twiga  of  Ncgundo. 
radulum,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Brandies  of  Maple. 
Hypocenia  obtusa,  I!.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.    Branches  of  Maple. 
Aposphjcria  acnta,  Berk. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Stems  of  herbs, 
Cesatia  turbinata,  B.  &  C. — Low.   Branches  of  Kerria,  Persica,  Ac. 
A.CB08PEKMUM  compresBnm,  Tede.-^  Low.     Stem  of  herbs, 
foliicolum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Various  dead  lea 
viridnlom,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Stem  of  herb. 
Diplodia  vulgaris,  Fr. — Common.     <>n  dead  branchlets. 
Viticola,  Desm. —  Low.    On  Grape  vines, 
quisquiliarnm,  15.  &  C. —  Low,     Dried  fibrillose  roots, 
pyrenophora,  (Fr.)— Low.     Branches  <>f  Apple  tree, 
dispersa,  B.  <fc  C. — Low;    Branches  of  Smilax. 
tephrospora,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.  Branches  of  Mag- 
nolia. 
Pericarpij,     B.    &    C, —  Low,    and     Mid.      Husks  of 

Hickory. 
Mori,  Berk, — Mid.     Branchlets  of  Mulberry, 
rnegalospora,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Cones  of  Pinns  tseda. 
Ze»,  Lev. — Common.     Old  Corn-stalks. 
Buxi,  Fr. — Common.    Dead  Box  leaves. 
Visci,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  Mialetoe. 
Hendersonia  variabilis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  leaves  of  Oak. 

prominula,  B.  &  C. — Low.      Dead  leaves  of  Apple 

tree. 
Cnrtisii,  Berk. — Low.    Dead  leaves  of  Narcissus, 
effosa,  B.  <fc  G. — Low.      Dead   leaves  of  Aristida 

stricta. 
oobilis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Wood  of  Hickory  branches, 
hyalopns,  B.  &  C. — L<>w.     Branches  of  Rhus  copal- 

lina. 
pubena,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Branches  of  Robinia. 
panciseptata,  R  k  0. — Low.    Naked  limbs  of  La- 
gerstraBmia. 
Sph-Abopsie  pulchella,  B.  «t  C. — Com.   Branches  of  Rhus  copallina. 
fusiger,  B.  &  0. — Mid.     Branches  of  Wistaria, 
globosa,  B.  <fc  C — Mts.    Branches  of  Crataegus. 
hederaephila,  B.  <fc  C. — Mid.    Branches  ofHedera. 


EL0WERLES8    PLANTS.  117 

Pennsylvania,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Fraxinus. 
eollulosa/B.'tfc  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Ficus. 
Celtic's,  it  A.  C— Mid.     <  bills  of  Celtis. 
iinpressa,  T>.  &  C. — Low.    Branches  of  Morns. 
Corai,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  0.  florida. 
Smilacis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Smilax. 
Malicola,  B.  &  CL — Low.     Dry  wood  of  Apple  tree. 
insignis,  B.  &  C— Mid.     Old  Acorns. 
fcaulincola,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Stem  of  herb, 
coriarnm,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Old  leather. 
Gallss,  B.  .&  C— Common.     ( )ak  galls. 
Candollei,  B.  &  Br. — Mid.     Leaves  of  Box. 
Beminalis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dried  seeds  of  Watermelon. 
Rhoidis,  B.   &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.  ?     Leaves  of  Rhus 
copallina. 
Yekmiculakia  Dematium,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  stems. 

Liliaeeorum,   Schw. — Low.    and    Mid.    Liliaceous 

stems, 
acuminata,  Schw. — Low.     Dead  Iris. 
Crammum.  Lib. — Low.     Culm  of  Zea. 
.punctans,  Schw. — Low.     Leaves  of  AndropogOn. 
carbonacea,   B.    <fc  C. — Low.      Leaves   of  Magnol. 

grandiflora. 
thecicola,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Capsules  of  Dicra- 
num. 
Discosia  Artocreas,  Fr. — Common.  On  dead  leaves  and  old  A  corns. 
clypeata,  Not. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  dead  leaves, 
rugulosa,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Hickory  leaves, 
nitidissima,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bed-bay  leave-. 
ocellata,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Magnol.  grandiflora. 
Septoeia  Graminum,  Besm. — Low.     Leaves  of  Panicum. 

Plantaginicola,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Leaves  of  P.  lanceolata. 
V  iolae,  Dcsm. — Mid.     Leaves  <  >f  Yiolets. 
Magnolias,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  M.  glauca. 
Liriodendri,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Tulip  Tree. 
Specularise,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  S.  perfoliata. 
ocellata,  B.  &  0. — Low.     Fallen  leaves. 
Dolichos,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Cow  Pea. 
Rubi,  B.  <fe  C. — Common.     Leaves  of  Blackberry. 


11^  FLOWKRLEBS   1'I.A 

Vitis,  J!.  k  C. — Common.   Leaves  of  Grape  and  Creeper. 
Oenothera?,  B.  &  C. — Lovr.     Leaves  of  O.  sinuata. 
nigricans,  Bcbw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Chestnut, 
maculans,  B.  k  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Post  Oak. 
recta,  R  6c  C. — Low.     Fallen  leaves, 
fructieola,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Old  fruit  of  Passiflora  and 

Mains. 
Phlyctamoides,  B.  k  C— Mid.     In  Datura, 
saturnina,  B.  k  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  stein-. 
breviuscula,  B.  &,  C. — Low.  Branches  of  Kobinia. 
decipiens,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Lonicera. 
P]  btalokzia  concentrica,  B.  <fc  R. — Mid.  and  Up.    Leaves  of  Mains 
and  Crataegus. 
Gnepini,  Desm. — Low.   and  Mid.     Leaves   of  6 

fras,  ftc 
grandis,  B.  <fc  C. — Up.     Leaves  of  Smilax. 
Pezizoides,  Not — Mid.     Leaves  of  Vitis. 
hysteriiformis,  B.  <fc  C. — Common.  Leaves  of  Quercus 

nigra,  &c. 
stictica,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Platanus. 
funerea,  Desm. — L<>w.      Branches  of  Cnpressns  thy- 

oid(  -. 
tornlosa,  B.  k  C. — Mid.    Old  seeds  of  Watermelon. 
Asteb  ~:.v  Robergei,  Desm, — Low.    Inside  of  dead  stems. 
vernicosa,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems, 
llimantia.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems. 
elegans,  (Schw.)— Kid.  (Schw.)    Dead  stems  of  Phyto- 
lacca. 
Crustacea,  (Schw.)— -Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems  of  Phy- 
tolacca, 
inelegans,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  stems  of  Phy- 

.      tola--   .. 
Impatientis,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems  of  I. 

fulva. 
lineola,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  stems  of  Liliacei. 
R  ess,  Lib. — Low.    Leaves  of  Rosa. 

graphica,  Fr. — Low.    Leaves  of  Rosa. 
Xanthii,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  ofX.  strumarium. 
Diospyri,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Persimon. 


FL0WEKLES8    PLANTS.  lit) 

Panici,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)  Leaves  of  Panicum. 
Melahoohiuii  Dothidea,  Bchw. — Mid.     Bark  of  Mulberry. 

cinctum,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Bark  of  Chestnut  limbs. 
sphaBroidenm,  Lfc. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Birch, 
sphaerospermum.  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)  On  Peed  stems. 
Discella  Magnolia?,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Bark  of  limbs  of  M.  cordata. 
DiDYMosroRioi  elevatum,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Birch. 
Stilbospora  magna.  Berk. — Up.     Bark  of  Walnut 
ovata,  Pers. — Common.     On  bark, 
macrosperma,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Putrid  wood. 
tenuis.  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Morns. 
Pinicola,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  Pine  leaves. 
Astebospobidm  Hofl'mani,  Kze. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  limbs. 
Cytispoea  rubescens,  Fr. — Up.     Bark  of  Pyrus  Americana, 
chrysosperma,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  limbs. 
Pinastri,  Fr. — Up.     Pine  leaves. 
Ailanthi,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Ailanthus. 
chloroglo?a,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Branches  of  Cornus  sericea. 
leucosperma,  Fr. — Common.     Branches  of  various  trees, 
leucophthalma.  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Primus  Caroli- 

niana. 
melasperma,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Betula. 
parva,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Robinia. 
betulina,  Ehrb.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Birch, 
laxa,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Calycanthus. 
hyalosperma,  Fr. — Mid.     Bark  of  Maple. 
Persiea?,  Schw. — Common.     Branchlets  of  Peach, 
sphaerocephala,  (Schw.) — Mid.    (Schw.)     Branchlets  of 
Hydrangea  or  Sassafras. 
Nemaspora  crocea,  Pers. — Common.     Trunks  and  branches, 
erythrella.  B.  <k  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Rose, 
decipiens,  B.  6z  E. — Up.  (Rav.)     On  limbs. 
Mtxosfobidii  nitidum,  B.  <fc  C. — Up.     Branches  of  Cornus  alterni- 
fulia. 
Musae,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     On  decaying  Bananas. 
Coeyxecm  compactum,  B.  &  Br. — Mid.     Branches  of  Betula  nigra. 
pulvinatum,  Kze. — Mid.     Branches  of  Iledera. 
Staphyleae,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.     Branches  of  Staphylea. 
decipiens,  B.  6c  C. — Up.    Branches  of  Castanea. 


120  FLOWEBLE88    1'I.A 

Qnioolor,  M.  A.  0. — Mid.     Bark  of  Oedar. 
Bactbidiuii  flavum,  Kze. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Carious  wood. 
I  K\.  dpi  i. a  Lfliorum,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  Lilium. 
Dinbkawobium  Btrigosum,  (Ft.) — Common.     Wood  and   Btema  of 

plants. 

hispidnlnm,   (Schrad.) — Mid.    (Schw.)    Oo    Sam- 
bncns. 
Seikidilm  inarticnlatnm,  B.  &,  C. — Low.     Branchlets  of    Liqni- 

dambar. 
Tobula  herbarum,  Pers. — Common.    Stems  of  herbs, 
antennata,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Pine  roofs, 
dissita,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Ii  ►ak  log. 

DicTToepoKiuM  elegans,  Cda. — Low.     Branch  of  Magnolia  glauca. 
IIk:  i,  Cda. — Low.     Wood  of  Pine  and  Oedar. 

Septoxema  Bpilomenm,  Berk. — Common.     ( )n  rails,  boards,  &c 
cespitosum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Liriodendron. 
circinatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Lea.   -  of  Liriodendron. 
obscnrnm,B.  ec  C. — Low.     Wet  Pine  wood, 
dendryphioides,  B.  &  C.     L  w.     Wet  Pine  wood. 
multiplex.  B.  &  C. — Low.  Wood  of  Nyssa  and  Quercns. 
breviuseuluin,  B.  &  C.r— Low.     Living  trunk  of  Acer. 
bidesmtdm  concinnom,  Berk. — Common.     Carious  wood. 

lu-ii-.  B.  &  C. — Up.     Branch  of  MagnoL  acuminata. 

adscendens,  Berk. — Low.     Rotting  w 1  and  bark. 

Vacrinii,  B.  A  C. — Low.     W 1  of  Vacciniomi 

epiphyllum,  B.  &  0. — Up.  Living  leaves  of  Castanea, 
curvatum.  B.  &  0. — Common.     Living    leave-  of 

Crataegus. 
Asteriscus,  B.  &   C. — Low.    Living  leaves  of  Pye- 

nantlieniuni. 
maculare,  B.  &  CL — Low.     Living  leaves  of  Magnol. 
glauca. 

inosum,  B.  &  CL — Low.    Carious  Oak  wood. 
Btygium,  1).  &  0. — Low.     Carious  Oak  wood, 
atrum,  Lk. — Mid.     Branches  of  Hedera. 
compactum,     .  &  C. — Common.    Carious  wood, 
nigrum,  Berk. — Op.  (Rav.)     Carious  wood. 
mpositum,  B.  k  R. — Up.    (Rav.)     <  >n  rails  and 
wood. 


FLOWERLESS    rLAXTS.  121 

Lepraria,  Berk. — Mid.  and  Up.    Old  rails  and  wood, 
molanopum,  B.  &  Br. — Up.     Old  rails  and  wood, 
chartaruin,  B.  «fc  C. — Mid.     Damp  paper. 
Coniotiiecium  Juglandis,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Bark  of  "Walnut. 
Si'iux\iEA  Ponii,  Fr. — Coninion.     Skin  of  Apples. 
Gymnosporium  fulvum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Putrid  wood. 

Zea.',  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Dead  Corn  stalks. 
Areoma  speciosum,  Fr. — Mts.     Branches  of  Rose  bush. 

mucronatum,  (Pers.) — Mid.  and  Up.     Leaves  of  Rose. 
PuociNlA  Silphii,  Schw.— Low.  and  Mid.     Leaves  of  Silphium. 
Amorpha?,  M.  A.  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Amorpha. 
Myrrhis,  Schw. — Mid.     Leaves  of  Osmorhiza. 
Circeae,  Pers. — Mid.  and  L"p.     Leaves  of  Circa?  a. 
microspernia,  B.  &  C. — Low.  Leaves  of  Lobelia  puberula. 
aculeata,  Schw. — Common.     Leaves  of  Podophyllum. 
Ilelianthi,  Schw. — Common.     Leaves  of  Ileliantlnis. 
Verbesinse,  Schw. — Common.     Leaves  of  Verbesina. 
Ileliopsidis,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Ileliopsis 

and  Vernonia. 
Xanthii,  Schw. — Common,      Leaves  of  Xanthium   and 

Ambrosia. 
Centaurea?,  D.  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Conoclinium. 
Mentha?,  Pers. — Common.     Leaves  of  Labiativ. 
Smilacis,  Schw. — Common.     Leaves  of  Smilax. 
Galii,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Galium, 
solida,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Anemone. 
Polygonorum,  Schlecht.— Mid.  (Schw.)    On  Polygonum, 
bullata,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stem  of  herbs. 
Pruni,  D.  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Leaves  of  Prunns. 
Graminis,  D.  C.    (Rust.) — Common.     Leaves  and  culms 

of  Grasses. 
Arundinaria?,  Schw. — Low.     Leaves  of  Reed, 
striola,  Strauss. — Common.     Leaves  of  Gram:  and  Cyp. 
Caricis,  D.  C. — Leaves  of  Sedge  Grass. 
Gymnosporaxgium  Juniperi,  Lk. — Common.     Branches  of  Cedar. 
Podisoma  macropus,  Schw.  (Cedar  Balls.)— Common.  Branches  of 
Cedar. 
Juniperi,  Lk. — Mid.     Branches  of  Cedar. 
Uredo  Rubigo,  D.  C  (Rust.)— Com.  Leaves  and  stems  of  Grasses. 
16 


122  FLO WEKLESS  PLANTS. 

oaricina,  D.  0. — Low.  and  Mid.    Leavea^of  Carex. 
linearis,  Pcrs. — Common.     Leaves  of  Triticnm,  &c. 
AzalefB,  Sclav. — Low.  and  Mid.    Leaves  of  Honeysuckle. 
Eydrangese,  P.  &  C. — Mid.    Leaves  of  II.  arhorescens. 
Prunastri,  D.  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Persica. 
epitea,  Kzc. — Common.     Leaves  of  Willows. 
Vacciniorum,  Johnst. — Low.     Leaves  of  V.  hirtellum. 
Toxicodendri,  P.  &  P. — Mid.      Pranclies   and  petioles   of 

Toxicodendron. 
Helianthi,  Schw. — Common.      Leaves  of    Ilelianthus  and 

Vernonia. 
Terebinthinaoeee,  Schw. — Mid.   (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Silpli: 
.  terebinth : 

Ipomoese,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.    Leaves  of  Ipomoea. 
Campanularum,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Specularia, 
Onagrarum,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Circssa. 
Hydrocotyles,  Lk. — Low.     Leaves  of  llydrocotyle. 
Smilacis,  Schw. — Common.     Leaves  of  Sniilax. 
Polygonorum,[D.  C. — Low.  and  Mid.  Lea\  es  of  Polygonum. 
SolidaginiSj    Schw. — Common.     Leaves    of  Aster,    Solida- 

go,  <fec. 
PotentillSB,   D.    C. — Common.      Leaves  of   Polentilla   and 

A-riinoiiia. 
Ruborum,  1).  C. — Common.    Leaves  of  Kuhus. 
luminata,  (Schw.) — Common.     Leaves  of  RubUB. 
til'iisa,  Straus.<. — Common.   Branches  and  petioles  of  Po.-a. 
Elephantopodis,  Schw. — Cum.     Leaves  of  Elephantopus. 
Labiataram,  1).  C. — Cunnnon.    Leaves  of  Labiate. 
Eyptidiflj  M.  A,  C.-r-Low*     Stem  and  leaves  of  Hyptis. 
punctosum,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Euphorbia. 
Leguminosarum,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     LeavtdB  ofFaba. 
lleuchera>,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  II.  Americana, 
Ari-Yirginiei,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Arum. 
Dbomyoes  appendiculosa,  Lev. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Pisum 
and  Phasaolus. 
apiculosa,  Lev. — Common.    Leaves  of  Euphorbia,  &c. 

Bolida,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Leaves  of  Desmodium. 

Phaseoli,  (Strauss.)— Common.  Leaves  of  Phaseolus,  &c. 


FL0WERLES3    PLANTS.  123 

Lespedezaj-violacea?,  (Schw.) — Common.      Leaves   of  L. 

violacea. 
Lespedezae-procumbentis,  (Schw.) — Common.     Leaves  of 

L.  procumbens. 
Spermacoces,  (Schw.) — Common.     Stem  and  leaves  of  S. 

diodina. 
Ilvperiei,  (Schw.) — Mid.  and  Up.  Loaves  of  Hypericum. 
Pileolaria  brcvipes,    B.    &   R. — Common.       Leaves    of    Toxico- 
dendron. 
Eavexelia  glanduliformis,   B.  &  C. — Tjow.   and  Mid.     Leaves  of 

Tephrosia. 
Usttlago  Begetnm,  Pers.  (Smut.) — Common.  Tn  heads  of  Oats,  &c. 
foetens,  B.  &  C.  (Stinking  Smut.)— Mid.     In  heads  of 

Wheat 
Ze«,  Schw.  (Corn  Smut.) — Common.     Ears  of  Corn. 
Bpermophorns,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Flowers  of  Poa  megas- 

tachya. 
Montagnei,  Tub — Low. — Seeds  of  Khynchospora. 
Jnnci,  Schw. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Seed  of  Jimcus. 
Ureeolorum,  (D.  C.) — Mid.  and  Up.     Seeds  of  Carcx. 
utriculosa,  (Nees.) — Common.     Seeds  of  Polygonum, 
hypodites,  Fr. — Low.     Culms  of  Arundinaria. 
BcbstbuA  lacerata,  (Sow.) — Common.     Leaves  of  Crataegus,  &c. 
cancellata,  (Jacq.) — Common.    Leaves  of  Apple  trees. 
Fraxini,  (Schw.) — Mid.  and  Low.     Leaves  of  Fraxinus. 
Aividium  CimicifugsB,  Schw.— Mid.  *fc  Up.     Leaves  of  Cimicifuga. 
Podophylli,  Schw.— Common.   Leaves  of  P.  peltatum. 
Ilibisci,  Schw. — LTp.     Leaves  of  II.  Moscheutofl. 
Pcnsteinonis,  Schw. — Mid.     Leaves  ofPenstemon. 
Ari,  Berk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  A.  triphyllum. 
leucostictum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Lespedeza. 
EuphorbiflB-hyperieifoliBB,  Sz. — Low.  and  Mid.  Leave-  of 

E.  hypericifolia. 
Epilobii,  D.  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Ludwigia. 
Grossulariaj,  D.  C. — Mts.     Leaves  of  Eibes. 
Compositarum,  Mart. — Common.    Leaves  of  Composite. 
Convolvuli,  Schw.— Low.     Leaves  of  Ipomoea, 
Uvularia?,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Lcnves  of  Fvularia, 


1'24  FI.oWEIM.l  9fl    II  ANTS. 

Dranmtii,  Schw. — Hid.  (Schw*)    Leaves  of  Arum  Dra- 
contium. 

Rumicifi,  Pers. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    On  Rum: 

Lysimachise,  Schlect. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Lysi- 
maehia. 

Apocyni,  Bchw. — Mid.   (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Apocynnm. 

Asterum,  Schw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Leave.-  »»l"  Aster. 

Helianthi-mollis,   Schw. — Mid.    (Sehw)      Leaves  of  II. 
mollis. 

Clematitis,  Schw. — Low.  and   Mid.     Leaves    of  C.  Yir- 
ginica. 

Panunculaccarum,  D.  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Ra- 
nunculi. 

Geranii,  1).  C. — Mid.  (Sehw.)  Leave-  of  Geranium. 

Impatient]*,  Schw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)  Leaves  of  Impatiens. 

Ilvperici-frondosi,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Leaves  of  II. 
frondoBum. 

Viola?,  D.  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Viola?. 

Frtica?,   D.    C. — Mid.    (Schw.)       Leaves   ».f   Frtica  and 
Pynoglossnm. 

Sambuci,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Leaves  of  S.  Canadensis. 

Bcrhcridis,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  B.  Cana- 
densis. 

crassum,  D.   C. — Low.     Leaves  and  petiole  of  Berche- 
mia. 

Sinilacis,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Smilax. 
Pi:i;ji>i;nMirM  Pini,  Fr. — Common.     Leaves,  and  Lark  of  Pines. 
Cko.xartiim  aaclepiadenm,  Fr. — Mid.    leaves  of  Comptonia. 
CrSTOPDB  candidus,  Lev. — Common.     Leave-  of  Portulacca.   Cap- 
sella.  &e. 


FLOWEKLE88    PLANTS.  125 


IV.  IIYPHOMYCETES. 


Isaeia  farin<>~a.  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Buried  chrvsalids. 
Sphiugum,  Schw. — Mid.     Dead  Moths  on  bushes. 
Aranearum.  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  spiders, 
nigripes.  Schw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Buried  chrvsalids. 
carnea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Bark  and  leaves  on  the  ground, 
epiphylla,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fallen  leaves, 
eitrina,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Rotten  trunks, 
brachiata.  Sebum. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  dead  Agarics. 
umbrina,  Pers. — Low.  and  Mid.    Rotten  wood  and  bark. 
Ceeatium  Ilvdnoides,  A.  <fc  S. — Common.     Putrid  wood. 

Porioides,  A.  &  S. — Low.  and  Mid.     Pine  wood. 
Pterula  plumosa,  Schw. — Low.    and   Mid.      Amon^   herbs   and 

shrubs. 
Packixa  cinnabarina,  Xees. — Mid.    (Sehw.)     Under  Walnut  bark. 
Sttlbum  tumentosum,  Sehrad. — Low.     On  Triehia  and  Arcvria. 
limetarium.  Berk. — Low.     On  Babbit  dung, 
bvssinuin.  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Putrid  Agarics. 
bulbosum,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Qo  stems, 
pilifurme,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Chestnut  bora, 
lateritium.  Berk. — Common.     On  bark. 
cinereo-rubrum,  B.  &    C. — Low.      Cyrilla  and  Hibiscus 

Svriaeus. 
einnabarinum,  Mont. — Low.  and  Mid.  Bark  of  Moras  and 

Vitis. 
carcinophthalum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  stems  of  Pasti- 

naca. 
leucocephalum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  pi  Carya. 
Phuis,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Bark  of  Elms, 
vulgare,  Tude. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
gclatiiiosiim,  Pers. — Mid.  (Selnv.)     On  trunks, 
rigidum,  Pers. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Putrid  wood. 
turbinatum,  Tude. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     On  wood, 
rubieundum,  T.xle. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Beech  stumps, 


12»)  TUmWBUEBB   KAHTO. 

Atractium  Fusisperium,  B.  k  0. — 1*]».     Bark  of  Acer  Pennsylva- 

nicum. 
Qkafhiuii  explioatum,  B.  k  C. — Low.     Limbs  of  Quercus  and 
Persica. 
clavisporum,  P>.  &  C — L<»w.     Living  Ghrape  leaves. 
Hyalopuh  muoorinus,  B.  k  C. — Low.     On  excrement  of  birds, 
parasitans,  V>.  k  C. — Low.     <  >n  exolete  Hydnum. 
griseus,  B.  &  0. — Low.     Under  bark  ofNyBsa. 
Epkxm •<  rM  Bcabnun,  Oda, — Low.    Dried  root  of  N] 

neglectum,  Deem. — Low.     Tassels  of  Indian  Corn. 
Bphssrospermum,  B.  k  C. — Low.    Diad  leavesof  Arun- 
dinaria. 
Illospobtoii  coccineum,  Fr. — Low.     On  bark  and  Li<-1.' 
persicinum,  Fr. — Low.     On  pine  palings. 

Stigkatella  anrantiaca,  B.  &  0. — Low.  Bark  and  w lofHibisc: 

SyriacUB. 
PoBAsnm  rogeum,  Lk.— Common.     Dead  Btems. 
lateritinm,  Nees. — Low.    Bark  oftn 
aurantiacnm,  Cda. — Low.    On  pntrid  Oucurbita. 
pallens,  B.  k  C. — Low.    Heads  of  Juncus. 
areuatum,  B.  it  C. — Low.     Bark  of  P.  Mains, 
sticticnm,  B.  <fe  C. — Low.     Dead  twigs  of  Persica 
VburrsLLA  ciliata,  Fr. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Dejected  stems. 
Glieii.-imkrm  versicolor,  B.  &  C. — Low.    On  putrescent  Apples. 
Peponis,  B.  &,  C. — Low.    Pntrescent  Mnskmelon. 
(ih.ikmmvcks  Btellatns,  B.  AO. — Low.     On  Scirpns  Eriophornm. 
Tubebculabia  granulata,  Pen. — Common.     On  bark. 

vulgaris,  Tode — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Ribes,  &c 
minor,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Limbs  of  Castanea. 
microsperma,  B.  A  C. — Low.     Dejected  Pinecoi 
dnbia,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  Rhus,  ftc. 
nigricans,  D.  C. — Mid.    Bark  ofFraxinns,  &c 
persicina,  Dittm. —  Low.    <m  CTredo  luminata. 
Paohxooybe  Bubolata,  Berk. — Low.     Cm  bark. 

rosella,  1>.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Robinia,  Melia,  kc 
Sfoboctbe  calicioides,  Fr. — Common.    On  bark. 

Bhois,  &  k  C— Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  Rhus. 
Persies,  Fr. — Common.    Bark  of  Persica,  and  Census. 
B    soides,  Fr. — Common.    Putrescent  Btems  and  bark. 


FLOWERLESS    PLANTS.  127 

faseieulata,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems. 
bulbosa,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Dead  stems, 
macularis,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)  Dead  stems  and  wood. 
alternate,  Berk. — Mid.     Damp  paper. 
Oepemium  atrum,  Cda. — Low.     Branches  and  leaves. 
My^xoTRieirrM  affine,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Culms  of  Arundinaria. 
Actixocladium  Penicillus,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Sassafras. 
Glsnospoka  Curtisii,  B.   &  Desm. — Common.     Living  limbs   of 
Nyssa,  Quereus,  &c 
Melioloides,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.  and  Up.     Living  leaves 
of  Galax. 
IlKLMiNTiiosromiM  Tiara.  B.  <fc  E. — Mts.  (Iiav.)  Bark  of  trunks. 

princeps,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Bark  of  living  Quereus. 
maeroearpon,  Grev. — Com.  Bark  of  branches, 
corticale,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Bark  of  Platanus 
obtusissimum,  B.  ct  C. — Mid.  Bark  of  Fraxinus. 
arbuscula.  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Rhus  copal- 

lina. 
caudatum,  B.   &   C. — Mts.      Bark  of  Castanea 

pumila. 
melanosporum,  B.  A  C. — Low.  Bark  of  dejected 

limbs, 
siliquosum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Yitis  and 

Smilax. 
lanceolatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  and  wood  of 

Cornus  florida. 
fragillimum,  B.  ifc  C. — Low.  Branches  of  Smilax. 
rectum.  B.  vv;  C. — Low.     Carious  wood, 
molle,  B.  it  C. — Low.     Dead  stems. 
Ravenelii,  M.  A.  C. — Low.     Spikes  of  Sporobo- 

lus  Indicus. 
nodosum,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Spikes  of  Eleusine  In- 

diea. 
Petersii,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Smilax. 
Pooo&PQBlDM  rigidum,  Schw. — Common.      On  Rhus  and   Ampe- 
lopsis. 
Briareus,  B.  <£;  C— Low.     Oak  limbs, 
pra-'longum,  B.  |&  C. — Low.      Branches  of  Yaccin: 
arboreum. 


12S  FLOWERLB88    I'LAM-. 

Mtstb osptfgnni  llubigo,  B.  A:  C. — Mid.  Mid  Uffe    On  .dead  Phyto- 
lacca and  Grassi 

SiKMi-nvLiiM  Fuligo,  Bi  &  C. — Up-.     Bram-h  of  Bhus glabrum.  ' 
Tbiposfobium  elegana,  Cda. — Low.    Putrescent  Bttims. 
Dbepanispoba  pannosa,  B.  ft  C. — Low*.     Di>k  of  carious*  Bturap. 
HjSUOOS+OtauM  trriseum,  B.  k  C. — Low.     Fallen    limbs  in  swamps, 
lu-eum,    B.    &    C. — Low.      Under    pine    wood    in 
swamps. 
HJELIOOHA  Berkeleii,  M.  A.  C. — Low.     Old  wood  and  bark. 
Ci.adutkkium  M-vphophoruin,  Cda. — Up-     Carious  wood. 
Polythuincium  Trifolii,  Kzc. — Common.     living  leaves  of  Tri- 

folinni. 
ClADOSPO&htm  herbarum,  Lk. — Common.     Dead  leaves  and  stems, 
epiphyllum,  Xees. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Fallen  leaves, 
apicnlatnm,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Dead   stems  of  Ileli- 

anthus. 
stenospornm,  B.   v.v;   C. — Low.     Fallen   leaves  of  P, 

Mains, 
mierospernmm,   B.  &  C. — Low.      Fallen    leaves   of 

Quere.  obtusifolia. 
personatnm,  B.  ft  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Araeliis  and 

Cassia. 
compaetum,  B.  A:  C. — Low.  Leave-  of  Arnndinaria. 
Bignonise,  Bchw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)  Legumes  of  Bigno- 

nia  and  Catalpa. 
Fnmago,  Lk. — Low.    Leaves  in  low  plaoea 
MAOBdSPOStUM  Cheiranthi,  Fr. — Common.     On  dead  herbs. 

eireinans,  B.  A:  C. — Low.    Decayed  Cabbage  leaves, 
pingnedinisj  Berk. — Low.    Dead  stems, 
eehinellum,   B.   A:   C. — Low.    and   Mid.      Leave-   of 

Platanns  and  Ilex. 
anteniuelbrnie,  B.   &    C- — Mid.   and  Up.     Leave-  of 
Celtis. 
A&PBfiGiLLtrs  glaucuB,  Lk. — Common.  ( >n  nations  decaying  matter. 

maximus,  Lk. — Low.    Putrid  Polvporus  and  Boletus. 

alutaceus,  B.  A:  C. — Low.     Mouldy  Corn. 

Curtisii,    Berk. — Low.     and     Mid.       Carious     wood, 

bark,  Ac. 
roseus,  Lk. — Low.  and  Mid.     lien  dung. 


FLOWERLESS   PLANTS.  129 

crocatus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotting  squash, 
aurantiacus,  Berk. — Low.     Carious  Pine  wood, 
pulvinatus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotting  sticks  and  herbs 
in  heaps. 
BoxRY'm  Viticola,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Leaves  of  Grape. 

parasitica,  Pers. — Low.  and  Mid.     Cabbage  leaves, 
prasia,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Carious  Oak  wood, 
pallida,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  leaves  of  Arundinaria. 
lateritia,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Carious  wood, 
cinerea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Rotting  Cucurbita." 
Bassiana,  Bals. — Low.     On  Silk  worms. 
Streptotiirix  atra,  B.  &  C. — Common.     On  limbs  of  Oak,  &c. 
Campsotrichum  circinatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  leaves  of  Mag- 
no]  :  grandifl. 
Mexispora  apicalis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Carious  wood  in  swamps. 
Verticillium  pulvinatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Acacia  Juli- 
brissin. 
rosellum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  leaves  of  Phora- 

dendron. 
stigraatellum,  B.   &  C. — Low.     Rotting  Cucurbita 
verrucosa. 
Pexicillrm  crustaceum,  Fr. — Common.     On  fruit,  vinegar,  &c. 
candidum,  Lk. — Mid.     On  Fungi, 
armeniacum,  Berk. — Mid.  Decaying  vegetable  matter. 
Dactylioi  macrosporum,  Fr. — Low.    and   Mid.      Rotting  sticks, 
stems,  <fec. 
dendroides,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)  On  Fungi. 
Sporodum  atropurpureum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  roots  of  Grass. 
Ruinotriciium  tenellum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  Onion. 

fusiferum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Wood  in  wet  ground, 
ramosissimum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  wood. 
Curtisii,  Berk. — Low.     Rotten  wood  in  swamps, 
armeniacum,     B.     &    C. — Low.       Rotting    Polyp. 

Sch  wcin  itzii. 
cucumerinum,  B.  &  C. — Low.      Dejected  culm  of 
Zea. 
Sporotricuum  sulfureum,  Grew — Mid.  (Schw.)  In  fissures  of  wood, 
vitellinum,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  posts. 

IT 


130  FLOWEHI.l>S    l'LANTS. 

virescens,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  bark 
'.  leruginosmn,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Rotten  log. 
Oidium  fructigenum,  Kze. — Common.     On  putrescent  fruit. 
Monilioides,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Grass. 
aureuni,  Lk. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Fallen  Oak  leave-, 
simile,  Berk. — Common.     Putrid  wood. 
pulvinatum,  M.  A.  C. — Low.    Putrid  wood, 
citrinellum,  B.  <fc  0. — Low.     On  Peziza  alboviolaseens. 
crnstacenm,  B.  <fe  C. — Low.     On  old  cords. 
TKiciMTinxiLM  roseum,  Lk. — Common.     On  bark,  Fnngi,  &c. 
Fusidium  pyrinnm,  Mont. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  Pear  leave-. 

'.  Farina,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  bark. 
Asterophora  Agaricoides,  Cda. — Mid.  and  Dp.    On  Nyctalis. 
Sbpedowium  chiysoepennnjn,  Fr. — Common.    Putrescent  Boletus. 

armeniacum,  B.  ifc  C. — Up.     Putrid  wood. 
Ztgodesmus  effusns,  B.  &C. — Low.     Carious  Oak  wood. 
tornlosns,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  leaves, 
fuscus,  Cda. — Common.     Rotten  wood  and  leaves. 
ramosissimus,  B.  <±c  0. — Low.     Under  Pine  wood, 
olivaceus,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Under  Pine  wood. 
Ilydnoides,  B.  ife  C. — Low.     Under  Pine  wood. 
Monotobpqba  setosa,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Putrid  wood  in  swamps. 
(        otbichum  erubescens,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Dejected  sticks  of 

wood. 
!•'(  siBPOBnru  aurantiacum,  Lk. — Low.     On  dead  plants. 
roscuni,  Lk. — Common.     On  dead  plants. 
Buxi,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Leaves  of  Box. 
miniatnm,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Wounded  bark  of  Conrafl 

florid  a. 
ossicola,  B.  <fe  C. — Low.     On  old  bones  in  woods. 
placentula,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Dead  bark  of  Melia. 
pnbescens,  B.  &  C. — Low.      Leaves  of  Desniodium 

lineare. 
grisenm,  Fr. — Low.    Fallen  Oak  leaves. 
Cii:<  iNoTKKiiiM  candiduni,    Sehw. — Mid.     (Schw.)      Rotten    Pino 
wood. 
Cratsegi,  B,  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Crataegus. 


FLOWERLESfc*    PLANTS.  131 

Psilonia  apalospora,  B.  &  C. — Low,  Culms  oi'Zea  and  Sorghum. 

fuscopurpurea,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  limbs  of  Quereus. 

uniseptata,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Rotten  wood  of  Quereus. 
Dendeina  Diospyri,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dying  leaves  of 
Persimmon. 


V.  ASCOMYCETES. 


Morciiella  esculenta,  Pers.  (Morel.) — Com.     Earth  in  woods. 

foraminulosa,  Scliw. — Mid.    (Scliw.)     Earth  in  woods. 
Caroliniana,  Bosc. — Mid.     Earth  in  woods. 
IIelyella  crispa,  Fr. — Low.     Pine  woods. 

lacimosa,  Afz. — Low.     Near  rotten  logs. 
sulcata,  Afz. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Shady  woods. 
Infula,  Schaeff. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Earth  and  Pine  logs, 
costata,  Sehw. — Mid.     In  sandy  ground, 
ephippium,  Lev. — Common.     About  decaying  trunks. 
Verpa  Caroliniana,  Sehw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     On  declivities. 
Geoglossum  hirsutum,  Pers. — Common.     In  wet  ground, 
diftorme,  Fr. — Common.     In  wet  ground, 
glabrum,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Damp  mossy  ground, 
farinaceum,  Scliw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     In  meadows. 
Mitrula  paludosa,  Fr. — Common.     Swampy  land. 

exigua,  Fr. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Dejected  stems. 
Leotia  lubrica,  Pers. — Common.     Moist  woods. 

chlorocephala,  Sehw. — Common.     Damp  sandy  woods, 
viscosa,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Damp  sandy  woods, 
circinans,  Pers. — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Woods. 
Riiizixa  nndulata,  Fr. — Common.     Earth. 

Psilopezia  nummularia,  Berk. — Low.  and  Mid.    On  carious  wood. 
Peziza  (I.   Aleuria.) 

Acetabulum,  L. — Low.     On  naked  earth, 
cinnamomeo-lutesccns,  Sehw, — Mid,  (Sehw.)    Among  pu- 
trescent leaves. 
Mitrula,  Sehw. — Mid.  (Sehw.)    Among  putrescent  leaves. 


132  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

clypeata,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Rotting  log. 

Schweinitzii,  B.  &  0.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth. 

badia,  Pers. — Up.  (Schw.)    Earth. 

onotica,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Shady  places. 

obtecta,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Among  putrescent  leaves, 

cochleata,  L. — Common.     In  woods. 

volutina,  B.  &,  C. — Up.     On  lignous  earth. 

Spragneii,  B.  &  C- — Up.     Rotting  wood. 

vesiculosa,  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.)     In  manured  ground. 

micropuB,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth. 

pustullata,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  trunks. 

macropus,  Pers. — Common.     Earth  and  logs. 

tuberosa.  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Grassy  laud. 

Rapulum,  Bull. — Low.     Earth. 

catinus,  Holmsk. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Rotten  wood  and  lig- 

nous  earth, 
cupularis,  L. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  burnt  ground, 
violacea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Among  Kalmias. 
granulata,  Bull. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Among  manure, 
rutilans,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Earth. 
succosa,  Berk. — Low.     Moist  earth, 
ollaris,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  woods, 
albociucta,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Mossy  ground, 
omphalodes,  Bull. — Mid.  and  LTp.     Burnt  places, 
psammophila,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Damp  sandy  earth, 
melaloma,  A.  &  S. — Up.     Burnt  grounds, 
rubricosa,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Earth. 

(II.  Laciixka.) 

coccinea,  Jacq. — Up.     Fallen  limbs  in  wot  ground. 
tomentosa,  Schum. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
nigrella,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     "Wood  and  earth, 
hemispherica,  Wigg. — Mid.  and  Up.     Wood  and  earth, 
brunnea,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Burnt  ground. 
Bcutellata,  L. — Common.     Earth  and  wood. 
Erinaceus,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Botten  trunks. 
stercorea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Manured  and  rich  ground. 
Thelcboloides,  A.  &_S. — Mid.  (Schw.)   Manured  and  rich 
ground. 


FLOWERLESS   PLANTS.  133 

diversicolor,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  cow  dung. 
decipiens,  B.  *fc  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Pine  leaves, 
papillata,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     On  manure. 
ciliaris,  Schrad. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Side  of  trunks. 
virginea,  Batsch. — Low.  and  Mid.  Fallen  leaves  and  sticks, 
nivea,  Fr. — Low.     Fallen  wood  and.  branches. 
patula,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Dead  Birch  leaves. 
calycina,  Schmn. — Low.  and  Mid.  Bark  of  Pine  limbs,  &c. 
cerinea,  Pers. — Mid.     On  old  paling;?, 
sericea,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     On  wood, 
clandestina,  Bull. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  various  branches, 
fascescens,  Pers. — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Fallen  leaves, 
prolificans,  Scliw. — Mid.    (Schw.)      Disc   of  trunks   and 

limbs. 
.  albo-violascens,  A.  &  S. — Com.  Bark,  sticks  and  stems, 
corticalis,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  trunks, 
cinereo-fusca,  Schw. — Common.     "Wood  and  bark, 
rufo-olivacea,  A.  <fc  S. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stems  of  Kubus. 
flavo-fuliginea,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Rotten  wood  and 

leaves, 
variecolor,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  stems, 
leonina,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Carious  wood  of  Elm. 
fulvo-cana,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Disc  of  stump, 
penicillata.  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Yitis. 
hvalina,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
sulfurea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  chips, 
villosa,  Pers. — Common.-  Bark  of  Yitis,  Viburnum,  <fcc. 
punetiformis,  Fr. — Low.     Bark  of  Robinia. 
anomala,  Pers. — Common.     Bark  and  wood, 
aurelia,  Pers. — Low.     Carious  wood, 
caesia,  Pers. — Low.     On  Oak  wood. 
Rosa?,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.  On  Rose  branches. 
Hydrangea?,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Dead  Hydrangea. 
pruinata,  Schw. — Common.  Bark  of  Yitis,  Cornus,  &c. 
Doedalea,  Schw. — Common.     Bark  of  Carya,  Acer,  «fcc. 
Bloxami,  B.  &  Br. — Mid.     Carious  wood, 
fusca,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Elder, 
sanguinea,  Pers. — Low.  and  Mid.     Carious  wood, 
subiculata,  Schw. — Low.     Wood  in  wet  ground. 


134  fLpWBBIjMi   PliAJHia 

elatina.'A.  tv^S.— Mid.  (Sclnv.)    On  Pinna  Oanadene 
bolaris,  Batsch. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  sticks,  <fcc. 

.-alba.  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw,)    Bark  of  Dogwood. 

(III.    PlIIALEA.) 

firma,  Pers. — Mid,  (Schw.)     Side  of  hollow  trunks. 

ciborioides,  Fr. — Low.     Fallen  leaves. 

Berotina,  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Fallen  leave-. 

lutescens,  A.  &  S. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Limbs  and  lea 

pyriformis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)    On  Most 

cyathoidea,  Bull. — Mid.  and  Up.    Stem  of  herbs. 

cronata,  Bull. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)     On  stems. 

campanula,  Nees. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)    Stems  of  Umbelliferee. 

Buccina,  Pere. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)     Wood  and  sticks. 

corocea,  Schw. — Low.    Rotting  -tick-. 

aeruginosa,  FL  Dan. — Mid.  and  l'p.    On  wood. 

vereiformis,  Pers. — Up.     On  wood. 

Agassizii,  B.  &  C.— TTp.     Bark  of  Abi 

citrina,  Batsch. — Common.     Carious  wood  and  limbs. 

pallescens,  Pere. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)     On  trunk-. 

cupressina,  Batsch. — Low.  and  Mid.     Leave-  of  Cedar.   . 

herbarum,  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  stems. 

iphylla,  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Rotting  leaves, 
chrysocoma,  Bull. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)     Pine  wood. 
Andropogonis,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.    Culms  of  Broom-grass, 
rinosa,  A.  &  S. — Low.  and  Mid.     <m  fallen  limb-. 

oguinella,  B.  k  C. — Low.     W 1  and  bark  of  Li'jui- 

dambar. 
rubella,  Pere. — Low.  and   Mid.    Carious  wood  and  bark, 
umbonata,  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Rotting  leaves, 
atrovirens,  Pere. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Button  wood, 
miltophthalma,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Bark  of  Oornus  florida? 
uda,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Trunks  in  low  ground. 
stenostoma,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Culms  of  Andropogon. 
Arundinari®,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Culm-  of  Arundinaria. 
fracta,  B.  .v  C— CFp.    On  bark  of  Eydrangea. 
c'.nerea,  Batsch. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Wood,  limbs,  &C. 
Raveneti),  B.  &  C. — Low.     ( >n  Ilv-tcrium  rufulum. 
vulgaris,  Fr. — Common.    Wood  and  bark. 


FLOWERLE88    PLANTS. 


135 


mveeticola,  B.  &  C— Low.     Wood,  Polyporus,  &e. 
fibriscda,  B.  &  C.— Up.     Limbs  of  Ulmus  Americana, 
atrata,  Pers.— Common.     Stems  and  sticks, 
melaxantlia,  Fr.— Mid.     Dry  wood, 
melaleuca,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  dry  Corylns. 
compressa,  A.  &  S. — Common.     Dry  wood. 
Lecideola,  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  limbs. 
flexella,  Fr.— Low.    Pine  wood. 
CiiLOROsr-LEXioi  Schweinitzii,  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.    Carious  wood. 

tortum,  B.  &  C— Mid.  (Scliw.)     Old  wood. 
IIelotium  aureum,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunks. 

acicnlare,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Fallen  limbs  of  Robinia. 
Solexia  Candida,  Pers— Low.     Under  Pine  wood. 

fasciculata,  Pers.— Low.   and  Mid.     Fallen  limits  in  wet 

places. 
villosa,  Fr. — Low.     Carious  wood  and  bark. 
ocliracea,  lloffm. — Low.  and  Mid.  Carious  wood  and  bark. 
Ascobolvs  furfuraceus,  Pers.— Low.  and  Mid.     On  cow  dung, 
major,  B.  &  C— Low.  and  Mid.     On  cow  dung. 
coiiglomeratus,  Schw.— Common.  On  wet  carious  wood. 
glaber,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  manure, 
Trifolii,  Bemh.— Mid.     Living  leaves  of  Clover. 
Agykium  rufum,  Fr.— Up.    Wood  of  Abies. 

nigricans,  Fr.— Low.     Dry  Oak  wood. 
Sxicns  pallida,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Old  palings, 
tenuis,  Fr— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  limbs, 
radiata,  Pers.— Common.     Branches. 
Pupula,  Fr. — Low.     Branches. 
LicnExorsis  sphferoboloidea,  Schw.— Common.     On  branchlets. 
Propolis  versicolor,  Fr.— Common.     Bark  of  Pine,  Oak,  &c. 

hysterina,  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.     Dry  wood. 
Xyloorapiia  parallela,  Fr.— Low.     Carious  wood. 
Yibrissea  truncorum,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  damp  wood. 
Bulgaria  globosa,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth  in  woods. 
inquinans,  Fr. — Common.     Oak  logs. 
sarcoides,  Fr.— Mid.     Rotten  sticks, 
ruia,  Schw.— Mid.     Rotten  sticks  in  dam})  woods. 
Ditiola  gambosa,  B.  &  C— Low.     Wet  Pine  wood. 
ELAnioMvrE^  granulatus,  Fr.— Low.     Sandy  woods. 


130  FLoWERLESS    PLANTS. 

Bfhdtcibina  tnrbinata,  Fr. — Low.    On  Pertnsaria. 

leucopoda,  Xyl. — Low.  (Tuckerm.)     On  trunks. 
Cerasi,  B.  &,  C. — Low.  and    Mid.      On   Cherry   ami 

Peach  gum. 
microscopica,  13.  &  C. — Low.   Brandies  of  Moras  mul- 

ticaulis. 
minima,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Dead  limbs  of  Quercns. 
TbochtlA  craterium,  Fr. — Mid.     Leaves  of  Iledera. 
Patellaria  atrata,  Fr. — Common.     Dry  wood. 

applanata,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Putrescent  wood, 
olivaceo-virens,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  and  wood 

of  Quercus. 
stygia,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Carious  v.  .„.<!. 
spheerospora,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Old  wood. 
atro-fusca,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  Yitis  vnlpina. 
oculata,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Limbs  of  Qnercus. 
discolor,  Mont. — Low.     "Wood  and  stems. 
rhabarbarina,  Berk. —  Common.     Bark  of  Alnus,  &c 
aureo-coccinea,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Culm  and  sheath  of 
Andropogon. 
I'rxcla  Craterium,  Fr. — Common.     Rotten  sticks  in  woods. 
Dermatka  fascicularis.  Fr. — Up.  (Rav.)     Oak  limbs. 

furfuracea,  IV. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Hazed  branches. 
Cerasi,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Cherry  limbs. 
carpinea,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Bark  of  Alder. 
Tympanm  gyrosa,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Bark  of  Ilex  prinoides. 

Titicola,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  Grape-vine, 
picastra,  B.  ct  C. — Up.    Bark  of  Hex  prinoides. 
cinerascen-,  Schw. — Low.     On  bark. 
Andromedae,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.    Bark  of  A.  arborea. 
Fraxini,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Limbs  of  Ash. 
plieato-crenata,*Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Bark  of  Primus. 
con's] mm--; i.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Pyriie. 
Cebasqvjm  clavatnm,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)   Bark  of  Promts  Berotina. 
Prunastri,  I*'r. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  branches, 
pnlveracenm,  Fr. — Up.    On  branches, 
triangnlare,  Fr. — Common.    Oak  limbs. 
confusum,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Fallen  limbs  of  Querc: 
alba. 


FL0WEELE8S   1'I.A.NTS.  137 

contortum,  B.  <fc  C. —  Up.     Wood  of  Cornus. 
caliciiforme,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  trunks. 
Pinastri,  Fr. — Up.     Bark  of  Abies. 
pithyum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Pine  chips. 
concinnum,  B.  &  C. — Common.  Limbs  of  Sassafras,  &c, 
Vil)iirni,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.  Bark  of  Viburnum, 
tnrgidmn,  Fr. — Common.     Excrescences  of  Oak  limbs. 
Magnolia,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Bark  of  M.  glauca. 
'{  apertnm,  Schw. — Mid.   (Schw.)      Branchlets  of  Hy- 
drangea. 
ferruginosnm,  Fr. — Mid.     Oak  bark. 
Cephalanthi,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  C.  occidentals. 
Juglandis,  B.  &  C— Up.     Bark  of  Walnut, 
quercinnm,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  limbs. 
Glonium  stellatum,  Muhl. — Mid.  &  Up.     On  stumps. 
Dicii.exa  faginea,  Fr. — Common.     Beech  bark. 

strumosa,  Fr. — Common.     Living  Oak  limbs. 
Rhytisma  Asteris,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Up.  Living  leaves  of  Aster. 

Solidaginis,  Schw. — Mid.    and    Up.      Living  leaves   of 

Solidago. 
Yitis,  Schw. — Mid.     Living  leaves  of  Vitis. 
acei'inum,  Fr. — Common.     Living  leaves  of  A.  rubrmn. 
decolorans,  Fr. —  Common.     Living  leaves  of  Androm. 

ligustrina. 
Vaccinii,  Fr. — Common.     Living  leaves  of  Vaccinia. 
Prini,  Fr. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Living  leaves  of  P.  verticil- 

latus.' 
Ilicincola,  Fr. — Common.    Living  leaves  of  I.  prinoides. 
velatum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Living  leaves  of  I.  prinoides. 
pimctatum,  Fr. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Living  leaves  of  Acer 

saccharinum. 
salicinum,  Fr. — Low.     Living  leaves  of  Azalea. 
Cnrtisii,  B.  &  II. — Low.  and  Mid.  Living  leaves  of  Ilex 

opaca. 
Cacti,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  rotting  Opuntia. 
3  adglutinatum,  Schw. —  Common.     Living  branches. 
PiiAciniiM  dentatum,  Schmidt. — Low.     Dead  Oak  leaves. 

elegans,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Sheaths  and  stipules  of  Pine. 

coronatum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  leaves. 

18 


1  -j  B  FLOW  KR  LESS    PL  A 

Htbtebtuu  pnlicare,  Pen. — Gammon.    Bark  and  old  wood 
elongatum,  WahL — Common.    Dry  wood, 
tortile,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Bark  of  Cedar. 

varium,  Grew — Low.     Bark  of  Liquidambar. 

hiascens,  B.  k  0. — Mid.  and  Dp.    Trunks  of  Qnercna. 

Castanea?,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Chestnut  wood. 

lineare,  Fr. — Common.     On  old  wood. 

cllipticum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  bark. 

pr&longnm,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Carious  wood. 

betulignum,  Schw. — Mid.     Bark  of  Birch. 

teres,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     AVood  of  Rhododendron. 

insidens,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  dried  wood. 

rufulum,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  Rhus,  Melia.  <fec 

chlorinum,  B.  6c  C. — Low.     Limbs  of  Cyrilla. 

depressum,  B.  <fc  C. — Up.     Dry  wood. 

elatinum,  Fr. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Dry  wood. 

rlexuosum,  Schw. — Common.     Various  brandies. 

Fraxini,  Pers. — Low.     Limbs  of  Ash. 

Vaccinii,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)    Branches  of  V.  fron- 
dosum. 

Azalea?,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Azalea. 

Andromeda?.  Schw. — Mid.     Bark  of  A.  axillaris. 

Kalmia?,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     AVood  of  K.  latifolia. 

Smilacis,  Schw. — Common.     OnBaml 

Rubi.  Pers. — Common.     Blackberry  stems. 

Pinastri,  Schrad. — Common.     Pine  Lean 

commune,  Fr. — Common.    Dead  sterna. 

plantarom,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    C)n  Monotropa. 

variesatum,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.     Petioles  and 
nerve-  of  <  >ak  h-;i\  68. 

arnndinaoenm,  Schrad. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Culm  of  Reed. 

macolare,  Fr. — Low.    Oak  leaves. 

foliicolum,  Fr. — Low.   and  Mid.       Leaves  of  Oak   and 
Andromeda. 

petiolare,  A.  6c  S. — Mid.      On  petioles. 
Labrella  Pomi,  Mont. — Common.     Skin  »»f  Apples. 
CoBDTCSPfl  militaris,  (Ehrh.) — Common.     On  chrysalids. 

entomorhiza,  (Dicks.) — Common.     On  dead  larva?. 
Gryllotalpse — M.  A.  C.— Low.     On  buried  Sand-moles. 


FL-.'WEELF.SS    PLANTS. 

Carolinensis.  B.  ft  &. — Low.     On  chrvsalids. 
OphiogloasoideB,  (EhrlO — Mid.     Earth  in  woods, 
capitata,  (Holmsk.) — Low.     On  Elaphomvces. 
alutacea,  (Pers.) — Mid.  (Sehw.)     Earth, 
armeniaca.  B.  l\t  C. — Low.      Bird    excrement  in  wet 

ground. 
mucronata.  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Sehw.)      Trunk  of  Lirio- 

dendron. 
Isarioides,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.     On  dead  moth?. 
Xylaria  polvmorpha.  *  Per?,  ) — Mid.     Eotten  stumps  and  wood, 
corniformis.  Pr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Putrescent  sticks, 
digitata.  (Ehrh.) — Mid.     Base  of  trunks. 
Hvpoxvlon.  (Ehrh.] — Common.     Bark  and  wood. 
1     rnu-daina?.  (Schw.) — Low.     Rotten  logs. 
persicaria.    Sehw   — Low.  «i'  Mid.  Buried  Peacli-stones. 
carpophila.  (Pers.  — Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  burs  of  Liqni- 

dambar. 
filiform:-.    A.  ft  S. — Low.     Rotting  leaves  and  petioles. 
Rhizomobpha  subcorticali-.  Pers.— Common.     Between    bark  and 

wood  of  logs. 
Poroxta  Candida.  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Limbs  of  Fraxinus. 
Hyfogrka  tomentosa,  Fr. — L  w.     On  Lactarius. 
lateritia,  Fr. — Mid.     On  L.  Indig 
Lacthiuorum.  (Schw.) — Common.     On  Lactarius. 
hyalina,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Eussula. 
luteo-virens.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  A_ 
citrina.  (Pers.  — I     :nmon.     Bark.  wood, 
rosea,  (Pers.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     <  m  roots  oftre*  -. 
gelatxnosa,  i^Tode.) — Common.     On  wood,  &c 
chlorospora.  B.  ft  0. — Mrs.     Putrid  wood. 
Stereorum,  (Schw.) — Mid.     On  Polvporus  Curtisii. 
rufa,  (Pers.) — Common.     Wood, 
tuberiformis,  B.  ft  B. — Low.     Culms  of  Arundinaria. 
subviridis,  B.  «t  C. — Low.     Dead  grass  leaves, 
atramentaria.  B.  ft  C. — Low.     Living  leaves  of  Erag]    -    . 
hirsuta. 
Httoxylos  ustulatum.  Bull. — Common.     Trunks  and  stumps. 

Tubulina,  (A.  ft  S.t — Mid.  (Schw.)     Trunk  of  Walnut. 


.1  1"  FLOW  ERLE8S  1  I.A.N  I  s. 

nummularium,  Bull. — Common.    Baric  of  Acer,  Pla- 

tanus,  &c 
punctulatum,  B.  A  R. — Lew.    Bark  of  dead  Oaks. 
Clypens,  (Schw;) — Low.  A-  Mid.  Bark  of  Quercus  nigra. 

nesodes,  B.  A  C. —  Low.     Fallen  limbs. 

concentricum;  I  Bolt.) — Common.     Trunks  <k  stumps. 

venricosum,  (Schw.) — Common.    Wood  and  bark 

rubricosum,  Pr. — Low.     On  bark. 

xanthocreas,  B.  A  C. — Low.     On  Alnus. 

multiforme,  Fr. — Common.     Wood  and  Lark. 

annulatnm,  (Schw.) — Common.     On  hark. 

decorticatum,  (Schw.) — Low.     Bark  of  Sassafras. 

epiphaeum,  B.  A  C. — Low.    Sticks  of  Magnol.  glauca 
9 .Tens,  (Pers.) — Mid.  and  Up.     Bark  of  trunks. 

notatum,  B.  A  C. — Low.     Fallen  Oak  limbs. 

fuscum,  (Pers.) — Common.     Dead  limbs. 

fragiforme,  (Pers.) — Mid.  and  Up.     On  hark. 

rubiginosnin,  (Pers.) — Mid.     Carious  wood. 

perforatum,  (Schw.) — Common.     Bark  and  wood. 

illitnm,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Wood  of  Cornus,  Are. 

serpens,  (Pers.) — Common.     Carious  wood. 

lencocreas,  B.  Sc  Ft. — Low.    Carious  wood' 

colliculosum,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  trunks. 

coprophilum,  Fr. — Common.     On  cow  dung. 

udum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  limbs. 

Sassafras,  (Schw.)— Common.    Bark  of  Sassafras. 

atramentosum,  (Fr.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    <>M  wood. 

afflatum,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    Dtj  wood. 

exaratum,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    Limbs  of  Carja. 

fascopurpureum,  (Schw.) — Mid.    (Schw.).   "Wood  and 
bark. 

gregale,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     Putrid  wood. 

investiens,  (Schw.) — Low.  and  Mid.    On  Wood. 
Diateype  rigens,  (Fr.)— Mid.  (Schw.)    Ob  wood, 
contorta,  (Schw.) — Common.    On  hark. 
microplaca,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Limbs  of  Benzoin. 
Btigma,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  and  wood. 
platystoma,  (Schw.) — Mid.     On  hark. 
atropunctata,  (Schw.)— Common.     Dead  trunks. 


FLOWEItLESS    PLANTS. 


141 


disciform ib,  Fr. — Mid.— Bark  of  Alder. 
RobiniaB,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Locust, 
viresccns,  (Schw.) — Common.     Limbs  of  Fagus. 
DuriaM,  Mont. — Low.     Fallen  limbs, 
asterostoma,  B.  &  C. — Low.  ■  Fallen  limbs. 
favaeea,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bircli  wood. 
Smilacicola,  (Seliw.)— Low.  and  Mid.     On  Smilax. 
verrucseformis,  Fr. — Common.     On  dead  limbs, 
subfulva.  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  limbs  of  Nyssa. 
obesa,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Bark  of  Rhus,  &c. 
discincola,  (Schw.)— Mid.    (Schw.)     Disc  of  stump  of 

Mains. 
discreta,  (Schw.)--Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  Mains. 
Ribesia,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  R.  rubrum. 
friabilis,    (Pers.)— Mid.     (Schw.)       Bark    of    Ilex   pri- 

noides,  &c. 
quereina,  Fr.— Mid.    (Scliw.)     Oak  limbs, 
llystrix,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Maple, 
strumeila.  Fr. — Mts.     On  Grossularia. 
insitiva,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Yitis. 
innata,  B.  <fe  C. — Mts.     Branches  of  Castanea. 
leioplaca,  Fr. — Low.     Branches  of  Cvrilla. 
lata,  Fr.— Common.     Bark  and  Dry  wood. 
Polynesia,  B.  &  C— Mts.     Dry  wood  of  trunks. 
Piospyri,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Persimmon. 
Viticola,  (Schw.)— Low.  and  Mid.     On  Vitis. 
requilinearis,    (Schw.)— Mid.    (Schw.)      Limbs  of  Ber- 

beris. 
fimeti,  (Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  manure. 
Torsellia  Sacculus,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Tecoma. 

VALSA    (I.    ClRCUMSCRIPTiE.) 

pranastri,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Primus  scroti ua. 
plagia,  B.  &  C— Low.     Fallen  limbs  of  Liriodcndron. 
gastrin  a,  Fr. — Up.     Oak  limbs. 
stellulata,  Fr.— Common.     Bark  of  limbs. 
Bignonise,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Tecoma. 
scoparia,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Walnut, 
enteroleuca,  Fr.— Mid.     Bark  of  Robinia  limbs. 


14 '1  FLOWERLESS    PLAN 'IS 

Byngenesia,  Fr. — Mid,  (Schw.)    On  Rubra  Btrigosua 
pogUlns,  (Sehw.)— Mid.  (Stehw.)     Wood  of  Maple, 
cornicnlata,  (Ehrh.) — Low.  and  Mid.    Bark  of  Ash,  &c 

hanstellata,  (Fr.)— Low.     Bark  of  Oak.  Alder,  &c 
fibrosa,  Fr. — Mts.     Branches  of  Alnus  I 
Leaiana,  (Berk.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     In  Carpinus, 

frnstrnm-coni,  (Schw.) — Mid.     Boots  of  Oak. 

(II.   iHCD&k) 

nivea,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Apple  tree, 
leucostoina,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  Primus  and  Persica. 
Bcutellata,  (Pers.) — Mid.  (Schw.)  On  Prunna  and  Conrad, 
taleola,  Fr. — Low.     Oak  limbs, 
angnlata,  Fr. — Mid.    Holly  limbs, 
tessella,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)    Willow  limbs. 

(III.     OlJYALLAT.E.) 

ciliata,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Bark  of  Elm. 

coronata,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     On  Castanea  and  Bignonia 

branches. 
N  otarisii,  Mont. — Mid.     Branches  of  Gleditschia. 
decorticans,  Fr. — Low.     Bark  of  Kerria  Japonica. 
Liqnidambaris,  (Schw.) — Mid.    (Schw.)     Young  limbs  of 

Sweet  Gum. 
leiphsemia,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Branches  of  Oak. 
turgida,  Ir. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Branches  of  Liriodendron, 
Bubscripta,  Fr. — Low.     Branched  ofMelia. 
salicina,  Fr.— Mid.     Branches  of  Willow, 
pusio,  B.  k  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Morns  multicaulia 
Vitis,  (Schw.) — Common.    Bark  of  Grape  vines, 
capsularis,  (Pers.) — Mts.  (Schw.)    Bark  of  Ampelop&is. 
Btilbostoma,  Fr. — Common.     Various  branches, 
tnbntosa,  B.  k  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Alnns. 
Am. sricana,  B.  A  ( '. — Common*    On  varione  branches, 
goniostoma,  (Schw.) — Common.     On  various  branches, 
ambiens,  Fr. — Common.    On  various  branch* 

IV.    OlBCDIATJB.) 

pulchella,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  Cherry,  Oak,  <fcc. 
qnaternata,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  Acer,  <fcc. 


FL0WERLES8    PLANTS.  143 

prcestans,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Brandies  of  Xyssa. 
umbilieata,  (Pers.) — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Branches  of  Lonieera 

sempervirens, 
eondensata,  B.  &  C. — Mts.    Branches  of  Querc :  montana. 
castanophila,  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Brandies  of  Castanea. 
acclinis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Branches  of  Sassafras, 
rufescens,  (Scliw.) — Common.     Branches  of  Rhus, 
divergens,  (Scliw.) — Mid.  (Scliw.)     Fallen  limbs  of  Li<pii- 
dambar. 
Melogramma  Quereuum,  Fr. — Common.     Limbs  of  Oaks. 

campy  losporum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Trunks  of  Acer. 
Castanese,  (Schw.)— Mid.  (Schw.)  Bark  of  Chestnut, 
gyrosum,  (Schw.) — Com.  Bark  of  Oak,  Beech,  &c. 
Calycanthi,  (Schw.) — Low.  and  Mid.  Bark  of  Sweet 

Shrub. 
Gleditschia?,  (Schw.) — Mid.  Limbs  of  Honey  Locust, 
rhizogena,  (Berk.) — Low.  and  Mid.     Bark  of  H.  Sy* 

riacns. 
Hibisci,  (Schw.) — Low.     Bark  of  H.  Syriacus. 
Araliae,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.     Bark  of  A.  spinosa. 
Phoradendri,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  branches  of  P. 

flavescens. 
ambiguum.  (Schw.) — Common.      Dead  branches  of 

Rhus. 
Melia?,  (Schw.) — Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  branches  of 

China  Tree, 
atrofuscum,  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Dead  branches  of  Rhus 

glabrum. 
Persimmons,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)  Dead  branches 
of  Diospyrus. 
Nectkia  cinnabarina,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  branches  of  various 
trees, 
dematiosa,   (Schw.) — Low.  and  Mid.      Dead  branches  of 

Morns  rubra. 
coccinea,  Fr. — Common.    Dead  branches  of  various  trees. 
Cucurbitula,    Fr. — Low.    and  Mid.     Dead    branches  of 

Primus,  Melia,  <tc. 
diploa,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Dead  branches  of  Alnus,  Arc. 
peiTnisilla,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Stem  of  Lycopersicum,  6cc. 


144  FLoWEKLLs?    l'LAN    3. 

Curtisii,  Berk.— Low.    Dead  stalk  of  Zea. 
muscivora,  Berk. — Low.  ( )n  JnngermanniflB  upon  trunks, 
polythalama,  B.  <fc  R. — Common,    Bark  of  Fraxinus,  &c, 
Peziza,  Fr. — Common,    Bark  and  wood, 
sanguinea,  Fr. — Common.    Wood  and  Sphasrise. 
episph&ria,  Fr. — Common.     On  Hypoxyla, 
ochroleuca,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    Various  trees, 
moltiuseula,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    Carious  wood. 
ordinata,  (D.  CL  :•— Mi ■:.  (Schw.)    Carious  w 
anrantia,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  bark  and  Polyporns. 
roeella,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Earth  under  putrid  1<  _-. 
Tegillum,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Underside  of  Fine  wood. 
ipannosa,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    Under  rotten  log. 

SpHJKBXA    I  I.    SuPKBFICIikLES.) 

a.  Byssisedse.  • 

a'jiiila,  Fr. — Common.     Dejected  limbs  in  woods. 
Corticium,  Schw. — Common.   Bark  of  Oak  and  Chestnut. 
byssiseda,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Branches  oftre    . 
subiculata,  Schw. — Common.     Carious  wood. 
xestothele,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Limbs  ofCornua  florida. 
culcitella.  B.  &  B. — Low.     Bark  and  wood  ofQnercns. 
conlertnla,  Schw. — Common.     Bark  of  Fraxinus,  Lauras, 

&c 
calUsta,  B.  &  C. — Common.     Bark  of  Carpinus,  A   . 
parietalis,  B.  &  C. — Low.     "Within  hollow  Oak  trunk. 

rizula,  B.  &  C. — Low.  A  Mid.    Bark  ofLiquidambar,&c. 
lanuginosa,  R  &  C. — Low.    Naked  limbs  of  Robinia 
rhodomphala,  Berk. — Common.     On  wood. 
Collinsii,  Schw. — Mid.     I. caw-  ofMespilns,  &c, 
cinerea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Cow  dung. 
pha'o.-troma.  Mont. — Mid,  (Schw.")  Limbs  and  sticks. 
rhodomela,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Old  wood. 

b.  Villo 

i  vina,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Dry  wood. 
nudicollisj  B.  S:  C. — Low.     Putrescent  Fine  trunk. 
mutabilis,  Pers. — Mid.     Hark  of  Census. 
m   canescens,  Pers. — Low,     Dry  wood. 

ciria,  B.  &  C. — Low.     On  Diatrype  stigma 


FLOWERLESS   TLAXTS.  145 

strigosa,  A.  &  S.— Low.  &  Mid.     Dry  wood  of  Kalmia,  etc. 

Racodium,  Pere.— Low.  <fc  Mid.  Bark  of  Liquidambar,  £c. 

erinita,  Pere.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Carious  wood  of -Beech,  <fcc. 

araneosa,  Pers  I — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dry  wood. 

lignaria,  Grev. — Common.     Dry  wood. 

agminalis,  B.  &  C— Low.  and  Up.     Dry  Pine  wood. 

vermicularia.  Nees. — Low.     Dry  Pine  wood. 

phceosticta,  Berk. — Low.  Leaves  it  sheaths  of  Andropogon. 

exilis,  A.  &  S. — Low.     Bark  of  Cornus  florida. 

pilosa,  Pers. — Low.    Pine  wood. 

orthotricka,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.    Within  hollow  Nyssa. 

squamulata,  Schw.— Mid.  (Scliw.)     Carious  wood. 

terebrata,  B.  &  C— Low.     Wood  of  fallen  Oak  limbs. 

navido-compta,  B.  &  C— Low.     "Wood  of  Cyrilla. 
c.  Denudata?. 

seriata,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     In  cracks  of  wood. 

pomiforinis,  Pers. — Low.     Culms  of  Arimdinaria. 

mamma?formis,  Pers.— Low.  and  Mid.      Fallen  limbs   of 
Oak,  Beech,  <tc. 

rhodospila,  B.  &  C— Low.     Dry  wood  of  Cyrilla. 

moriformis,  Tode. — Common.     Old  wood. 
pulvis-pyrius,  Pers.— Low.  and  Mid.     Oak  limbs, 
spermoides,  Hoffm.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
multifera,  B.  &  P.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  manure, 
millegrana,  Schw.— Low.  <fc  Mid.     Dry'wood  and  bark. 
epimelaena,  B.  &  C.— Low.     Carious  Pine  wood, 
myriocarpa,  Fr.— Common.     Dry  wood, 
ootheca,  B.  &  C— Low.  and  Mid.     Carious  wood 
notha,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  cut  wood, 
disseminata,  B.  &  C— Low.     Old  wood  of  Liquidambar. 
d.  Pertusa?. 

lecythea,  Schw.— Mid.   (Schw.)     Carious  wood, 
mobilis,  Tode.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Oak  limbs. 
Curtisii,  B.— Low.     Decayed  nuts  of  Carya. 
Putaminum,  Schw.— Low.  and  Mid.    Old  Peach  stones, 
psoriella,  B.  ct  C— Low.     Bark  on  trunks  of  Platanus. 
papilla,  Schw.— Low.  and  Mid.    Fallen  bark  and  wood, 
mycophila,  Fr.— Low.     On  Polyporus  Curtisii. 
19 


14('.  wuywKBLwaa  plai 

porothelia,  B.  A  0. — Low.    <  m  hymeninm  vt'  Bterenm. 

kalospora,  B.  ft  C. — Low.    Denuded  limbs  of  Fraxurasf 
mastoidea,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Iambs  of  Fraxinus. 
seminuda.  Pew. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Wood  and  bark, 

nlmatieolor,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Decorticated  sticks. 
Cyriltacola,  B.  k  C. — Low.     Carious  wood  of  Cvrilla. 
porphyrostoma.  Kae  '. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  wood, 
latericolla.  D.  C. — Low.     Denuded  sticks, 
pertusa,  Pen, — Low.  and  Mid.     Old  wood, 
earyophaga,  Bchw. — Low.     Old  nuts  of  Carva. 
Periearjriicola,  13.  S:  C. — Low.     Pericarp  of  Hickory  nuts. 

ma,  ]!.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  w 1  of  .A 

.rarum,  B.  <t  C. — Low.     In  chinks  of  Pine  w< 
Aethiope,  B.  &  C. — Up.    Dry  wood. 

(II.    EROrPENTES.) 

e.  Ca?sr>itosa?. 

Ribis,  Tode, — Mid.  (Schw.)    Branches  of  It.  rnbrum. 
acervata,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Oak. 
Berberidis,  Pers. — Mid.     On  Barberry. 
varia,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Limhs  of  Cerasns. 
suhc<»ngregata,  E.  <t  C. — Common.     Bark  of  Morns,  Li- 

qnidambar,  &  . 
nobilis,  B.  &  C. — Dp.    Branchleta  of  Tilia  glabra. 

.  S  bw. — Common.    Limbs  of  Plnm  and  Cherry. 
PerisporioideSj   B.   &    C. — Common.      living  leaves  of 

Rhynchosia,  Ac 
pnlicaris,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Branches  and  stems. 

bineti,  Mont — Low*  and  Mid.    On  culms 
Hyperici,  Schw. — Low.    On  II.  frnticosnm. 

f.  Obturata?. 

elongata,  Fr. — Common.    Limbs  of  Robinia,  <tc. 
mutila,  Fr. — Common.     Bark  of  dead  li: 
insidens,  Schw, — Mid.  (Schw.)     Wood  and  bark. 
Virginica,  B.  A  C. — Mid.  and  Dp.  Wood  of  Gastanea,  &c 
abrnpta,  B.  6c  C. — Low.    Dead  root  of  Cyril 
Ennotea,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Dead  Iledcra. 

ia,  B.  6c  C. — Low.    limbs  of  Pen 
effhsa,  B.  A  0. — Low.    Wood  of  Qnercns  alba. 


FL0WERLKB6   1'I.A  147 

fissa.  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Rosa. 

mucosa.  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Cucurbita. 
Cupressi,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Limbs  of  C.  thvoides. 
Opuli,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Limbs  of  V.  Opulns. 
Sclerotium,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)   Limbs  of  Hydrangea,! 

Lonieera\  Sow. '. — Mid.      Branches  of  Lonicera  sempervi- 
rens. 

Clasterium,  B.  A  0. — Mts.  Brandies  of  Spiraea  opulifolia. 

orthospora.  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Branches  of  Sambncns  Cana- 
densis. 

Tecomatis,  B.  A  C. — Low.    Branches  of  Tecoma  radicans. 

semitecta.  B.  &  C. — Mrs.     Branches  of  Platanus. 

strobilina,  Holl.  &  Sm. — Low.     Old  Pine  cones. 

Pteridicola.  B.  dc  C  — Low.     Stipes  of  P.  aquilina. 

Zeae,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     On  old  corn  stalks. 

eumorpha.  B.  &  C. — Low.     Culms  of  Arundinaria. 

apiospora,  Mont. — Low.  and  Mid.   Culms  of  Arundinaria. 

arundinaeea.  Sow. — L<;>w.     Stems  oi  Arundo. 

longissima,  Pers. — Common.     On  stems  of  herbs. 

Anethi,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  stems  of  herbs. 

nebulosa.  Pers. — Common.     On  stems  of  herbs. 

picea.  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  stems  of  herbs. 
g.  Confertae. 

Graminis,  Pers. — Common.     Grass  leaves. 

Seirporum,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)  Leaves  of  S.  Americanus. 

ulmea,  Schw. — Common.     Leaves  of  U.  Americana. 

Peltigera?.  Mont. — Up.     On  Parmelia. 

Lespedeza?,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Up.     Leaves  of  Le~pedeza. 

Yucca?,  Schw. — Low.  (jSchw.)     Leaves  of  Y.  gloriosa, 
h.  Lophiostoma?. 

angostata,  Pers. — Mid.     On  hard  wood. 

pileata,  Tede. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Carious  wood  ofLiquidam- 
bar. 

exeipuliformis,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Limbs  of  Xegundu. 
pre— a.  Pers  ? — Mid.     R<  ••  >ts  of  Quercus. 

hysterioides,  Sehw. — Up.     WobdofTflia 

Arundinis,  Fr. — Low.     Culm  of  Arundinaria. 
i.  Ceratostoma?. 

pilifera,  Fr. — Lyw.  and  Mid.     Dry  Pine  wood. 


148  FL0WSBLSB8  HA.M>. 

rostrata,  Fr. — Low.     Carious  wood  and  bark. 
Spluerincola,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  Hypoxylon  Cly- 

]  >eus. 
stricta,  Pere. — Hid.  (Sohw.)     Wood  of  Robin ia,  &a 
cirrhosa,  Pers. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Putrid  wood, 
mucronata,  Marke. — Mid.  (Schw,)     On  wood, 
brcvirostris,  Fr. — Low.     On  soft  wood, 
assecla,  Schw. — Mid.     Bark  of  Liriodendron,  <fcc. 
(III.  SubtectvE.) 
k.  Immerse. 

spinosa,  Pers. — Mid.  and  Up.     On  wood, 
limreformis,  Scliw. — Mid.     Bark  of  Oak  and  Chestnut, 
tuberculosa,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Carious  wood  of  Bet- 

ula. 
fimeti,  Pers. — Mid.     On  manure. 
livida,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dry  wood, 
rliodoirloia,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Branchlets  of  Negnndo. 
rhodina,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branchlets  of  Rosa. 
obtecta,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Brandies  of  shrubs, 
sepelita,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stem  of  Smilax  laurifolia. 
pelioepora,  B.  <fc  C. — TSTts.     On  Acer  spicatum. 
disrnpta,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stem  of  Smilax. 
flavitecta,  V>.  &  C. — Low.     Branches  of  Kerria  Japonica. 
eitrispora,  B.  &  C. — Mts.     Branches  of  Tilia glabra. 
Tiliaj,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Branches  of  Tilia,  &c. 
srcpincola,  Fr. — Up.     On  Spiraea  opulifolia. 
clypeolu-,  M".  A.  C. — Mid.     Branches  of  Fraxinus. 
olivaespora,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Branchlets  of  Corn  us  florida. 
Bubclypeata,  B.  &  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  bark  of  Rosa  and 

Rubu-. 
fuscella,  B.  &  Br.— Up.  and  Mid.     On  bark  of  Rosa. 
velata,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  limbs  of  Tilia. 
Dioscorea3,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  stems  of  Dioscorea. 
ej>idermidis,  Fr. — Low.     Limbs  of  Persica. 
acnlcata,  Schw. — Common.     Stems  of  herbs. 
coinlmlliens,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stems  of  Arundinaria. 
inearcerata,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Stems  of  Spartina  glabra. 
Cacti,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  dead  Opuntia. 
nigro-annulata,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Leaves  of  Yucca  aloifolia. 


FI.OWKRLES8   PLANTS.  14# 

Ilicis,  Schleich. — Common.     Leaves  of  I.  opaca. 
Pustula,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Juglans. 
Pseudo-pustula,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  leaves  of  Nyssa 

mult : 
Kalmiarum,  Schw. — Mid.    Dead  leaves  of  Kalmia. 
sparsa,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Fallen  leaves. 
Andromedarum,  Schw. — Mid  (Schw.)    Dead  leaves  of  A. 

axillaris, 
argyrostoma,   Berk. — Low.   and  Mid.     Leaves  of  Yucca 

filamentosa. 
Obtectae. 

pruinosa,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Limbs  of  Fraxinus. 
salicella,  Fr. — Up.     Limbs  of  Cornus  sericea. 
sarcocystis,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Dead  stems  of  Cereal i a. 
rubella,  Pers. — Low.  and  Mid.     Dead  stems  of  herbs  and 

grasses, 
rubicunda,   Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)      Dead  stems  of  Sola- 

lium,  etc. 
acuminata,  Sow. — Up.  and  Mid. — Dead  stems  of  Herbs, 
complanata,  Tode. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  stems  of  Herbs, 
coniformis,  Fr. — Mid.  and  Up.     Dead  steins  and  herbs, 
doliolum,  Pers. — Common.     Dead  steins  and  herbs, 
ceratispora,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  stems  and  herbs, 
nigrella,  Fr. — Mid.     Dead  steins  of  Ambrosia  trifida. 
herbarum,  Fr. — Common.  Dead  stems  of  herbs  and  grasses. 
Yerbascicola,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Head  stems  of  Y. 

Thapsus. 
ampliata,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Dead  stems  of  Umbcl- 

liferee. 
Ogilviensis,  Berk.  ? — Up.     Dead  stems  of  Cimicifuga,  &c. 
Plantaginis,  B.  &  C. — Mid.  Calyx  andrachis  of  P.  major. 
Oenotherse,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Dead  stem  of  O.  sinuata. 
umbrinella,  B.  &   C. — Low.      Base  of  stem  of  Eupator : 

cornop  : 
stictostoma,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Stem  of  Eupatorium. 
Scorodoniae,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Stem  of  Allium  in  gardens, 
mescedema,  B.  *fe  C. — Low.     Stem  of  Cirsium  and  Eupa- 
torium. 
incommiscibilis,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Stem  of  dead  herb. 


15U  raowKLfese  l-i.A 

in.  Foliicobe. 

Sarracenise,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.    Leaves  of  Sarracenia. 

tnbaeformis,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)      Leaves  of   Elm  and 

Tulip  Tree. 
Gnomon,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Chinquapin, 
setacea,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Birch. 

'      . — Mid.  (Schw.)     Tubers  of  Solan um. 
petiolorum,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.      Petioles  of  Liqui- 

dambar,  &c 
pyramidalis,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  leav< 
Potentill®,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Up.      Leaves  of  P.  Cana- 
densis. 
S         _'         .  Schw. — Mid.     Lea         :  Solidajgo. 
myriadea,  D.  C. — Common.     Leaves  of  Oaks, 
macula? formis,  Pers. — Common.     Various  k; 
pnnctiformis,  Pers. — Common.     Various  lea- 
Magnolias,  Schw. — Lav.     Leave-  of  M.  glauca. 
fructuosa,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Magnol:  grandifl: 
Andromedae,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Leaves  of  A.  eori- 

acea,  &c 
Carectorum,  B.  &   C. — Low.       Leaves    of    Carex  xan- 

thophys  . 
Mabsaria  crustata,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  limbs. 

obesa,  B.  &  C— Low.  Fallen  limbs  of  Acer  and  Quercus. 

atroinquinans,  B.  &  C. — Low.  Fallen  limbs  ofPlatanus. 

iexcussa,  (Schw.) — Mid.  (Schw.)    On  limbo. 

epileuca,  B.  &  C. — Low.  and  Mid.  Limbs  of  Morns  rubra. 
Iridia,  B.  &  C— Mts.     Limbs  ofRobinia. 
dtoria,  B.  A:  C. — LoW.  and  Mid.    Limbs  of  Acer. 

circumscissa,  (Pers.) — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Platanus, 
D.:i'azi;a  Smilacicola,  Schw. — Common.    Leaves  of  Smilax. 

Kalmicola,  Schw. — Mid.  and  Up,  Leaves  of  K.  latifolia. 

Hederaecola,  Fr. — Mid.    Leaves  ofH.  Helix. 

TulipiferSB,  Schw, — Low.     Leaves  <>1"  Tulip  Tree. 

brnnnea,  B.  &  C. — Low.    Living  leaves  of  Acer. 

cruenta,  Fr. — Mi-1,  and   Up.     Dying  leaves  of  Cuiival- 
laria. 

Caipinicola,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Hornbeam. 


FLOWERLESS    PLAXTS.  151 

DoraiPEA. — a.  Denudata?. 

Glumarum,  B.  &  C— Mid.     Fallen  heads  of  Wheat. 

b.  Erumpentes. 

Ribesia,  Fr.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Eibes. 
Sambnei,  Fr.— Mid.  (Sclnv.)     On  Elder, 
sphasrioides,  Fr. — Mid.  (Sclnv.)     On  Populus  Italica. 
Capreolata,  Schw. — Low.  and  Mid.     Branches  of  Bignonia. 
Bhnina,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Young  branches  of  E. 
radicans. 

c.  Xjloma. 

typhina,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Culms  of  living  Grass, 
rubra,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Prunus. 
ilabella,  B.  ifc  C. — Low.     Fronds  of  Pteris  aquilina. 
Ileliopsidis.  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Stem  and  branches  of 

II.  laavis. 
Eupatorii,  B.  &  C. — Mid.     Stem  of  E.  coronopifolia. 
Smilacis,  B.  &  C. — Up.     Branches  of  Smilax. 
asteromorpha,    Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)      Living  leaves   of 

Betula. 
Brachystemonis,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Living  leaves  of 

Pycnanthemum. 
culmicola,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Fallen  stems  of  Grass, 
exasperans,  Schw. — Mid,  (Schw.)     Leaves  and  petioles  of 

herbs. 
CatalpaB,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Fallen  leaves  of  Catalpa. 
Ambrosia?,  B.  Sc  C. — Low.  Living  leaves  of  A.  artemesiref: 
orbicularis,  B.  &   C. — Low.      Living  leaves  of  Gentiana 

Saponaria. 
Anemones,  Fr. — Mid.     Living  leaves  of  A.  Yirginica. 
alnea,  Fr, — Low.  and  Mid.     Leaves  of  Alnus. 
Perisporium  fimeti,  B.  <fc  C— Low.     Babbit  excrements. 

Caladii,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Peltandra. 
Erysiphe  communis,  Schlecht. — Common.     Living  leaves. 

horridula.  Lev. — Low.     Living  leaves  of  Xanthium. 
Martii,  Lev. — Up.  Living  leaves  of  Eupator.  ageratoides. 
Gcrardia?,  Schw. — Mid.    (Schw.)     Living  leaves  of  G. 
quercifulia. 
Microspilera  penicillata,  Lev. — Common.     Living  leaves. 


152  FLOWERLESB    PLANTS. 

Ravenelii,  B.  &  C — Common.     Living  leave3  of 

Gleditschia. 
semitorta,  B.  <fc  C. — Low.     Living  leaves  of  Cepha- 

lanthus. 
Friesii,  Lev. — Low.     Living  leaves  of  Syringa  vul- 
garis. 
Hedwigii,  Lev. — Low.      Living  leaves  of  Quercus 
aqnatiea. 
Piiyllactixia  guttata,  Lev. — Common.  Living  leaves  of  Ahraa,  A  . 
Podosphjooa  Kunzei,  Lev. — Mid.     Leaves  of  Cerasna. 
Uhcotola  adunca,  Lev. — Common.     Living  leav<  -. 

polycliai'ta,  B.  k  C. — Mid.  A  Up-  Living  leaves  of  Celtis. 
Cu-etomium  elatum,  Ivze. — Low.  <fc  Mid.  Putrescent  grass  stems. 

ehartamm.  Ehrb. — Low.     On  wet  paper. 
Mkliola  amphitricha,  Fr. — Common.     Leaves  and  twigs. 
Astektna  spuria,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  and  stem  of  Ilyptis. 

Ervsiphoides,  B.  &  C. — Low.  Leaves  of  Nyasa  multiflora. 
exasperans,  B.  &  C. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Kalmia 

latifolia. 
orbicularis,  B.  &  C— Low.  and  Mid.  Leaves  of  Ilex  and 
Prinos. 
Soorias  spongiosa,  Fr. — Common.     Leaves  and  limbs  of  Fagus  and 

Alnus. 
Cai'n«»i'um  elongatum,  B.  ct  D. — Low.  and  Mid.  On  various  lea 

Carolinense,  B.  <fc  D. — Low.  Fallen  leave-  of  Poai  <  »;ik. 
Onygexa  equina,  Pers. — Mid.   (Schw.)     Old  horns  and  h< 
fajjinea,  Fr. — Common.     Dead  bark  of  Beech. 


FLGWERL1  ->    1'I.A 

VI.    PTTYSOMYCETES. 


Mucoe  flavidns,  Pers. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Agarics. 

Mucedo,  L. — Low.  and  Mid,     On  putrescent  matter. 
caninus,  PeTs, — Mid.    Schw.)     Excrement  of  Mice, 
fnsiger,  Lk. — Low.     ' 

capitato-ramos  >.  S  '  w. — Low.     On  putrescent  Boleti. 
clavatnSj  Lk. — Low.     On  putrescent  Cncurbita. 
curtns,  B.  &  C. — Low.     On  putrescent  C.  Melo. 
IlTDKOPnoBA  tenella,  Tode. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  sticks. 

murina,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  squirrel  excrements. 
Fimbria.  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     On  Sphaerise. 
Phtcomyceb  nitens,  Kze. — Low.     On  dung  in  wet  ground. 
AfiooPiiOBA  Mucedo,  Tode.— Mid.     On  putrescent  bodies. 

nucum.  Cda. — Low.     Putrescent  Batata?  tubers. 
chartarum,  B.  &  C. — Low.     On  damp  paper. 
Piloboli  -  roridus,  Pers.— Mid.  .  Schw.  |     H-r^e  dung. 

crystallinus,  Tode. — Low.     Horse  dung. 
Eusotich  herbariornm,Lk.— Common.     On  dried  plants. 
AEr.EniTA  Candida.  Pers.— Low.  and  Mid.     Putrescent  vegetation. 
cassia.  Per-.— Mid.  (Schw.)     On  trunks. 
ovula,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Carious"  wood. 
!  >i  i[o>r,.nrrM  aggregatum,  Nees. — Mi  I.    Scl  w.)     Oak  bark. 


GENERA  DTT.TA. 


Ectostroma  Liriodendri.  Fr.— Common.     leaves  of  Tulip  Tree. 

Tuxici.  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Poison  vine, 
arttatum,  Fr.— Mid.     Leaves  of  Cimicifuga. 
Annonee,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Leaves  of  Asimina. 
Ertnetm  fagineum,  Pers.— Common.     Leave-  o^  Beech, 
acerinum.  Pere. — Common.     Leaves  of  Maple. 
lnteolum,  Kze.— Low.  and  Mid.    Leaves  of  Maple. 
20 


1">4  1J.oWKKI.K--     PLANTS. 

roseum,  Schnlz. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Leaves  of  Birch. 
Vitis,  J>.  C. — Low.  and  Mi<l.     Leave-  of  Grape. 
Ilicinuin,  D.  C. — Low.     Leaves  ofScrnb  Oak. 
quercinum,  Kze. — Mid.     Leaves  of  Black  Oak. 
Qnercus-cinerere,  Schw.— Low.  Lea^  es  of  Upland  Willow 

<  >ak. 
Pyracanthae,  Lk. — Mr-.      Leaves  of  Crataegus  punctata. 
Cyrillse,  1^.  &  ('.—Low.     Leaves  of  Cyrilla. 
anomalum,  Schw. — Low.     Limbs  and  petioles  of  Jnglans 
and  Carya. 
Spermcedla  Clavus,  FV.— Low.     On  Grass  seeds. 

Paspali,  Fr. — Low.  and  Mid.     Seeds  of  Paspalnm. 
Tripsaci,  M.  A.  C. — Mid.    Seeds  of  T.  dactyleides. 
Pachyma  Cocog,  Fr.  (Tuekahoe.) — Low.  and  Mid.    Underground. 
ScLKEonun  complanatora,  Tode. — Mid.    Putrescent  leaves. 

Bcntellatum,  A.  &  S.— Mid.  (Schw.)  Leaves  of  Juglans. 
S  men,  Tode. — Low.  and  Mid.    Loaves  of  L- '-.  &   . 
ArnndinarisB,  B.  &  C. — Low.     Leaves  of  Arundinaria. 
vulgatum,  Fr. — Mid.    (Schw.)    Putrescent  vegetation. 
Fungorum,  Pers. — Low.     On  root-  ofMof 
Medicaginis,  Fr.— Low.     On  buried  radicles, 
truncorum,  Fr.— Low,     Putrid  wo  d. 
Circes,  Schum. — Mitf.  (Schw.)     Leaves  ofCiroasa. 
applanatum,  Schw.— Mid.  (Schw.)  Limbs  of  Oastanca. 
cerebrinum,    R  &   ('.—Low.       Fallen   limbs   in    wei 

and. 
Orobanches,  Schw.     Mid.    (Schw.)     Root  and  stem -of 

<  >.  Virginica. 
varium,  P     .     Mid.     Earth  and  old  cabbage  stalks, 
nitidnm,  B.  &  ('.—Low.     Fallen  rose  petals, 
pyrinum,  Fr.— Low.     On  old  dried  App 
.  Malornm,  Berk.— Low.     On  old  dried  Appli 
durum,  Pers.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Stemofherbs. 
Liliorum,  Schw.— ^Mid.  (Sehw.)     Stem  ofLilinm. 
I'u-tulla.  Fr.— Low.  and  Mid.    Oak  leavi 
popnlinum,  Pew.— Mid.  (Schw.)     Poplar  leaves. 
RnizocTONu  Muscorum,  Fr. — Mid.  (Schw.)     Roots  of  Mosses. 
Himantia,  Schw. — Mid.  (Schw.)    Lignous  earth. 
Ozonifv  anricomnm,  Lk. — Common.     <  >\1  Inc 


FLOWERLESS    PLANTS.  1.5-5 

''IIAKArE.E. 


Chara  fragilis,  Desv. — Low.  and  Mid.     Ponds  and  ditches. 
Schweinitzii,  A.  Braun. — Mid.     Still  streams. 


AL(4j;.  OR  SEA-WEEDS. 


MELANOSPERMEAE. 

Sargassum  vulgare,  Ag. — In  the  Gulf  Stream. 

baccifernm,  Ag. — In  the  Gulf  Stream. 
Fu<  us  vesicnlosns,  Linn.     Sea  coast     I  U-  v.  K.  M.  Fori 
P-vnixA  pavonia,  Lamonr. — Sea  coast.     {Rev.  E.  M.  Forbes?) 
Arthrocladia  villosa,  Duby. — Mouth  of  the   Cane  Fep»\     ■  .' 

PridUi 
1      »rda  tonientaria,  Lyngb. — Coast. 
Mee     i  ha  virescens,  Carm. — Coast. 
'.  .     lrf  -  siliculosus,  Lyngb. — < 
viridis,  llarv. — Coast. 

RUODOSPERMEAE. 

Cuonoria  dasyphylla,  Ag. — Coast. 
Poly?iphonia  variegata,  Ag. — Coast. 

frychia  rivularis,  Harv. — Coast. 
Dasta  elegans,  Ag.— -Coast. 

lmpia  parvula,  Harv. — Coast. 
Axsmiuii  Blodgettii,  Harv. — Coast.    {Mr.  1''<>i 
Delesseria  Leprienriij  Mont — Coast. 
NrropnTixuM  pnnbtatnm,  Grev. — Mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear.  {Mrs. 

Pri 
Gracilaria  multipartita,  J.  Ag. — Month  of  the  Cape  Fear. 
Geudium  corneum,  Lamourx. — Coast. 
Souerxa  chordalis,  J,  Asr. — Coast. 


156  FL<.\\  I.UI.l. —  1-I.A 

llvi'M-.\  muscifonnis,  Lamourx.-  I 

s.  inaia  rarcellata,  Biv. — Co* 

Cii"M'i:i-  crispns,  Lyngb.  (IrisL  Moss.  — Ocean. 

Chyi.'h  lama  Bafleyana,  Harv. —  C    -' 

Ceramium  rohnim,  Air. — Oo 

diaphannm,  Both. —  I 
Si-yrima  filament- '-a.  Hair. — Ooi  St. 
GriuivmiBEA  corallina,  Air.' — Coast. 
Cali.itii  amnion-  Turned,  Ag.  -  < 

polyspermum,  A_. — I 

KHEAEi 

Bsyofsib  pluniosa,  Lamourx. — Coast. 

Pobfhtba  vulgaris,  Ag. — O 

Ehtebomobpiia  intestinalis,  Lk. — Mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear. 

.  Grew — Mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear.     (Mrs. 

Ulva  latissir    .  Linn.— C 

la<  ' 

Bat.  I  '-  '       iliforme,  Both. — (  fresh 

strc 
Tuomeya  fluviatilis,  Harv. — On  stones  in  Btreama  of  Op.  L>i-t. 
Lkmanea  torulosa,  A  a  stones  in  Btreama  of  Up.  J 

Ghosvophoba  endivioafolia,  Ag#-  9 
Cladophosa  glances  -t. 

refracta,  Both. — Sea  eoj 
S<  vi-'NEMA  minntnm,  Ag. — On  li:  tuid  <•!<]  Bhinj 

my<  _ . — On  n 

ossj  I  "M  Ixmcs  in  woods. 

Ltxobta  majuscula,  Harv. — Coast. 

\  \-  '.'  water. 

.;;!■'.  Ag. — Damp  earth. 

Palm  rodigiosa,  Mont.    On  cooked 

viridis,    '  -k  of  li. 


si    MMAttY 


FliOWKBINQ    PLANTS. 

Exogenous, 1,362  species. 

Endogenous, 511 

FLOM  EELESfe    PlAOTS, 

Equisetaceae, 1 

Filices, 37 

Lycopodiaceae,  , .  0 

Hydropterides, i 

Musci, 106 

Hepaticae ,  69 

laclienes, ,. , . .  217 

Fungi — llvinenomycetes 935 

Gasteromycetes, 150 

Coniomycetes, 341 

Hyphomyeetes, 1SS 


Ascomvcetes, 

.,       715 

:il 

Doubtful  Geherk,. . 

tg 

Characeae 

o 

\>m 


583 


3,3W2 


->!' 


Total  species ...    4,840 


O  M I S  S  A. 


1>.  81.  Agaricus  (Clitoc:)  ochropnrpureus,  Berk. — Mid.  In 
tliin 

]>.  1K:>>.  Lactarius  anguatlssivius,  Lasch. — Common.   Thin  woods. 

]>.  93.  Rnssnla  nigricans,  Fr. — Mid.     Earth  in  -woods. 

p.  152.  Uncinnla  intermedia,  B.  &  C. — Mid.  On  leaves  of  Ulmua 
alata. 


E  R  II  ATA 


p.  LO,  line  8th,  for  "Com.  Poppy,"  read  Corn  Poppy. 

\  line  14th,  for  "Mid.  Dist,"  read  Mountains. 

]».  72,  for  Petbaplodon,"  read  Tetbaplodoit. 

p.  70.  6th  line  from  bottom,  for  "  playthylla,"  read  platyphylla, 

\>.  115,  for  Spaeboneha,"  read  Sph^eonema. 

p.  13 i.  line  1  Ith,  for  "  cronata,"  read  coronata. 

}>.  134,  line  14th,  for  "corocea,"  read  crocea. 


REPORT 


J 


THE  PEOGEESS 


GEOLOGICAL   SIEVE! 


SORTH-CAPiOLIN'A  1866., 


Uy    PROFESSOR    W.    C    KJ 


RALKIGH  : 

W1L  E.  TELL.  STATE  PRENTER. 
1867. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT  N.  C. 

Raleigh,  January  31,  1867. 

To  the  Honorable, 

The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina : 

Gentlemen  :— I  have  the  honor  to  transmit,  herewith,  the 
report  of  the  State  Geologist,  and  commend  it  to  your  careful 
consideration, 

JONATHAN  WORTH, 


REPORT  OF  THE  PROGRESS 

OF  THE 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


To  his  H  <-.  Jonathan  Worth, 

Governof  of  North  Carolina: 

Sir  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of 
the  progress  of  the  geological  survey  ot  this  State,  since  I 
have  had  charge  of  the  work.  I  have  prefixed  a  brief  history 
of  the  survey  itself,  from  its  first  inception,  thinking  it  might 
be  of  some  interest  to  yourself  as  well  as  the  public. 

My  commission  bears  date  April  4th.  1866.  After  comple- 
ting the  investigation  of  the  subject  of  the  Swamp  Lands  and 
the  report  thereon,  which  was  undertaken  at  the  request  >  if 
your  Excellency  and  the  Literary  Board,  and.  at  the  same 
time,  acquainting  myself  with  the  history  and  condition  of 
the  geological  survey,  and  having  ascertained  that  there  were 
no  apparatus  or  instruments,  either  for  field  or  labratory  work, 
belonging  to  the  survey,  my  predecessor  having  made  use  of 
his  own  and  other  laboratories  north,  I  found  it  necessary, 
first  of  all.  to  provide  an  outfit,  preparatory  to  taking  the 
field.  This  brought  me  to  the  middle  of  summer.  My  work 
in  connection  with  the  actual  survey,  therefore,  dates  from 
this  point. 

An  examination  of  the  reports  and  official  correspondence 
ot*  my  predecessor,  having  shown  that  the  western  portion  of 
the  State,  beyond  the  Catawba  River,  was  yet  unsurvey.  d. 
your  Excellency  concurred  with  me  in  the  opinion,  that  my 
attention  should  first  be   directed  to   that  region.     I  accord- 


«  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

crossed  the  Blue  Ridge,  aud  addressed  myself  to  the 
task  of  making:  a  rapid  sketch  of  the  transmontane  section, 
hoping  to  complete  the  tour  of  those  eleven  counties  within 
the  remaining  operative  months  of  the  year. 

The  weather  having  proved  so  auspicious  as  to  permit  out- 
operationa  until  the  beginning  of  December.  1  was  able 
to  cany  out  my  plan  beyond  my  own  expectations,  having 
travelled,  mainly  in  the  saddle.  1700  muee  of  mountain  roads 
and  mountains  without  roads,  in  less  than  four  months.  A 
summary  of  some  of  the  more  important  observations  is  here- 
with respectfully  submitted,  with  the  hopethatyour  Excellen- 
cy will  find  something  of  the  same  satisfaction,  with  myself,  in 
the  discovery  of  the  great  and  almost  unknown  r  - 
both  agricultural  and  mineral,  of  the  mountainous  portion  ol 
our  State.  And  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  region  be- 
yond the  Bine  Ridge,  to  which  my  explorations  were  limited, 
•itute  only  about  one-half  of  the  hitherto  unexplored 
division  of  the  State.  The  remainder,  extending  from  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  Yellow  mountains,  to  the  Catawba  River  and 
Pilot  mountain,  which  Avill  next  claim  attention,  will.  I  am 
satiiied.  from  many  general  indications,  prove  equally  inter- 
esting 

Your  most  obedient  servant. 

W.  C.  KERB, 


PREFACE. 


Before  resuming  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State,  if  wa  3, 
of  course,  necessary  for  me  to  ascertain  precisely  the  progress 

which  had  been  made,  and  the  point  which  had  been  reached 
by  my  predecessor  ;  i.  e.  it  was  necessary  to  know  what  had 
been  done  in  order  to  know  what  remained  to  be  done.  This 
investigation  brought  to  my  knowledge  many  facte  in  the 
history  of  the  Survey,  which  seem  to  me  to  have  an  interest 
for  others  besides  myself.     A  few  of  these  will   therefore  be 

given  in  brief. 

""  The  first  suggestion  of  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  so 
tar  as  appears  from  the  records,  was  made  by  Prof.  Olmsted. 
of  the  University,  in  1821,  in  a  letter  to  the  Board  of  Public 
Improvements,  "judge  M  irphy,  however,  on  the  part  of  the 
same  Board,  had,  in  their  report   for   1819,  observed  that,  m 
executing  the  surveys  which  they  were  -required  by  the  As- 
sembly to  have  made,  in  prosecuting  their  various  schemes  of 
internal   improvement,  they  had   -attempted   to   render  the 
surveys  subservient   to  the  interests  of  Bcience  by  collecting 
information  of  its  geology  and  mineralogy,"  but  had  entirely 
failed.     The   letter   of  Prof.   Olmsted   was   referred    by  the 
Board   to  the  Legislature,  but  no  action  Avas  taken.     About 
this  time,  however,  a  new  interest  was  given  to  the  subject, 
by  the  discovery  of  the  remarkable    gold  deposits  6f  Cabar- 
rus and  the  neighboring  counties,  which   yi<  Ided  the  largest 
"nuggets"  which   had  then  been  seen.      When,  therefore, 
the  suggestion  of  Prof.  Olmsted  was  renewed  a  year  or  two 
later   with  the  proposition  to  spend    his  vacations  in 
cal  excursions,  an  I  '-asking  merely  such  an  appropriation  as 
would  defray  the  expenses  of  the   undertaking,"  th    result 
wus  th-  passage  of  an  Act  of  Assembly  in  1823,  authorizing 
the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  have  such  survey  made,  and  ap- 
propriating for 'the  purpose  $250,  for  four  successive   years; 
which  wa-   afterwards  continued  for  two  years  longer.     The 


•LOGICAL   SUBVEY 

survey  thus  ordered  waa  partly  executed  l>y  Prof.  Olmsl 
and  after  his  removal  to  Yale  College,  was  continued  by  Dr. 
Mitchell.     Their   observations  were  published   from  tii 
time  mi  ;:  1827,  occupying,  in  the  about  12' 

tavo  pages.     They  were   necessarily  confined  to  the  eastern 
and  middle  sections  of  the  State. 

Geology  was  then   in   its   infancy,  and  in  the  light  of  the 
science  of  the  present  day,  and  in  comparison  witl 

of  modern  Burveys,  with   tkeir   splendid   illustrations* 
thin   ami  unpretending   pamphlets   look   meagre   and 
valueless,  aps,  to  the  antiquary.     Bui  they  s< 

an   important   purpose  in  their  time,  and   contain,  b  - 
a  mass  of  information  which  is  still  valuable.     Berethework 
rested  until  resumed  under  the  present  law  on  the  subji 

Meanwhile  the  science  of  geology  had  grown  from  the 
smallest  beginnings  to  an  importance  and  breadth,  wholly 
unimagined  in  1825,  and  its  practical  bearings  upon  all  the 
economies  and  industries  of  men,  especially  upon  mining  and 
culture,  in  discovering  and  developing  the  hidden  re- 
sources of  the  earth,  had  become  recognized  and  appro  I 
ev<  ry  where.  The  other  States,  as  well  as  foreign  nations, 
had,  most  of  them,  ordered  and  executed,  many  of  them  at 
an  immense  cost,  complete  surveys  of  their  territory.  Tlu- 
rtance  attached  to  such  surveys  elsewhere  may  be  illus- 
trated by  a  single  example.  The  following  is  the  h 
ifornia,  whose  sur  .•-•  of  the  most  recently  undertaken 

and  is  still  in  pn  _ 

'•AN    ACT   Ti>    CREATE    i!H.   "Ml'  .<:   OF   STATE   6E0L0GIST,    AND  TO 
DEFINE  THE    DUTIES  THEREOF. 

The.  people  of  th    -        of  California,  represented  in  Senate 
and  Assembly,  <\<>  enacl  as  follows  : 

Hun  1.  J.  I>.  Whitney  is  hereby  appointed  State  G 
ogist.  He  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  Governor,  and  it 
shall  l>c  his  duty,  with  the  aid  of  such  aasistanl  -  may 
appoint,  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and 
prepare  a  repoH  "!'  such  Burvey  for  publication,  ami  superin- 
tend the  publication  of  the   san,.-.     Such  report  shall    : 


OF  NORTH   CAROLINA.  V 

the  form    of  a  geological,  botanical,  and  zoological  hist 

•       31         and   the  number   of  copies   of  each  volume   to  be 

printed,  and  I  .  form.  maps,  diagrams,  or  illustrations 

contain'  in,  or  to  be  public  irately,  shall 

termined  by  the  State  Geologist ;  and  said  report,  when 

published,  shall  be  sold  upon  such  terms  as  the  Governor  and 

Secretary   of  State  shall   decide  upon,  and  the  proceeds  of 

such  sales  shall  be  paid  into  the  Common  School  Fund  of  the 

ite. 

Sec.  2.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  State  Geologist, 
and  his  Assistants,  to  e  time  not  necessarily  required, 

in  the  preparation  and  superintendence  for  publication  of  the 
reporl  led  for  in  section  one.  of  this  act.  to  a  thorough 

and  scientific  "ion  of  the  gold,  silver  and  copper  pro. 

duciii.  this  State,  and  to  make  such  scientific  and 

practical  exp  ri  J  as  will  be  of  value  in  the      -        sry  of 

mines  and  the  working  and  reduction  of  ores. 

The  following  sums  of  money  are  hereby  appro- 
it  of  any  money  in  the  Slate  Treasury  not  otherwise 
for  the  prosecution  of  the  Geologist  Survey  of 
and  for  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  fiscal  years  : 
lary  of  the  State  Geologist,  nine  thousand  dollars,  to 
wn  monthly,  on  the  last  day  of  each  month  ;  for  the 
salary  of  two  Assistants,  six  thousand  six  hundred  dollars,  to 
be  drawn  in   the  same   manner  as  the   salary  of  the  State 
Geologist;  tor   publication  of    two  volumes  of    re] 

sand  dollars  ;  for  office  rent,  and  •  ::      ises       survey  in 
mining  districts,  and  experiments  on  ores,  and  all  incid 

f  work,  ten  thousand  dollars,  to  be  drawn  one-half 
each  fiscal  year. 

-     .  4.  This  act  shall  take  effect  imm 
Appr  >v.  d.  April  4.  I  : 

F.  F.  LOW,  Governor." 

The  Stat      f  North  Carolina  had  long  been  pointed  out  by 
Scientific  travellers,  as  well  as  by  the  lal  Prof.  Oh.. 

I  >r.  Mitchell,  and  by  accidental  dis  the  repos- 

•  and  varied  mineral  wealth  ;  and  the  necee 
of  an  adequate  and  complete  survey  was- widely  felt  and  its 


10  GEOLOGICAL  SUKVKY 

authorization  was  frequently  and  earnestly  advocati  d  by  the 
Leading  men  of  the  State,  and  often  formed  the  subject  of 
Executive  messages  and  of  legit-mmte-  discussions.  I  tpiote 
from  three  annual  messages. 

'A  Typographical,  Geological  and Miners/logical  Survey  of 
the  State  is  highly  desirable.  The  minerals  ami  oree  are  be- 
lieved to  be  incalculably  valuable;  and  the  limestone  and 
marble  which  might  thus  be  brought  to  light,  would  benefit 
the  tannin--  interest  beyond  the  cost  of  the  un  lertaking.'' 
(Gov.  Dudley,  1838.) 

"I  believe  the  same  amount  of  money  could  not  be  so  use- 
fully applied  in  any  other  way.  as  in  procuring  these 
surveys."     (Gov.  Moivhead,  1844.) 

"I  trust  no  consideration  will  induce  a  longer  delay  in 
directing  an  Agricultural,  Geological  and  Minerological  Sur- 
vey of  the  State.  Three-fourths  of  our  sister  States  have  now 
in  progress,  or  have  finished  like  examinations  of  their  terri- 
tories. And  in  every  instance,  it  is  believed,  that  they  have 
n 0t  only  added  to  the  treasures  of  science,  but  have  been 
attended  with  important  and  useful  discoveries.  Many  val- 
uable minerals  are  already  known  to  exist  in  various  si  <tions 
of  the  State  -r  and  a  further  exploration  cannot  fail  to  bring 

to  light  other  resources,  and  greatly  favor  the  pursuits  of 
Mining  and  Manufacturing;  while  a  minute  examination  of 
our  soils  by  persons  uniting  science  and  practical  skill  in 
agriculture,  will  be  productive  of  improvement  in  that  useful 
branch  of  industry."     (Gov.  Graham,  L846.) 

At  the  session  of  1851-%  the  existing  law  on  the  subject 
was  enacted  ;  which  is  found  on  page  69,  chap.  2,oftheBev. 

Cod1'.      As  this   constitutes    the    authority    under    which    the 

present  Survey  proceeds,  and  is  familiar  to  \  <  1  \  few,  it  is 
inserted  here. 

"Seci  [OK  I-.  The  <  lovernor  shall  appoint  a  suitable  person 
to  conduct,  an  ler  ;  he  supervision  of  himself  and  the  Literary 
board,  a  Geological,   Mineralogies!,   botanical  and  Agricul 
tural  Survey  of  the  State. 


OF  NOETH   CAKOLDU.  H 

14.  The  person  appointed  shall  examine  and  survey  each 
and  every  county  of  the  State,  and  ascertain  the  different 
geological  formation  of  each  county  and  section  of  the  State  ; 
the  nature,  character  and  value  of  its  minerals ;  the  nature 
and  character  of  its  soils,  and  the  best  mode  of  improving 
the  same ;  the  nature  and  kind  of  its  productions,  and  their 
relative  position  and  value  ;  its  facilities  for  manufactories  ; 
the  extent  and  value  of  its  water-power ;  the  character  and 
value  of  its  botanical  productions ;  the  character  and  value 
of  its  timber,  and  all  other  facts  connected  with  the  subjects 
of  Geology,  Mineralogy,  Botany  and  Agriculture,  which  may 
tend  to  a  full  development  of  the  resouroes  of  the  State  ;  and 
such  person  is  authorized  to  employ  as  many  proper  agents 
and  assistants,  to  be  approved  by  the  Governor,  as  may  be 
necessary  to  enable  him  speedily  and  successfully  to  accom- 
plish the  objects  committed  to  his  charge  ;  and  he  shall,  from 
time  to  time,  communicate  to  the  Governor,  to  be  by  him 
communicated  to  the  Legislature,  a  report,  orreportsin  writing, 
setting  forth  fully  the  results  of  his  Survey ;  which  reports 
shall  1  >e  published  under  the  supervision  of  the  Governor  and 
Board  of  Literature. 

15.  The  expenditures  incurred  by  said  Survey  shall  not 
exceed  five  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  to  be  paid  by  the 
Public  Treasurer,  upon  the  warrant  of  the  Governor,  out  of 
any  monies  in  the  Treasury,  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

16.  The  person  making  such  survey,  shall  deliver  lectures 
upon  the  subjects  committed  to  his  charge,  in  the  villages 
through  which  he  may  pass :  Provided,  that  he  shall  not 
thereby  delay  his  other  duties." 

Dr.  E.  Emmons  received  the  appointment  of  State  Geolo- 
gist under  this  act,  in  1852,  and  retained  the  office  until  his 
death,  in  1863.  His  son,  Dr.  E.  Emmons,  Junior,  was  nomi- 
nated assistant  Geologist.  Dr.  E.  has  given  the  results  of  his 
labors  in  five  reports. 

The  first,  issued  in  the  latter  part  of  1852,  relates  to  the 
Agriculture  of  the  lower  counties,  and  the  coal  of  Rocking- 
ham and  Chatham. 

The  second  report,  in  1856.  is  the  largest  of  the  series,  and 
relates  chiefly  to  the  Geology,  and  particularly  to  the  mines  of 


GEOLOGK  AL   SUBVEI 

idlandcounti  I  has  some  additional  matter  on 

• 

report  for  18£  lexal  treatise  on  Agriculture. 

Two  short  report8  appeared  in  1860;   on  itinnation  of 

Agriculture,  the  other  on  th(   8  L 

During  this  last  year  was  also  issued  a  report  by  Dr. 
"ii  the  •■  ;  if  North  Carolina."  prepared  at 

the  request  of  Dr.  Emmons.     His  Catalogue  of  the  plante 

ited  for  publication  at  the  .-arm-  time,  but 
unexplained  reason,  failed  to  get  through  the  pr< 
Thi  Erne,  together  with  two  other  reports  by  ti 

distinguished  gentleman,  one  on  th<-  "Mammals,"  the  other 
on  the  u  Reptiles  of  North  Carolina,"  still  await  publication, 
having  been  prepared  in  connection  with  the  sun 

It  appears  also,  from  a  letter,  or  brief  report  of  I>r.  ' 
Governor  Ellis,  in  1860,  that  there  was  still  a  considerable 
amount  of  material  on  hand  for  publication ;  including  many 
analyses  of  soils  and  minerals,  with  additional  di~  -  in 

the  coal  region  ;  also  a  report  by  Mr.  C.  I>.  Smith,  of  Macon 
county,  on  a  portion  of  tin-  mountain  section  of  th<  State, 
•wit!  beervations  by  himself  in  the  same  section  j  and 

he   has  also  alluded,  Beveral    times,    in    his  publisl 

gical  Map  of  the  State,  as  in  course  of  prepa- 
ration by  the  draughtsman  of'the  survey,  Dr.  B.Emioi  as,  Jr. 
No  work  seems  to  have  been  den.-  in  connection  with  the 
survey    after  1860,  Dr.    Emmons'  attention    having    b 
turned  to  the  manufacture  of  warlike  munitions.     And  tl. 
is  no  report  of  any  geological  operations  subseqi  that 

of  18* 

Having  been  myself  appointed  State  G  gisl  -  14,  and 
having  held  the  office  during  the  last  year  of  the  war,  nomi- 
nally, and  tPtthout  pay,  and  wi  T,-r 

tain  chemical  and  mineral  manufactures,  in  which  I 
people  of  the  State  were  vitally  interested,  and  becomi 
acquainted  with  the  above  stated  bote  in  i  to  the 

condition  of  the  Survey,  it  appeared  to  be  my  duty  to  coll 
such  papers  and  documents    connected  with  the  work, 

_  'it  be  of  value  to  the  State,  especially  to  Becure  the  map 
which  was  a  most  important  desideratum,  and  might  be  < 


OF  NORTH  CAROLINA.  13 

pected  to  constitute  a  most  valuable  summary  of  the  complete 
results  of  the  survey.  Supposing  these  papers  to  be  in  the 
custody  of  the  surviving  family  of  Dr.  E.,  and  especially  of 
his  assistant,  I  accordingly  made  application  for  them  under 
the  executive  sanction  and  authority.  And  the  application 
has  been  several  times  renewed,  since  the  close  of  the  war, 
and  with  the  approval  of  his  Excellency,  the  present  Gover- 
nor, but  so  far  without  success. 

The  geological  survey,  then,  has  been  in  progress  about 
nine  years,  from  1852  to  1860.  The  reports  published  relate 
to  the  Geology  and  Agriculture  of  the  eastern  section  of  the 
State,  including  the  Swamp  Lands,  and  to  the  geology  and 
mines  of  the  "  midland  counties,"  as  far  west  as  the  Catawba 
River.  The  portion  of  the  State  beyond  this  to  the  Tennessee 
line  is,  so  far  as  appears  from  the  reports,  wholly  unexplored. 


CHAPTEK  I. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


In  undertaking  a  Geological  Survey,  two  things  require  to 
be  definitely  settled,-—  the  object  and  the  method.  Some  obser- 
vations on  each  of  these  points  will  probably  not  be  deemed 
out  of  place  here  : 

THE  OBJECT 

Or  design  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  North  Carolina,  is  to 
be  gathered  chiefly  from  the  law  establishing  it.  From  this  it 
appears  that  a  General  Geological  Survey  is  contemplated. 
Such  general  survey  has  necessarily  a  two-fold  purpose  and 
aspect,  scientific  and  practical.  The  first  is  in  order  to  the 
second,  as  a  means  to  an  end.  But  it  is  also  an  end  in  itself, 
in  the  same  sense  and  degree,  and  for  the  same  reason  that 
all  true  science  is  so.  And  then  we  have  long  enough  seen, 
on  the  geological  maps  of  the  ocntinent  and  of  the  world, 
that  appear  from  time  to  time,  the  space  of  North  Carolina 
occupied  by  broad  analogical  conjectures,  or  left  wholly 
blank,  like  the  centre  of  Africa,  or  the  Antarctic  continent. 
The  scientific,  however,  owes  its  chief  value  to  its  relation  to 
the  practical  in  the  legislative  intention.  For  it  is  only  by 
means  of  a  systematic  and  thoroughly  scientific  investiga- 
tion of  the  geological  structure  and  characteristics  of  a  region, 
that  results  of  any  value  in  themselves  can  be  reached,  or 
that  will  carry  with  them  any  credit  or  authority  abroad.  It 
is  only  when  geological  observations  and  deductions  are  thus 
characterized,  that  they  can  be  brought  into  comparison  with 
similar  results  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  foreigners  be 
enabled  to  assure  themselves  of  the  probability  and  value  of 
alleged  discoveries. 

The  immediate  practical  bearings  of  the  survey  are  promi- 
nently considered  as^  looking  in  two  principal  directions,  the 
developement  of  the  mineral  wealth  that  may  be  concealed 


1G  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

th  the  surface,  and  the  promotion  of  agriculture.     It 
would  certainly  be  difficult  to  over-estimate  the  importan 
any  agency  which  may  reasonably  be  expected  to  advance 

two  leading  interests  of  mankind.     It  is  little  that  we 
(I  >  not  owe  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  soil,  or  the  mine. — 
Almost  no  art  or  industry  is  independent  of  these  two  p 
sources  of  individual  and  national   prosperity.      "Where  are 

look  here  in  North  Carolina,  in  our  depression  and  ca- 
lamity, for  the  recuperation  of  our  lost  fortunes  and  the  res- 
toration of  our  prostrate  business,  if  not  to  the  improvement 
of  our  soil  and  methods  of  tillage,  and  to  the  mineral  riches 
hidden  away  in  their  subterranean  storehouses?  In  estab- 
lishing the  Geological  Survey  with  a  view  to  the  promotion 
of  these  so  important  interests,  the  Assembly  of  North  Caro- 
lina have  hut  adopted  the  experience  and  endorsed  the  judg- 
ment of  the  most  practical  and  enlightened  and  prosperous 
states  of  Europe  and  America.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate 
what  the  Geological  Surveys  of  England,  of  Prance,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, have  done  for  their  mines  of  coal.  salt,  iron,  or  to 
realize  their  effect  upon  the  prosperity  oi  those  States. 

The  connection  of  Geology  with  mineralogy  and  mining- 
is  immediate  and  obvious,  so  much  so  that  it  is  popularly  re- 
garded as  simply  the  -  of  ore-hunting.  It  serves,  in 
the  first  place,  to  direct  and  to  limit  the  operations  of  the 
miner,  and  tells  him  where  his  labor  may  be  profitably  ex- 
pended. By  determining  the  age  and  relations  of  the  rocks 
of  a  region,  it  indicates  the  limits  within  which  certain  min- 
eral- may  be  found;  and  traces  the  connections  and  outlines, 
the  direction  and  position,  the  strike  and  dip  of  beds  and 
veins  of  minerals,  and  thus  points  out  the  proper  plan  of 
mining  operations  to  be  adopted  in  each  case.  Bence  the 
intelligent  capitalist  hesitates  t<>  invest  in  mineral  property 
without  consulting  competent  geological  authority  ;  and  the 
intelligent  immigrant,  to  venture  into  a  new  country,  without 
first  consulting  its  geological  reports.  It  is  this  which  has 
lately  given  so  high  a  market  value,  even  to  the  partial  and 
ports  of  this  and  some  other  of  the  southern 

.  and  created  so  great  a  demand  for  them  north  and  in 
Europe,  that   scarcely  a  copy  can  now  be  found.     The  nega- 


OF    UOftTB    I  AlK'UXA.  17 

' .  j\  «•  i  Sects  and  value  of  geological  surveysare  scarcely  less  im- 
portant than  the  positive.  The  miner  is  not  only  directed 
where  he  may  bestow  bis  labor  profitably,  but  is  likewise  de- 
terred  from  operating  in  other  directions,  where  his  labor 
would  be  fruitless  and  ruinous.  Millions  have  been  squander- 
ed even  in  our  own  country  in  the  useless  and  foolish  search 
after  minerals  which  never  existed,  "'In  the  upper  valley  of 
the  Delaware  and  Schttylkill,  and  in  many  other  places,  men 
have  spent  years,  long  lives  in  Tact,  and  fortunes,  in  digging 
vainly  into  the  black  slate  for  coal."  (Lesley.)  And  the 
question  is  often  asked  here,  whether  coal  may  not  I  e  found, 
and  search  has  often  been  made  for  it,  in  certain  localities  in 
the  western  portion  of  our  State,  where  its  presence  wo  Id 
give  immense  importance  and  value  to  the  vast  accumula- 
tions of  iron  ore,  which  characterize  many  of  those  counties. 
Geology  at  once  pronounces  the  search  futile.  And  so,  .just 
now,  the  questi  >n  is"  frequently  asked,  whether  petroleum  may 
not  be  found  in  different  parts  of  the  State  ;  and  large  tracts 
of  our  mountain  lands  have  been  lately  bonded  by  parties  pros- 
pecting for  oil.  The  geologist  has  no  difficulty  in  pronounc- 
ing all  suei)  s  utterly  hopeless,  as  to  the  whole  of  that 
region,  and  in  indicating  these  very  limited  tracts  within  our 
borders,  where  alone  such  operations  have  any  possibility  of 
success.  And  so  of  iron  works  which  have  often  been  pro- 
jected on  an  extensive  scale,  upon  the  mistaken  suppositio  of 
the  presence  of  the  proper  quantity  and  quality  of  ore.  I 
have  frequent  occasion  to  forestall  and  prevent  useless  ex- 
ditures  and  hopeless  enterprises  of  this  sort.  And  the 
geological  information,  the  rudest  geological  survej 
our  western  counties,  would  have  prevented  the  enormous 
waste  of  time,  energy  and  money  that  have  been  expended 
by  hundreds  of  men,  for  many  years,  in  the  ridiculous  pursuit 
of  a  mineralogical  phantom,  in  the  search  after  repetiti 
and  continuations  of  Ducktoion* 

But  the  relations  of  the  survey  to  agriculture  winch  must 
ever  remain  the  chief  employment  and  resouroeof  our  people, 
are  equally  real  and  important,  although  not  equally  obvious. 
The  Act  of  Assembly  under  which  the  Burvey  proceeds,  re- 
quires   that    special    attention  be   given  to  thus  subject,   and 

a 


- 

I    "     I  Soil 

gnbja 
I 

guch  cha:j_       - 

I  _  B 

- 

■ 

■       -  -        .  _  9oi 

_ 

•  -  3    baa 

I 

ri-nt  latiti;  le.-r  and 
distances  1  a,  will  n 

'   •  L  Taxied  cli- 

- 
_ 

2 

- 

_ 
■ 
- 

tljsej 

| 


OF   SOUTH   CAROLINA.  19 

Libit,  in  a  general  view,  the  soils,  minerals,  botany  and  eooI- 
ogy.  which  shall,  in  feet  constitute  an  epitome  <  f  the  geolog- 
ical and  natural  history,  the  agricultural  and  mineral  charac- 
teristics and  resources  of  the  whole  State.  So  much  in  brief 
for  the  objects  proposed  to  be  accomplished  by  th<  I !  _ical 
Survi  y. 

THE  NAX   OF    OPERATIONS. 

Since  the  general  geological  survey  mast  necessarily  serve 
as  the  basis  and  ground-work  of  the  whole,  this  comes  first 
in  order.     It  was  necessary,  therefore,  in  the  betrinnine  to 

take  a  bird's-eye    view  of  the  whole   held  of  operations, to 

make  a  geological  reconnoissance,  in  order  to  catch  the  out- 
lines and  leading  features  of  th<    g         _:eal  structure  of  the 

.ion  to  be  studied,  and  thus  to  construct  a  skeleton,  or 
framework  in  which  all  the  future  details  of  the  work  would 

rily  and  intelligibly  arrange  them-  -  they  should  be 

developed.     This  was  necessary  also,  in  order  to  ascertain 
rand   amount   of  the  work   to  be   done,  and  to 
wh  -       »ecial  effort  and  attention  should  be  directed. 

This  could  be  accompli-  v  and  satisfactorily, 

by  making  a  •        -    f  transverse  sections  across  the  upturned 
strata.     In   this   State,  the  direction  of  th<  - 

gee,  the  strike,  is  almost  universally  from  X.  E.  to  S.  W. 
And  this  direction,  being  also  that  of  the  dominant  mountain 
chain,  the  rivers,  in  seeking  the  line  of  quickest  descent 
a  direction  at  right  angles  to  the  strike  ■  and 
having  worn  for  themselves  deep  channels  through  the  strata, 
furnish  extensive  exposures  of  the  rocks,  ai  e  give  the 
readiest  means  of  obtaining  the  desired  sections ;  although 
one  is  often  obliged  to  use,  for  this  purpose,  the  artificial  and 
accidental  exposures  along  the  tracks  of  railroads,  turnpikes 
an  1  •  ven  common  roads. 

Th''  :'  Eiwassee    01     >wah,   Nantehaleh,  Tennese 

Tucfc   seg     Pigeon  and  French  Broad.with  the  Ocoualufl 
and  Toxaway,  furnished  me  as  many   secti     a,  some  of  them' 
partial,  some  of  them   completely  aci  breadth  of  the 

State.     These  sections  enabled  me  to  locate,  beyond  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  doubt,  all  the  prominent  geological  features  of 


BUBYEX 

the  region,  aii'l  rurnifl  .  for   the  constr 

anknown  country. 
thus  able  ah  gi  lia- 

_    be  aumeroua  indig         -  stu, 

min  le  tore  of  ind 

rition  m  North  Carolina  <»t'  tli  >wd   Lead.1      [( 

universally  beli        I        1  taken  tor  g  I  that   th 

whi  In  thoe    remarkable  accumulations  of  copp 

■  in  ;        I  D  •  rard,  through  the  whole 

iin  all  th 
county.     Thia  oj  Lni 
by  the  most  intelligent  ,  8,  how- 

f  theO  ao1 

fou  Smoky  Mountains,  and  that  ler 

•■)  an  entirely  diffi 
fact   far  in-  in. I 

.  .  ring       ..  -      -  "  ial  for  thoe 

1 1  .  sktown. 

PAH  ;y. 

In  this  department  much  remains  to  1  v-         t  the 

-ils  of  th  lor  the    Siesosoic  of 

md  !»  id  River  Coal  bede  sup- 

po-       a              -called  G  the  middle 

:i<.ii  have  been  fully  and  tudied  and  illus- 

1                  ied  to  announce,  however,  th  much 

in! 

at   paleontol   gista  f  th        lunl  ry  have 

I  their              -    -     '  •  •  work  op  v 

.1  of  this  a  >rt  the  progress  of  ey  may  bring  to 
Light.     Tii'                                  worthy 

th-              lly  the  i  part  «>f*  th<- 
whole  work. 

OBOGRAPHI,   PHYSK  AL  QEOGBAPHI  AMD  TOPOGRAPHY. 

In  the  proeecutioD  of  the  Survey,  one  of  the  ii.  ilties 

encouii"  the  want  of  graphical 


OF   NORTH   CAROLINA.  21 

map,  on  which  to  locale  niy  geological  observations.  There 
is  no  map  of  this  region  in  circulation  ;  worthy  of  thename, 
those  which  we  have  being  nothing  Lnt  the  rudest  conjec- 
tures, i  had  hoped  to  find,  in  the  archives  of  the  capitol, 
sufficient  material  for  the  construction  <  r  a  skeleton  map,  on 
which  to  lay  down  my  observations.  During  the  period  from 
1821  to  1843,  while  the  Board  of  Internal  Improvement  had 
in  its  employ  a  State  Engineer,  surveys  were  made  of  all  our 
riv(  rs  on  this  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  of  many  small 
creeks  also,  from  the  se*acoast  to  the  base  of  the  mountains; 
and  during  that  period  and  up  to  the  present  time,  numerous 
surveys  ha ve  been  made  (mostly  at  the  public  expense)  of 
routes  for  rail  roads,  turnpikes,  canals  and  common  roads, 
making  an  aggregate  of  several  thousand  miles.  The  field- 
notes,  plans  and  drawings  of  these,  if  they  had  been  pre- 
served, would  furnish  a  net-work  of  lines  covering  the  whole 
State,  and  would  leave  little  to  be  done  in  order  to  construct 
an  accurate  geographical  and  even  an  approximate  topograph- 
ical chart.  But  nor  half  a  dozen  of  these  surveys  have  left 
any  available  trace  of  their  existence  among  the  records.  The 
difficulty,  however,  was  partly  overcome  by  means  of  a  hand- 
copy  of  a  map  (kindly  furnished  me  by  the  author,  for  this 
purpose)  of  the  mountain  section  of  the  State.  This  map  is 
in  course  of  preparation  for  publication  by  Prof.  A.  Guyot,  oi 
Princeton,  the  first  of  living  geographers,  who  has  done  more 
for  the  elucidation  of  the  geography  and  topography  of  our 
mountains  thanall  other  observers  together.  Having. provided 
myself  with  barometers  and  sextant  for  the  purpose,  1  have 
made  many  additional  observations  tor  the  determination  of 
altitudes  and  the  triangulation  of  those  sections  omitted  by 
Prof.  Guyot.  I  have  the  satisfaction  also  of  announcing  that 
this  genl !■  man  has  promised  me  his  co-operation  for  thr 
four  weeks,  in  the  spring,  in  order  to  complete  this  important 
work,  ol   which  he  will  shortly  give  us  the  entire  results. 

Inasmuch  as  the  absolute  geographical  position  of  no  point 
west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  (and  so  far  as  I  know,  west  of  the 
University,)  had  been  determined  by  astronomical  observa- 
tions, having-  provided,  in  my  outfit,  a  chronometer  and 
marine  sextant,  I  made,  in  passing  through  the  several  county 


22  geolooh  \\.  stove? 

towns,  a  series  of  double-altitude  observations,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  fixing  the  latitude  and  Longitude  of  those  points, 
which  will  give  a  degree  of  accuracy  otherwise  unattainable, 
to  all  the  geodetic  observations  which  have  been,  or  may  here- 
after be  made,  in  that  section, and  will  render  them  available 
as  a  basis  for  the  geological  survey  and  map. 

In  making  the  barometrical  observations, Mr.  Charles  Cur- 
tis, of  Hillsboro',  volunteer  assistant,  renders  Bsential 
service  as  corresponding  observer. 

CLIMATOLOGY. 

The  survey  is  also  indebted  to  volunteer  assistance  in  this 
department.  I  have  established,  through  such  aid,  a  series  ol 
meteorological  observations  in  each  of  the  counties  visited, 
the  observers  being  furnished  with  instruments  of  simple 
construction  tor  the  purpose.  These  observations  will  con- 
tinue as  long  as  the  survey  lasts,  and  will  furnish  the  means 
of  asc ertaing  the  annual  tall  of  rain,  its  distribution  through 
the  seasons,  the  temperature,  and  the  oth<  t  elements  of  cli- 
mate of  the  several  mountain  plateaus.  I  propose  to  extend 
this  system  of  observations  over  the  whole  of  our  mountain 

counties,  the  climate  and  products  of  which  vary  much,  even 
within  short  distances. 

CHEMIBTB1  . 

I  found  no  labi  »ratoTy  attached  to  t  he  survey,  and  as  the 
annual  appropriation   is  entirely  inadequate  to  purchase  the 

necessary  apparatus.  !  have  availed  myself  of  the  courtesy  of 

the  President  and  Chemical  Professor  of  the  University,  who 
have  offered  the  use  of  the  College  laboratory.  I  have  also 
made  arrangements  with  an  eminent  chemist  at  Charleston, 

S.  ('..  Prof.  \.  A.   Pratt,  who  will  make   such  analysis  of  Soils 

and  minerals,  as  may  be  required  by  the  Survey  from  time 
to  time. 


->RTH   CAIU'LINA. 


BOTANY. 

This  ghly  worked  up  by  Dr. 

iplorers  that  almost  notfa     g 

mains  to  be  a  due  J. 

ZOOLOGY. 

will  be  required  of  the  but 
•••  and  est*  nedve  works  on  the  general  subject  <>f  Ainer- 
logy,  publis  spices  of  the  Smiti  is  - 

nian  Institution,  and  the  monographs  of  Dr.  Curtis  air 

most  1  ground.      \Yhat- 

taterial  may  come  to  light,  however,  during  the 
-  irvey,  will   be    placed  in  the  hands  of  ' 
C  and  th   se  other  disti:._     -      I  naturalists  to  whose  depart  - 
specimens  may  belong,  who.  in  their  dev 
■,  have  ofFered  their  aid  for  this  purpose  gratuitoi 

XET. 

Of  the  collection  of  minerals  and  fossils  which  had 
_:  f  the  Capitol  by  Dr.  Emm 

the  very  small  remnant,  which  escaped  the  ravs  _   s     .   the 
tiers  which  occu]  city  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

1,  under  an  A.ss  mbly,  to  the  University. 

-  justly  com  1  as  among  the  most  important 

I  valuable  results  of  a  geological   survey.     A  judiciously 
perly  arranged  collection  would  exhibit, 
w,  tlie  whole  _  the  State,  and  should  furnish 

pal  -i  r!.e  n  icks  "  themselves  to  the  truth 

of  "  -         tions  uctions    of  the  written  rep 

h  a  collection  would  reveal  to  the  man  the  gen- 

eral teal  structure  of  the  State,  and  even  many 

il-  of  the  lit!       _  sition  and  a         -      :i  "t'  the  forma- 

-  well  as  their  fossil  contents  :  and  should  also  reprea     I 

and  /  tions.     But,  in  addition 

to  this,  it  should  instruction  of  a  practical  character 

to  the  intelligent  miner  and  farmer.     To  the  latter,  by  ajudi- 

fcion  and  arrangement    of  the  principal  di£fe] 


'21  LOGICAL 

kii  with  their  derivative  d,  with  ana  Iyt 

.  it  would  furnish  the  m  wii 

pari  .       ing   it  to  its  pn 

discovering  its  character  and   d<       te       J  theproperrei 

bile  the  former,  l>y  a  proper  collection  of  < 
thei  minerals,  th<  ir  g      _ 

3,  would  be  enabl  rra  a  coin 

\nd  chara  -  and 

Stat'.',  without  the  labor  and 
ing  them. 

ir.\ 

• 
.    :..  that  they  serve  to  c<  udense  and  reveal,in  8  - 

u-1  connected  vii  w,  the       .      rate  results  oi  the 
at  a  glance,  tht-  kinds 

i   their  sition,  order  • 

I  vdativ 
Here  t  departments  •  f  tl. 

.   with  each   other;    su  that 
>na  are  complet< 
_!••  tour. 
I  have  «  -it  in  tl  tion  of  the  p] 

cedure,  which  appeal 

do   -  rfully,    the  ! 

that  e  th  intelligil  !■ 

b  a 
aed  likely  to   increase  th<  ii  in  the 

work- which,  it  is  every   waj        m    ble  and  importanl 
and  I  have   no  sympathy   with  that  spirit  in  wb 

.  w  itli  an  ii i i 

nd  to  wril 
andate  <■!'  exclusion  and  n 
01 


OF  NORTH    CAROLINA.  2^ 

CHAPTER  II. 

OUTLINE  OF  THE  GEOLOGY  OF  WESTERS  NOBTH  CAROLINA. 

I  wish  this  to  be  considered  as  a repm  and  *">* 

aB  a  final  or  complete  »  .which 

it  relates;  the  work  done  being,  as  already  explained,  only  a 
reconoissance  preparatory  to  a  detailed  survey.  The  entire 
results  of  even  this  preliminary  examination  can  not  begiyen 
in  this  brief  sketch.  This  could  only  be  done  after  making 
all  the  computations  for  the  Barometrical  and  Astronomical 
observations,  and  constructing  maps  and  sections  from  nu- 
merous held  notes,  and  making  analyses  of  a  large  number 
of  the  specimens  collected. 

The  territory  explored,  comprising  the  eleven  counties 
west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Yellow  Mts.,  and  extending 
from  Mitchell  to  Cherokee,  contains  an  area  of  some  4000 
square  miles.  The  following  brief  description  of  the  physi- 
cal fe  itures  of  the  region  by  Prof.  Guyot,  is  -  f  sufficient  in- 
terest in  this  connection  to  justify  its  insertion  here.  1 
taken  from  an  elaboraie  paper  "011  the  Apalachian  System," 
published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  in  1861  : 

tevast  belt  of  the  Appalachian  highlands  forms  the 
marginal  barrier  of  the  American  continent  on  the  Atlantic 
side,  and  determines  the  general  direction  of  the  coast  line, 
which,  in  general,  runs  parallel  to  the  inflections  of  its  chains 
with  remarkable  regularity.  This  system,  composed  of  a 
rrugations  tolerably  uniform,  does  not.  like  the 
Alps,  or  other  great  systems  of  fracture,  have  a  central  or 
main  axis,  to  which  the  secondary  chains  are  subordinal 
But  it  is  properly  compared,  to  the  system  Jura,  lor  it  isc  - 
posed  like  that  of  a  I  long  folds,  or  chains,  which  run 

parallel  to  each  other,  often  with  great  regularity.  In  the 
same  part  of  the  system  the  general  height  of  the  chains  is 
sensibly  equal  and  their  summits  show  neither  many  nor 
deep  notches.  In  the  middle  regions,  especially  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  Jersey,  they  present  the  appearance  of  long 
and  continuous  walls',  the  blue  summits  of  which  trace  along 
the  horizon  a  uniform   line    seldom    varied   by   any  peaks  or 


GEOLOGICAL   BUB 

In  tb  rthern  a 

lerably  modified.      Tin  i 
very  much    of  its  uniformity  and  its  ph; 
-  far  more  complicated;  the  form 
parallel  ridges  almost  entirely  disappears. 

X  feature  <»t  the  Appalachian  system  which 

(anguishes  it  from  the  r  the  Jura  ;  it  is  th<.-  well  u 

division  into  two  longitudiual  zones  of  elevation,  one  turned 
the  Atlantic  in  which  th  I  par- 

allel chain8Jus  .  of  predominates,  and  the  other  1 

towards  the  interior,  which  is  composed  of  elevate  1  and  c 
liug  from  the  Bummit  of  their  i 
escarpment,  in  the  centra  of  the  gent 

the  basins  of  the  lakes  and  the  valley  of  the   <  >hio. 
Another  feature,  not  less  conspicuous,  chars  I 
of  corrugations  properly  so-called.     T 
valley  which  passes  through  the  entire  - 
south,  forming,  as  il  wer     a  neg  through  its  entire 

length.     This  is  what  Mr.  Rogers  calls  the  great  Appalachian 
valley.     At  the  north  it  is  occupied  by  lake  Champlain  and 
iver;  in  Pennsylania  it  bears  the  name  of  Kit- 
tatiny  or   Cumberland  valley.     In  Virginia   it   is  the   I 
valley ;  more  to  the  south  it  is  called  the  valley  <•!'  East 

A     the    northeast   and   at   the   centn 
breadth  is  fifteen  miles ;  it  contracts  in  breadth   towai 
snath,  in  Virginia, but  reaches  its  _ 

where  it  measures  from  fifty  to  Bixty  miles  in  br 
bain,  more  or  less  compound,  which   borders  this  $ 
valley,  towards   the   southeast,  is  atinuous  and   ex- 

tends without  any  interruption   from  Vermont   t.>  Alabama. 
In  Vermont  it  bears  the  name  of  Green  mountains,  which  it 
j  to  ihe  bordereof  New  York;  in  the  latter  Stat 

Highlands;  in  Pennsylvania,  1      -    ith  Mounlains ; 

in  Virginia  the  V>        i      *e ;  in  North   I  i  and  T 

the  Iron,  9  ika  mountau 

Although  these  features  are  common   to  the  Appalachian 

system  throughout  its  entire  length,  nevertheless,  it  may  be 

divide  i  from  north  to  Bouth  into  three  divisi<  ns,  which  pre- 

,i.h-  ditl'  rncture.     Passing  the 


OP  NORTH   CAROLINA.  27 

eye  over  th  •  physical  chart  winch  accompanies  thia  article, 
we  at  once  distinguish  in  the  longitudinal  extent  oi  the 
Appalachian  system  two  principal  en  vatures,  the  one  at  the 
north  from  Gaspea  to  New  York,  the  concavity  of  which  is 
turned  towards  the  southeast  ;  the  other  at  the  centre,  i'rom 
the  Hudson  to  New  River  in  Virginia,  with  its  concavity  also 
towards  the  southeast  ;  the  third  from  New  River  to  the 
southwest  extremity  of  the  system,  the  direction  of  which 
is  nearly  straight,  or  forming-  a  gentle  curve  concave  towards 
the  northwest.  These  three  divisions,  diminishing  in  extent 
from  the  north  to  the  south,  are  well  marked,  at  the  north  by 
the  deep  valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  the  Hudson,  which 
break  through  the  Appalachian  system  to  its  base  and  across 
its  entire  breadth  ;  at  the  south  by  New  River,  whose  deep 
valley,  with  vertical  wails,  also  separates  regions  whose  oro- 
graphic charaaters  present  remarkable  dif|ereni 

After  describing  the  two  northern  divisions,  he  pro< 
"  The  southern  division,  from  New  River  to  the  extremity  of 
the  system,  is  much  the  most  remarkable  tor  the  diversity  of 
its  physical  structure  and  its  general  altitude.  Even  the  base 
upon  which  the  mountains  repose  is,  considerably  elevated. 
Although  the  elevation  of  the  Atlantic  plain  at  thi 
base  i  fthe  mountains  is  onlylOOto  300 feet  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  500  in  Virginia  near  James  river,  it  is  1000  to  1200  feet 
in  the  region  of  the  sources  of  the  Catawba.  In  the  interior 
of  tie-  mountain  regions  the  deepest  valleys  retain  an  altitude 
of  from  20oii  to  2700  feet.  From  the  dividing  line  in  the 
neighborhood  ot  Christiansbmg-  and  at  the  gear  bend  of 
New  River  the  orographic  and  hydrographic  relations  under- 
go a  considerable  modification.  The  direction  of  the  principal 
part- of  th--  system  is  also  somewhat  changed.  The  main 
chain  which  borders  the  great  valley  on  the  east,  and  which 
more  to  the  north,  under  the  name  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  sepa- 
rates il  from  the  Atlantic  plain,  gradually  deviates  towards 
•uthwest.  A  new  chain  detached  on  the  east,  and 
curving  a  little  more  to  the  south,  takes  now  the  name  of 
Blue  Ride.  It  is  this  lofty  chain,  the  altitude  oi  which,  in  its 
more  elevated  groups,  attains  gradually  to  5000  and  5900 
feet,  which   divides    in    its    turn    the  waters  running  to  the 


SH  -      tVEY 

Fthe  Mi  sissip]  '.     I  ration, 

rn  and  western  watei 
\i)\\  mtral  chain 

■  ible-land  bo 

in,  uji'.n  (  \\  lanti    plain. 

■•■  which  forn 
dns,  and  1  s  of  which  usually   del 

- 

chain  which  run  _  ey  ia 

thn  r  level,  and  I 

_ 

1  from   tl  ..;it  <>f  t! 

.ar-ls  the 
only  reach  in  Bouthem  Virginia  and  >  y  first 

_li   chain  of  the   I  and  Smoky 

mountain  _  »th. 

aon  tin;- 
northwest  threi    egiona  very  distinct.     T 
mo.  Ridge  and 

tlii    a  Iron,  Smoky  and  mountains, 

-  North   Carolina  from   T  I     com- 

■ 
wh  at  first,  a   va 

Ith,  in  th  rn  part  of  which  11 

it  t  h  _  i  and  into 

than  180  mi  _  in  brea 

fifty  mil<  s.    T  stern  cliain,  or  Bin 

-    composed  of  m  i    lenta 

ted  into  a  contini       -  .  ular  chain.     Its 

atly  changes  and  Tonus  man; 
- 

I  by  long 
; 

tlleya  thi 
r,or  wcati  rn 
ich  more  conl  inuos,  raon  regular 

in  :tion   ;in<l  height,   and   ii  rmly 


KOBTH    CABOLINA.  29 

The  area  compris  wo  main  ,  from 

the-  -  wBiverandthe  Watauga, in  nity 

of  the  Grandfather  mountain,  to  the  southern 

- 
the  bottom  ne  of  which,  runs  le  mount 

tributaries   of  the  -         which,  by  of 

their  waters,  merit  the  name  of  fix  sources  !      ible 

river.     Betr  sin  of  the  Wataug  the 

Nolechucky,  .  fry  chain  of  the  Roan  and  I  low 

mountains.     The  northwest  bra] 

and  -  the  Bald  mount)  i  rate 

the  basin  of  the  '  thai 

river.     Between  the  latter  and  the  Big  Pigt    nriv 
the  long  chain  i  fthe  Pisgah  and  the  iintains. 

Further  tot!  ^ated  chain  of  the  Great  Balsam 

mount;:  -   the  basins  of  tl  .  the 

Tuc        {  9  the  chain  oi  the  I  intains, 

betw  i   I  the  Lift!    T 

Fin  chain   of  the   Nantahala   and  Valley 

River  mouul  b  the  two  greal  •  Little 

Ten     -  ssee.     The  bottom  of  these  basins 

prefi  lie,  an  altitude  of  froi  feet. 

The  heij  transverse  chains  is  g     ater  than  that  of 

the  Blc  -  are  from  51  and  up- 

wards;   and   thi     a    ps  that    cross    \.  high,   and 

often  higher,  than  those  of  the  Blue  ]  rior 

basins  are ;  rxoups,  more  orlessi6ola1  that 

of  the  Black  mountain,  which,  with  th  mountains, 

present  the  l     ■■•       vated  points  of  tl  m. 

1 1   re  then,  through  an  extent  of  more  than  one  hundred  and 
fift;.  ight  ofthe  valley  from  which  the  moun- 

tain 2        feet ;  the  mount,      b  each 

60"  d  by  scores,  and  the  lofti 

(37i/0  feet,  whil     at  the  north,  in  the  _  the  White 

mountains,  the  -  arcely  1000  feet,  the  gaps  2000  t 

and  Mount  W  d,  the  only  one  whicl 

feet,  is  Btill  10U  feet  below  the  height  of  the  Bli 
the  Black  mountains.     Here  then,  in  all  res  the  cul- 

minating  ■  ist  Appalachian  er 


GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

The  basins  above  described  by  Prof.  G.,  are  all  valley 
rionj — i.  < .,  they  have  been  excavated  by  the  force  of  the 
rivers  which  flow  along  their  bottoms.  And  it  is  this  same 
force  which  has  hewo  a  way  for  these  rivers  out  of  these  ba- 
sins, 5  down  deep  channels  for  themselves  through  the 
lofty  and  massive  chain  of  the  Smoky  and  Unaka  mountains. 
whichform  their  uo  thern  boundaries.  There  are  two  remark* 
able  points  in  this  river  and  mountain  system.  One  is,  that 
while  in  the  northern  division  of  the  Apalachian  system,  in 
Virginia,  for  instance,  the  rivers,  rising  in  the  more  w  «terly 
chains  of  the  system,  cut  through  the  Blue  Ridge  and  make 
thi  ir  way  east.  In  North  Carolina,  on  the  contrary,  they  rise 
in  the  Blue  Ridge  and  cut  their  way  through  the 
Smoky.  The  other  is.  that  these  rise  in  the  a 
chain  and  cut  through  the  higher  and  m  <•■  ■  .  The 
probable  cause  of  this  will  he  considered  further  on. 

The  largest  of  these  basins  are  those  of  the  French  llroad 
and  the  Hiwassee,  the  former  having  an  average  elevation  of 
a  little  more  than  2000  feet,  the   latter,  a  little  less.      The 

llest,  and  at  the  same  time,  the  most  elevated,  are  th 
of  the  Pigeon  and  the  Nolechucky,  the  elevation  of  both  ris- 
ing  above  ^-"00  feet. 

GENERAL  GEOLOGY. 

T  Strike  (or  direction  of  the  outcrop)  of  the  strata  of  this 
region  corresponds  neither  to  the  general  direction  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  nor  to  that  of  the  Smoky,  and  is  Bubj<  cl  to  con- 
rable  variation.  Th  general  average  will  fall  very  near 
N.50°  K.  In  the  slates  of  Cherokee  it  is  less, — not  far  from 
13°;  and  through  the  central  portion  of  the  region  the 
average  would  probably  be  nearer  60°.  A  careful  study  of 
the  range  of  the  Blue  Ridge  through  this  region,  will  show 
that  its  principal  masses,  although  loosely  and  irregularly 
attached  to  each  other,  manifest  individually  a  disposition  to 
fall  into  parallelism  with  the  direction  above  sot  down  as  that 
of  the  average  Btrike.  This,  therefore,  may  be  considered  as 
the  direction  of  its  controlling  axis  and  of  its  constituent 
elements. 


OP  NORTH   CAROLINA.  31 

The  Dip.  The  strata,  through  the  entire  mountain  region, 
are  inclined  to  the  horizon  at  a  high  angle,  the  average  dip 
falling  probably  near  65° ,  and  the  prevailing  direction  of  it 
being  southeast.  It  is  subject,  however,  like  the  strike,  to 
great  variation,  both  as  to  its  amount  and  direction,  being 
frequently  vertical  and  northwest. 

These  irregularities,  both  of  strike  and  dip,  are  greatest 
along  the  middle  portion  of  the  mountain  plateau,  instead  of 
being  found  chiefly,  as  we  should  expect,  along  the  limiting 
mountain  axes ;  and  they  are  quite  unaffected,  apparently, 
by  the  subordinate  north-and-south  cross-chains,  except  in 
the  case  of  the  Nantehaleh  mountains,  along  which,  particu- 
larly near  the  northern  termination  of  the  range,  the  :  trike 
is  deflected  much  to  the  north,  and  the  dip  also  greatly  dis- 
turbed and  very  variable.  This  central  area  of  extraordinary 
disturbance  is  also  characterized  by  an  unusual  degree  of 
contortion  and  folding  of  the  strata.  Within  this  area  lies  a 
narrow  belt,  its  breadth  varying  from  5  or  6  to  near  20  miles, 
extending  from  the  Black  mountains  across  the  State  to  the 
southeastern  corner  of  Clay  county,  in  which  the  prevailing 
dip  appears  to  be  noithwest.  This  implies  the  existence  of 
both  an  auticlinal  and  synclinal  axis,  the  former  along  the 
southern,  and  the  latter  on  the  northern  limit  of  this  belt.  It 
will  require  further  observation  and  a  laborious  investigation 
of  details  to  develop  these  points  satisfactorily. 

The  Mocks.  The  central  belt  above  described  may  be  con- 
sidered as  including  the  geological  axis  of  the  plateau  and 
may  be  properly  called  its  axial  zone.  This  zone  is  n,t  less 
peculiar  in  the  character  than  in  the  disturbed  condition  of  its 
rocks.  These  belong  to  the  granitic,  more  properly  the 
gneissic  scries,  and  are  characterized  by  an  extreme  degree  of 
metamorphism,  or  alteration,  and  are  hence  frequently  called 
metamorphic  rocks.  The  southern  boundary  of  this  zone 
passes  near  and  to  the  south  of  Whiteside,  Hogback,  Ten- 
nessee Ridge  and  Pisgah  mountains,  about  10  miles  east  of 
Ashville,  and  strikes  the  Blue  Ridge  again  a  few  miles  north 
of  Swannanoa  gap.  Its  breadth  is  from  20  to  25  miles,  its 
northern  limit,  passing  just  north  of  Marshall,  Fine's  creek, 
Cowee  creek  and  Shooting  creek.     Within  this  area  are  no 


.  i  B  Y 

slates,  but  an  abundance  of  bora 
Horablen  1  ■    -   • 

lr   in   frequent   and  heavy  I 
throughout  this  belt,  from  the  mouth  of  S 
i  ii   a.     The  chlorite  schists  and  an 

ipantt  1     by    bon 
nth  and  often  replaced  by  t it  iu« »iit- 
pyp  -  [uently 

•  I   nth  cellular  quarts  (bun  itaui 

if  iron. 
True  granite  uonally  in  the  southern  portion 

of  I  •   rarely  in  th<-  middle,  an  sly  at  all   in  the 

northern.     Along   the  northern    rang        :   I  ,  the 

d   the  m   s 
-    entirely  Wanting,  but  there  is  an  abund 

with   pyritiferoua   m 

ded,  mi  the  north  of  the  axial  zone,  by  a 

a,  silicious  and   talco-ini< 

which    occupy  a  broad   belt  acroea   the   Lower   half  of  Clay 

con  tlr-   middle  of  Cherokee,  and   strike  the  Smoky 

mo  -  in  the  northern  part  of  M  -  are 

■  -    flank  of  the  Smoky  on  Oconalufb 

acroti    Hayw L  county  a  few  mi  I  aid 

French    Broad  7  or  8  mi  Mar- 

shal], and  continue  to  tb    sH         line,  the  sili 

here   their  -  pment,  being  in  met    the 

linanl  m  >up  on  th     '  b  Broad.     With 

the  liated  a  few  thin   beds  of 

i  the  h<  Valley  ri  ich 

ith   them  throughout  their  whole  ext<  m- 

I  aud  Shut  In  cr 
any  rods  in  breadth.     Li  also  occurs  in  thin 

mg  the  court  Hey  and  Notteley  rivi 

•  in  pai  t  of  (  :ee,  from  a  point  on  Hiwasc 

or  4  miles  below  Murphy,  is  occupied  by  a  succeaaioB  <>t  con* 
^lc:  -  iii'l  grits,  Ided  with  mi 

slates    ibounding  in  <•«  - 

yquartz 


oV   NoUTH  CAROLINA.  33 

especially  near  the  Long  Ridge  mountain.  Blue  and  drab 
■slates  occur  with  the  conglomerate  at  the  State  line  on  the 
Unaka  mountain,  and  for  several  miles  east.  The  conglom* 
erates  and  grits  of  this  series  recur  in  heavy  and  frequent 
beds  throughonl  a  cross*section  of  near  20  miles,  and  arc 
traceable  across  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Unaka  (or  Unakoii 
and  again  on  the  Tennessee  river  in  the  Smoky* 

Along  the  southeast  boundary  of  the  metamorphic  or  axial 
zone,  we  have  a  narrow  belt  of  slates,  micaceous,  and  arena 
earning  a  thin  bed  of  limestone.  This  limestone  is  traceable 
continuously  from  the  Forks  of  Toxaway  to  Cane  creek, 
disappearing  in  the  Blue  Ridge  near  Swannanoa  gap.  and 
cropp  ng  out  again  on  North  Fork  in  McDowell  County. 

South  of  the  limestone  belt  comes  another  band  of  gneiss, 
grey  and  light  colored,  which  is  some  10  miles  in  breadth. 
and  is  followed  by  another  body  of  hornblendic  ami  silicious 
slates,  with  occasional- mica  schists  and  gneiss. 

Drift.  Although  this  region  is  far  beyond  the  limits  which 
geologists  usually  assign  to  glacial  action,  yet  there  are 
throughout  these  elevated  plateaus  numerous  phenomena 
which  have- no  other  plausible  explanation.  Accumulations 
many  feet  deep,  of  unstratified  earth  with  smooth  rounded 
stones,  (mostly  of  quartz  and  other  hard  rocks,)  are  found 
every  where  through  these  basins,  often  capping  high  ridges 
and  knobs  one  or  two  hundred  feet  above  the  present  beds 
of  the  rivem,  Such  a  bed  is  found  on  one  of  the  hills  over., 
looking  the  town  of  Asheville,  near  200  feet  above  the  French 
Broad.  Some  of  the  pebbles  of  this  bed,  I  have  traced  to 
their  origin  about  six  miles  to  the  south.  On  the  slopes  of 
the  mountains  along  Valley  river,  such  drift  masses  arc  com* 
mon  and  extensive,  many  oi  the  smoothed  and  rounded 
masses  of  quartz  weighing  nearly  a  ton. 

Terraces  are  also  occasionally  discoverable,  though  not 
common.  The  most  notable  example  that  came  within  my 
observation  is  found  along  the  French  Broad,  from  Warm 
Springs  to  tin-  State  line,  occurring  at  intervals  for  several 
miles,  in  three  or  four  benches,  ten,  twenty-five,  fifty  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  height. 

Age  of  tin-  Bocks*     The  tacts  above  stated  are  sufficient  to 
3 


34 

indicate  that  these  rockfl  _    I 

n/.<  s.     Tin-  u  bar- 

and  ilr  if  contai  _         r  with 

the  total   al  _  ii  eren  I 

I  and  latest  af  ti. 
pie)  render  I  lusion  inevitable.    And  n«>t  only  d 

belong  to  the  l< 

I  all  representatives  <_>1  the  later  forn 
further  neceasary  to  conclude  that  we  have  1 
tract  «.'t  the  oldest  land  on  the  g  North 

is  the  eldeat-born  of  th<  ain 

it-    ^iant    I  r©1  3  tl 

emerge   from   the  face   of   t » i •    unbroken   tphen 
when  i Ii*.  command  went  forth  "  I 

The  facts  abov<   j  Is        inttotheexplanal 

markable  relation  of  the  rivei 
tains,  viz.,  that  tl 
the  greater  range.  This  explanation    -  lytobefbuudiu 

relative 
thei  uentroeli  a        ingthemi 

and  havi    _       terminedthe  courses  and  i  riv- 

ra  til.-  rise  of  the  Smoky. 

■  v. 

The  mountain  i  rolina,  has  d 

hitherto  known  to    the-    world    as  i 
yet  it   contains  se«eral  well   m  lineral  tracts  wh 

riches  are  not    surpassed   ii.   any  other  part  <>t'  | 
country.     Sn<  b  are  the  Jim  - 
marble,  iron  and  gold;   th<   copper  belt  of  Jacks 
iro  low  mountains.  It  will,  perhaps,  1 

intelligible  to  consider  separately,  the  several  minerals  which 
r  boT  valuable  accumulations  in  this  section.    And  I 

ld:  . 

The  value  ol  thu  mi  I  yet  a\ 

»nners.     lt<  importance  in  an  agricultural  point  i 


OF   NOBTH   CAROLINA.  35 

it  would  be  difficult  to  overstate.  Pr,  Hitchcock,  in  hisreport 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Vermont,  says  of  a  discovery  which 
he  made  of  a  limestone  bed  in  that  State,  "This  is  a  treasure 
which  Providence  has  hidden  in  the  earth  and  provided  for 
ite  imination  at  the  light  time  and  in  the  right  quantity, 
and  it  is  of  far  mure  value,  in  my  estimate,  than  all  the  other 
subterranean  wealth  of  the  State.''  I  am  not  sure  that  this 
should  he  regarded  as  an  extravagant  statement,  if  applied  to 
this  State,  rich  as  it  is  in  other  minerals.  I  have,  therefore 
made  it  a  point  to  search  for  this  rock,  wherever  there  was 
the  least  prospect  of  its  discovery.  The  must  extensive  and 
valuable!  mestone  belt  in  this  region  is  that  of  Cherokee.  As 
already  stated,  it  is  found  in  a  heavy  body  of  slates,  and  con- 
sists of  three  or  four  distinct  beds,  separated  by  slates,  and  occu- 
pying a  variable  breadth  of  two  to  five  miles.  It  extends 
from  the  Ocoee  river  into  and  across  Cherokee,  lying  along 
the  valleys  of  Notteley  and  Valley  rivers,  quite  to  the  sources 
of  the  latter,  and  re-appearing  on  the  NautahaJeh  river  in 
Macon  county.  It  crops  out  along  the  l>anks  and  beds  of 
'  reams,  in  the  fields  and  roads  and  the  bluffs  overhanging 
tii'-  r  •        be  easily  accessible  and  convenient  for  ag- 

ricultural purposes. 

There  are  three  other  beds  of  limestone  in  the  mountain 
region,  all  of  them  crossing  the  French  Broad.  The  most 
important  of  these,  both  on  account  of  its  extent  and  its  loca- 
tion, is  the  Cane  creek  and  the  Toxaway  bed.  which  passes 
near  the  mouth  of  Muddy  creek.  Lime  is  extensively  man- 
ufactured along  the  line  of  this  formation,  many  thousand 
bushels  being  distributed  annually  from  one  kiln,  over  the 
neighboring  farms,  the  value  of  which  has,  by  this  means. 
in  many  cases,  been  already  more  than  doubled.  A  second 
belt  crosses  the  river  near  the  mouth  of  Hear  Creek-,  about 
two  miles  below  Marshall.  This  is  a  crystalline  rock,  a  true 
marble,  but  rendered  unfit  for  ornamental  purposes,  at  the  few 
points  where  I  saw  it,  by  the  presence  of  crystals  of  a  magne- 
sian  mineral.  This  is  a  thin  bed,  only  a  few  rods  in  breadth 
and  lies  along  Walnut  and  Bear  creeks;  with  a  subdivision, 
probably  crossing  the  river  at  the  town  of  Marshall.  The 
third  belt   is   found  in    heavy    outcroji  at  and  below  Warm 


3t>  GEOLOGICAL  BUBYKY 

Springs.  Thia  i.s  a  compact,  blue  and  gray  I:  ircely 

stalline. 

KABSLR. 

I   have   no   statistics   at   hand   to  show   the   quantity 
this   material,  which  is   annually   imported   into  I 
from  the  quarries  of  Massachusetts  and  Vermont,  and  the 
amount  of  money  which   pass  a  i   our  b         -     i  pay- 

ment;  but  any  one  who  ha 

rich  is  done  In  our  marble  yards,  and  still 
who  will  consult  the  c  -      how  ma 

of  vessels  and  how  many  thousands  of  laborers  arc  • 
in  the  two  States  above  mentioned,  to  furnish  us  and  our 

ibors  with  ornaments  for  our  homes  ;ui<l  mbnumeo 
our  dead,  will  be  surprised  at  the  magnit 

i.     If  this  were  inevitable,  there  would  be  no  pr 
propriety  in  Bpeaking  of  it  here.  But  the  fou 
for  we  have  within  our  own  borders  an  abundance  of  marble, 
equal  to  the  best  imported  article.    The  li;..  si        of  Valley 
river  is  all  marble,  although  it  is  not  every wh<  ently 

from  flaws  and  impurities  for  ornamental  uses.     There 

veral  quarries,  however,  where  the  rocks  crop  out  in 

tine  quality  and  grain.     The  track  of  the  pn  |    - 

railroad    lies  along  the   line  of    these   quarries,   and  will  be 

built,  for  many  miles,  upon  hods  of  solid  marble.     It  is  ol 

.il  shades  of  col<  r   g        ally  white  and  blue  t«>  bluish- 
grey.    I  have  seen  specimens  also  ol  a  One  mottled  (blue  and 
white)  variety,  from  the  head  of  Valley  river.     But  the 
grained  and  tinted  specimens  are  found  on  Ri  .  M 
and  Nantehaleh  riv<  r.     The  most  beautiful  sb 
and  rose, to  flesh  colored.     I  b  a  ani 

part  of  the  world  superior  to 

DON 
1    found,  in  its  various  forms  of  ore,  in  most  of  the 

rn  counties,  but  its  most  important  localil 
kee  and  Mitchell.  ]  re  worthy  to  be  mentioned  with  the 

Iron  mountain  of  Missouri.  Their  i 


OF  HOBTH-CABOLINA.  37 

to  tlie  ( laae  known  as  hematite.     It  -a  along  with  each 

of  the  parallel  subdivisions  of  the  lim  .stone,  Bometim 
both  sides  of  them.     It  outcrops  in  in         b     masses  along 
ley,  on  Hiawassee  at  the  junction  of  Valley  river,  on 

Pear..  and  the  whole  length  of  Valley  river,  an 

__     _        distance  of  twenty-five  miles.     One  oi  th 

which  appears  on  Peachtree,  is  a   soft,  uncompacted  brown 

ochre,  which  fa  mined  for  paint.     Tins  bed  is  well  de- 

I  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  valley  of  Valley  river,  on 

Paint  creek,  and   again  above  Valleytown.     The  ores  from 

mam  -    beds  have  been  wrought  in  the  common  bloom- 

.untry,  (of  which  there   were,  perhaps,  half-a- 

d  in  the  county,)  and  even  under  this  mode  of  treat: 

11  a  larg  _  Fgood  quality. 

And  I      •         Is  of  slaty  ore.  which  are  not  workable  in  such 
open  forges  sily  smelted  in  a  blast  furnace. 

It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  there  exist    in   Cherokee 
count;  favorable  conditions  for  the  manufactu 

iron  on  scale.  Tin  sje  rivers  flow  along  and 

S    >  of  these  iron    n         '    '  ?,  furnishing  unlimited 
v.  and  at  all  points  ;  the  ore  is  interstratified  with  lime- 
for   rluxiug;    and    tl  ghboring   mountain   slopes 

abound  with  fuel.  And  if  this  were  not  sufficient,  the  distance 
is  only  twenty-live  miles  to  the  State  line,  where  a  rail  road 
will  shortly  bring  mineral  fuel  from  Chattanooga.  Nothing 
is  wanting  but  transportation,  to  develop  here  a  manufactur- 
iual  to  any  on  the  continent 
1  |  rincipal  iron   bed  is  that  of  Mitche  1  county, 

near  I  of  Toe  river.     This  ore  is  found  in  the  g: 

ore.     It  occurs  in  an 
bed  of  hornblende  slate  and  synite,  near  the  b         I 
the  Yellow  mountains  and  a  few  miles  from  the  State  line.  The 
outer  the  lower  slope  of  the  mountain,  perhap    200 

feet  above  its  base,  and  reveals  a  network  of  heavy  M  v 
or  b    l>.  i  xtending  i.\\-r     everal  acres  of  surface,     It  is  inex- 
haustible in  quantity.     The  iron  manufactured  in  the  bloom- 
igl  pas  1  _       lebrated  tor  its 

tenacity  and  durability,  and  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  man- 
•    -1.     It  is  known  ;js  the  Cranberry  iron,  from  a 


38  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

small  stream  near  the  ore  ban's.     Here,  also,  exist  th<   : 
natural  facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  iron.     Water-power 
and  fuel  in  the  greatest  prolusion  are   at  hand,  and  the  only 
difficulty  here  too,  is  in  the  matter  of  transportation,  which. 
however,  could  be  readily  overcome. 

Magnetic  ore  is  found  in  many  other  localities,  and  no 
doubt  this  Cranberry  ore  will  be  discovered  in  other  outcrops 
in  these  mountains.  Ore  of  the  same  character,  appears  at  the 
Western  base  of  the  mountain,  at  Flat  Bock,  which  is  proba- 
bly a  continuation  of  the  same  series  of  beds.  Magnetic  ore 
occurs  near  Marshall  also,  in  Madison  county,  and  again  near 
Fines  creek,  in  Haywood;  in  each  case,  having  the  sam< 
i  .lion  of  hornblendic  rocks.  It  is  also  found  in  Macon 
inty  at  .several  points,  here  in  a  garnetiferous  mica  schist. 
Hematite  ore  occurs  al  one  or  two  points  in  Buncombe,  and  a 
bed  of  it  also  overlies  the  limestone  in  Transylvania  county. 
appearing  again  with  it  on  the  North  Fork  in  McDowell. 
This  association  with  limestone,  which  occurs  so  frequently, 
is  not  accidental,  but  points  to  the  origin  of  ti. 

GOLD. 

There  are  two  principal  "gold  regions"  in  tlie  mountain 
section,  one  in  Cherokee,  the  ether  in  Jackson.  The  cold 
belt  of  (  herokee  is  in  the  same  body  of  slates  which  carries 
the  limestone  and  iro  <..  It  is  found  both  in  veins  and  super- 
ficial deposits.  Tic  sands  of  Valley  river  yield  profitably 
through  a  targe  part  of  its  course,  and  some  very  rich 
••  washings  "  have  be  >n  found  along  its  tributary  streams  on 
the  north  side.  The  origin  of  this  gold  IS  very  near  the 
limestone.  A  remarkably  rich  vein  has  been  opened  near  the 
town  oi  Murphy,  known  as  N  .  6,  which  immediately  under- 
lies the  marble.  This  is  a  silver-lead  quartz  vein,  in  which  is 
embedded  a  large  per  centage  of  free  gold.  There  is  a  strong 
probability  ot  other  similar  veins  having  Furnished  the  golden 
sands  of  the  river  and  streams  above  mentioned. 

On  the  southeast  of  the  limestones  is  also  a  &  riesof  "  dig^ 
gings"  alom;- the  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains,  from  near 
Valleytown  to  Vengeance  creek,  a  distune,  of  12  or  \~>  miles. 


OK  NORTH-CAROLINA.  39 

The  gold  is  found  here  in  the  drift  which  covers  the  lower 
spurs  and  terminal  ridges  of  the  mountains  lying  south  of 
Valley  river.  The  drift-beds  have  a  depth  of  10  to  20  feet 
and  an  elevation  above  the  river  of  150  to  200  feet,  and  are 
remarkable  ior  the  great  size  of  their  quartz  boulders  and 
their  very  large  and  abundant  stanrotide  crystals.  These  last 
indicate,  with  a  good  degree  of  probability,  that  the  gold 
here  is  derived  from  the  talco-micaeeous  slates,  ^several  miles 
to  the  southeast)  where  these  crystals  are  found  in  place. 

At  one  point,  the  Parker  mine,  extensive  arrangements 
had  been  completed  at  the  opening  of  the  war  for  working 
these  deposits  by  the  hydraulic,  or  hose  process.  For  this 
purpose  wdter  was  conveyed  three  or  four  miles  along  the 
lace  of  the  mountain  in  canals  and  aqueducts  so  as  to  gain 
the  necessary  elevation. 

The  continuation  of  this  gold  belt  southwestward  across 
the  country,  is  rendered,  probable  by  the  existence  of  several 
valuable  mines  in  this  direction  beyond  the  Hiwassee,  as  the 
T\  arren  mine  on  Brasstown  creek  and  others  on  NottleFy  riv- 
er, in  the  edge  of  Georgia.  These  being  vein  mines,  may,  on  a 
proper  invesligation,  lead  to  the  discovery  of  the  original 
source  of  the  deposits  above  described. 

The  gold  of  Jackson  county  is  also  obtained  almost  entirely 
from  ••  washings."  These  are  situated  chiefly  along  southern 
slopes  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  Hogback  and  Chimney  To]) 
mountains.  The  most  important  locality  is  Fairfield  Valley, 
where  Georgetown  creek,  one  of  the  head  steams  of  the 
Toxaway,  is  said  to  have  yielded  between  two  and  three  hund- 
red thousand  dollars.  The  deposits  extend  several  miles  along 
these  i  levated  basins  and  have  by  no  means  been  exhausted. 
The  origin  <>f  the -old  here  is  doubtless  to  be  sought  in  veins 
in  the  Blue  Ridge,  which  rises  as  aprecipitous  wall  of  grey 
gneiss,  sheer  up  from  the  valley  7  or  SOU  feet,  on  the  north 
and  east  ;  and  it  is  along  the  base  of  this  wall.  whereGeorge- 
town  creek  has  cut  a  deep  channel  across  it  that  the  gold 
is  principally  obtained.  The  deposits  in  Transylvania  county 
east  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  on  the  headwaters  of  French  Broad, 
will  probably  be  found  to  have  the  same  origin,  and  are  pro- 
bably a  continuation  of  the  same  belt. 


I    - 


I  itm  not  aware  of  the  exist'  i  mountain 

pt  in  what  I  have  call  use 

it  is  in  this  county  that  the  formation   n  ts  principal 

ment,  although   it  crosses  the   whole  breadth 
51   te,  and  haa  yielded  copper  at  several  points  in  Macon,  on 
and  Haywood  on  x\v  oth<  r. 

racter  of  the  formation  haa  already 
ii.     The  feature,  which  it  i.^  moat   imj  ortant  to  r< 
worthy  ial  attention,  is  the  existence  of  .numerous  I 

nd  hornblende  alate  throughout  the  tract.     The 
relation  of  these  to  the  mag  iron  ore  ha 

pointed  out.     They  also  carry  the  copper.     All  th 
mine8  I  have  seen  in  this  region  ahowthia  peculiarity.    Th 
tie;     »ita  g    m,  in  met,  m>t  to  1»-  the  true  veins  in  th 
although  they  are  in  the  popular)  but  impn 
.  of  tii.--  sun.  ith  those  of  the  Ducktown  mil 

but  belonging  to  an  entirely  distinct  j 
The  iupiea  the  whole  middle  poi 

oty,  from  the  head  waters  of  Tuck   -  g      river,  northward 

Savannah  creeks,  and   probably  several  m 
•ml.     None  of  the  deposits   have  been  properly  • 
and  ex]  ae  to  afford  an  opportunity  for  a  full  and  b  I 

iminatdon  ;  but  eo  far  bas  been  done,  many 

i-l  them  are  <>i'  the  m<  rat  promising  character,and  the  il  veins  " 

unusual  ante.     The   principal   pouts   where   miii 
operations  have  rried  on  are  Cullowhee,  Waryhut  and 

Savannah,  although  work  has  be<  n  done  and  aymptoms  of  the 
prea  i  at  many  other  pla  tell 

.  trl<  .-.I.     Panther     Knob,     Wolf 

The  ore  at  Cullowhee,  where  the  best  i  xpoeure   haa  b  en 
made,  (although  onlj  of  it  hash,  m  touched  even 

hen  it  or  nine  feet  thick ;  at  Waryhutjive  or  aix  i 

Savannah,  where  there  are  several  ••veins."  or 

which  haa  been  opened  is  nine   or  ten  feet.    In 
>t'  the  above  localities  copper  was  found  within  a  ' 


OF   NORTH-CAROLINA. 


41 


feet  of  the  surface.  The  outcrop  in  all  cases  is  the  mineral 
known  among  miners  as  "  gossan,"  really  an  ore  oi  iron, 
(limouite  or  hematite)  and  has  resulted  from  the  . 
and  decomposition  oi  the  exposed  ore,  which  is  "yeUow 
copper.''  or  copper  pyrites,  from  which  the  copper  and  sulphur 
have  been  removed  to  a  considerable  depth  by  the  chemical 
action  of  the  atmosphere. 

■  I  rossan"  occurs  at  many  points  throughout  the  Jacks*  n 
comity  belt,  the  beds  running  with  the  strata,  northeast  and 
southwest,  in  some  cases  a  single  bed  being  traceable,  inter- 
ruptedly, almost  across  the  breadth  of  the  county.  Such  an 
nut'  rep  is  visible  on  Chink  Knob  near  Tennessee  1\. 
associated  with  a  heavy  bed  of  hornblende  slate,  and  also 
apanied  by  a  garnetaferous  mica  slate. 

These  copper  deposits  will,  no  doubt,  under  a  judicious 
system  of  mining,  (not  speculation)  give  rise  to  many  valuable 
mines.  This  will  require  capital,  however,  which  of  course 
will  be  slow  to  seek  investments  here,  until  means  of  trans- 
portation to  market  shall  have  been  provided. 

Here  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  interesting  mineral 
regions  of  the  State,  both  scientifically  and  economically,  and 
it  merits  a  thorough  exploration;  which  of  couse  I  couldnot 
give  it  in  the  two  weeks  devoted  to  this  county. 

In  the  above  brief  sketch  of  a  few  of  the  more  important 
minerals  and  mineral  localities  of  this  region,  of  course  many 
points  have  been  omitted  which  are  of  great  interest  to  the 
Geologist  and  Mineralogist,  because  time  does  not  allow  me 
to  introduce  them  here.  In  fact  this  description  is  too  hurried 
to  do  justice  even  to  the  practical  aspects  of  the  Bubject;  and 
many  points  which  my  rapid  survey  did  not  permit  me  to 
examine  at  all,  have  been  reserved  for  future  investigation. 

AGRICULTURE. 

A  few  observations  of  a  general  character  is  all  that  can  be 
attempted  here. 

Climate.  The  latitude  of  the  middle  of  the  mountain 
plateau  is  about  3o.V\  and  the  average  elevation  over  °.<M)0 
feet;  and  since  50U  feet  of  difference  of  elevation  are  about 


43  GEOLOGICAL   SUIIVKY 

'.  in  tliiu.it  I < •  effect,  in  the  temperate  zone,  to  1°  ofdiffer- 
i  uce  of  latitude,  the  climate  will  be  found  to  correspond  to 
t  .al  of  northern  Virgiuia  and  southern  Pennsylvania. 

.     From  the  description  already  given  of  the  rocks,  the 
al  character  of  the   soil  may   be  readily  inferred.     A 
peculiarity  which  strikes  all  strangers  on  first  visiting  this 
i  is  that  the  mountains  are  clothed,  quite  to  their  tops, 
with  the  heaviest  forest  growth.     And  when-  this  is  not  bo, 
which   are  bare   of  trees,  are  covered   with  a  crop  of 
indigenous  grasses.     It  is   Beldom  that  bare  rocky  summits 
'in.  as  is  bo  frequently  the  case   further   north,  in  the 
■  mountains  for  instance.     These  tacts  indicate  at  once 
the  presence  of  a  substantial  soil,  even  at  the  greatest  eleva- 
tions.    Its  average  quality  for  the  whole  section    is   quite 
equal   to  that  of  the  middle   region  of  the    State;  and  the 
alluvial  soils  along  many  of  the  rivers  will  compare  favorably 
v.ri:  the  best  lands  in  the  country. 

Timber  is  found  every  where  in  the  greatest  variety  and 
abundance.  In  addition  to  the  oaks  and  ether  species  which 
grow  further  east,  there  are  here,  in  many  localities,  forests 
of  sugar  maple,  walnut,  wild  cherry,  white  pine  and  black  lo- 
cust,and  other  timbers  which  will  one  day  become  an  import- 
an1  source  of  business  and  profit. 

/'  odvcfs-  Corn.  oats,  rye  and  the  common  potato  flourish 
throughout  this  region,  and  constitute  the  staple  products. 
Wheat  does  well  in  several  counties,  particularly  in  Madison 
and  Haywood.  The  grasses,  especially  timothy,  herd,  orchard. 
blue,  and  clover,  grow  luxuriantly.  The  highesi  mountain 
summits,  ridges  and  plateaus  are  natural  meadows  j  good 
summer  range  is  abundant  everywhere,  and  there  are  large 
on  the  higher  table  lands,  where  are  two  or  three 
species  of  grasses  which  remain  green  through  the  winter. — 
Hence  cattle  and  Bbeep-raising  are  among  the  most  profita- 
ble occupations. 

There  is  probably  no  better  region  for  fruit  in  the  Onited 

States.  Apples  -row  almosl  spontaneously, and  there  are 
many  seedling  varieties  which  have  originated  here,  thai  are 
equal  to  the  most  celebrated  exotics.  And  I  have  seen  ap- 
ples of  gi  od  quality  growing  wild  on  the  tops  of  mountains 


OF   NORTH-CAROLINA.  49 

nearly  five  thousand  feet  high,  where  the  seed  had  probably 
been  accidentally  dropped  by  the  hunter. 

Tobacco  also,  flourishes  remarkably  in  this  region.     Indeed 

I  do  not  remember  having  seen  it  grow  better  anywhere  than 
in  Cherokee,  for  example.  Andfrom  the  abundance  of  felds- 
par in  the  rocks,  and  hence  of  alkali  in  the  soil,  (as  is  also 
evidenced  by  the  remarkable  prevalence  of  hickory  growth,) 
of  the  southern  half  of  Jackson  county,  this  section  also  will 
no  doubt,  be  found  to  be  specially  adapted  to  this  crop.  Here 
is  then  the  suggestion  of  a  new  industry  which  might  be- 
come an  important  resource  to  the  inhabitants. 

Probably  more  than  $100,000  are  annually  put  into  circu- 
lation in  the  mountain  region,  in  payment  for  indigenous 
medicinal  roots  which  are  gathered  chiefly  in  the  rich  coves 
and  on  the  highest  ridges.  Among  these  are  ginseng,  snake- 
root  of  several  species,  and  pinkroot.  The  first  named  is  the 
most  important,  and  has  long  been  the  basis  of  a  considera- 
ble trade.  I  was  not  able  to  get  a  reason  for  the  neglect  to 
cultivate  this  valuable  plant,  and  could  not  learn  that  the  ex- 
periment had  ever  been  tried.  The  high  price  which  it  bears 
and  the  large  and  constant  demand  abroad  would  certainly 
justify  such  an  effort  to  improve  so  obvious  a  hint  of  na- 
ture. 


CHAPTER  III. 

A   BRIEF   8UMMARY   ON   THE   MINERALS   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Tie-  result  of  the  different  surveys  and  explorations  which 
have  been  made  up  to  this  time,  are  scattered,  as  we  have 
seen,  through  a  scries  of  reports  and  documents  by  different 
authors,  and  at  times  considerably  distant;  some  of  them  are 
out  of  print  and  all  of  them  scarce,  so  that  possibly  not  half 
a  dozen  individuals. — perhaps  hardly  two  libraries  in  the 
State  possess  them  all. 

A  bri  'f  resume,  or  condensed  statement  seems  therefore  to 
be  required,  of  at  least  those  results  which  have  an  immedi- 


44  geologj  i:v 

pment  of  our  mineral 
.    a  For  want   of  tiro  pare  a  fuller  and  more 

naivi  :it   ni'  the  whole   Burvey,  the  following 

-    summary  on  "  The  Minerals  of  North  I 
.11  itially  the  Bame  paper  which  I  pr 

ed  for  publication  a  short  ti  reundertakin 

survey.      The   sul  stance  of  it,  sith  the 

the  extn 
81       .  with  which  I  1-  iquainted  i.  >f  my 

exploration  during  th< 

m. 
A.  e  -  I   pnnciples,  and  a  fe 

a      !  _         -     ' 

-w-ill  !  thesubjecl  rj  ile.     Th 

ondition  of  the  rocks  of  a  reg 
waysanintim  I  m  its  mountain  s  The 

t-crop  of  the  strata,  n  rally 

-  -      direction  of  the  doin 
a*  1.     Thus  tlr-  different  be    - 

itineut  fall  into  parall<  h  the 

val   <>f  the   Apalachian  Bystem'.      T 
direction  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  th< 

il   meridian  t<»  which  all  the  r  North 

<         ina    must  L      This  dir  action    a  lorth- 

y  one  hae 
of  ti.  _  -       iral  the  trap  dyki 

ral  veins,  imiuantly  in   our  lati- 

• 

.  all  trending  away  I  nortL- 

at.     S    that  in  p  ussing  from  th  tount- 

iu  ..ur  track  the  upturn*         _    -    I 
lue  i«»  the  distril 

g      ..•  lit  oft! 

[n  the  study  of  the  metalliferous  minerals,  it  is  h 
r  in  mi..  _  '.  that  they  are  t 

!  y  disturbance  and  upheaval,  in 
r  eruptiv< 
with  Blates;  and  second,  that  their  oc- 


OF  XOIITH-CAROLLVA.  45 

currence  is  most  frequent  in  the  oldest    formations,  the  Pri- 
mary and  lower  Secondary. 

The  rocks  of  North  Carolina  belong  to  this  lowest  horizon, 
being  wholly  included,  with  the  unimportant  exception  of  the 
cbaltields,  in  the  Primary  group.  80  that  we  are  prepared  lor 
the  statement  that  there  is  hardly  to  be  found  a  territory  of 
the  same  extent,  with  so  great  a  variety  of  valuable  minerals. 
In  tin:  treatment  of  this  subject,  it  will  be  sufficiently  precise 
for  our  purpose  to  divide  the  useful  minerals  into  two  classes, 
namely,  the  metalliferous  ores,  which  occur  mostly  in  veins, 
as  gold,  copper,  &c,  and  earthy  minerals  and  rocks,  which 
are  found  mostly  in  beds,  as  coal,  limestone,  &c. 

Under  the  first  division,  occur  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead, 
zinc,  iron  and  tungsten,  and  here,  for  convenience,  may  be 
added  the  diamond;  and  under  the  second,  may  be  men- 
tioned, as  occurring  in  this  State  under  such  circumstances,  as 
lender  them  economically  valuable,  coal,  marl,  limestone, 
marble,  architectural  granite,  san  stone,  porphyry,  iiiv-stone. 
burstone,  grindstone  grit,  whetstone  slate,  roofing-slate, 
alum  and  copperas  slates,  soapstone,  serpentine,  agalmatolite, 
fire-clay,  graphite,  garnet,  barytes,  mangauese,  oil  slates,  and 
chromate  of  iron. 

COAL. 

The  second  division,  being  most  important,  will  first  claim 
attention  ;  and  first  among  these  coal. 

The  value  of  this  mineral  is  too  well  known  to  r<  quire 
Statement  even.  The  development  of  all  arts  and  industries 
is  connected  with  its  abundance  and  cheapness.  It  is  found 
in  two  districts  in  North  Carolina,  known  ns  the  Deep  River 
and  Dan  River  coalfields.  In  both,  the  coal  is  bituminous, 
and  occupies  a  narrow  tract  of  country  along  the  course  of 
the  rivers  from  which  they  respectively  take  their  names. 

These  beds,  therefore,  follow  in  their  outcrop  the  general 
direction  of  the  rocks  of  the  country.  The  Dan  River  bid  if« 
distant  from  market,  and  has  been  little  explored.  There 
is  an  outcrop  in  Rockingham  and  Stokes  countii  s,  >  am 

being  four  feet  thick.     The  Deep  River  bed  is  better  known, 


4.6  GEOLOGICAL   SUKYEY 

and  probably  more  extensive.  It  Lb  described  in  detail,  in  the 

G  ological  Reports  of  Dr.  Emmons,  for  I860  and  L856,  and 

also  by  Admiral  Wilkes,  in  his  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the 

Navy,  in  1859.    Aecoiding  to  these  authorities,  this  <■<  al  if 

the  best  quality,  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  iron  and 

s,  and  is  inexhaustible  in  quantity.     They  represent  it  as 

extending  over  an  area  ol  more  than  forty  square  miles,  and 

taining  more  than  6,000,000  of  tons  to  each  square  mile. 

This  bed,  therefore,  would  yield  1,000,000  b  ds  annually,  for 

ral  hundred  yeai 

OLL. 

These  North  Carolina  coalfields  are  cotempomneous  with 
those  ofVirginia,  and  belong  to  an  age  more  recent  than  the 
Apalachian  coal  formation,  which  raugt  a  from  Pennsylvania 
to  Alabama.  They  belong  to  the  I      -    ondary. 

The  bituminous slatei  it<  <1  with  the  coal  are  stn  ngly 

impregnated  with  organic    pi*  ducts,      Dr.  Emmoi 
••  From  thirty  to  forty  gallons  of  crude  Keroe  ex  st  in 

ry  ton  of  these  slates.    They  are  from  fifty  to  seventy  I 
thick,  and  it  is  proper  to  state,  that  it  is  a  hitter  <>il  than  is 
furnished  from  coal."     The  coal  lies  in  a  trough-like  depres- 
sion,  which  extends  from    Granville  county,  in  a  south-v 
direction,  into  South  Carolina.     This  trad  is  occupied,  in  its 
whole  length,  by  a  heavy  bed  of  sand  st-nvs.  of  the  sanies 
with  the  coal     They  are  identical  in  appearance, quality  and 

.  with  the  brown-stone  of  Connecticut  valley,  which  i> 
extensively  used  as  a  buildii  in  New  Fork  and  else- 

where.    These  sand  stun'-  are  also  extensively  quarried  for 
grindstones,  for  which  they  are  well  adapted. 

IXRB-CLAY,  .vc. 

-  of  fire-clay,  nls<>.  are  interstratified  with  the coaL — 
This  mineral  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  Stat'-,  conspicu- 
ously in  Gaston  county.      There  are  live  or  six  parallel  belts 
sandstone  and   quartzite,   belonging  to   tin-  older  rocks, 
which  ti  the  State  in  the  prevailing  direction,  and  in 


OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  47 

which  are  found  various  grades  of  building-stones,  fire-stones 
and  grindstones.  According  to  Dr.  Emmons,  one  of  these 
passes  eastward  of  Raleigh,  another  a  few  miles  to  the  west- 
ward, and  a  third  crosses  the  counties  of  Montgomery.  Ran- 
dolph and  Orange.  The  well-known  lire-stones  of  Gast 
Lincoln  and  Catawba,  occur  in  the  fourth  belt,  which  crops  out 
along  the  line  of  upheaval  of  King's  mountain.  Crowder's 
mountain  and  Little  mountain.  This  rock  in  places  assumes' 
the  character  of  white  granular  quartz,  (saceharoidal  quartz 
of  the  mineralogist  i  and  attain  sufficient  purity  to  be  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  glass.  Linville  mountain,  in  McDowell 
county,  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  chiefly  made 
up  of  the  same  rock.  Here  is  found  the  flexible  sandstone 
Itacolumite  of  the  mineralogist)  in  which  the  diamond  oc- 
curs in  other  parts  of  the  world. 

« 

LIMESTONE. 

In  addition  to  the  lour  beds  of  this  rock  in  the  western 
counties,  there  are  two  beds  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge  ;  one  is 
in  McDowell  county,  along  the  North  Fork,  the  other  cros-  - 
the  State  from  King's  mountain,  along  through  Gaston.  Lin- 
coln and  Catawba  to  Stokes.  There  is  also  a  small  bed  of 
marly  limestone  eight  or  ten  miles  in  length  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Wake  county. 

PORCELAIN    CLAY,   AC 

Agalmatolite  constitutes  another  member  of  the  sandstone 
group  in  at  least  two  of  the  zones,  being  found  in  this  con- 
nection in  Montgomery  and  Chatham,  as  well  as  on  the  Nan- 
tehaleh  river,  and  across  Cherokee  county.  This  rock  is  mis- 
called soapstone.  which  it  resembles  in  some  of  its  properties 
and  uses. 

It  is  developed  here  on  a  large  scale,  and  in  no  part  of  the 
world  is  found  in  greater  purity  or  extent.  Its  uses  in  the 
arts  are  manifold,  being  substituted  for  graphite  in  luhrica. 
tion.  and  for  soap-stone  in  furnaces,  prepared  as  a  cosmetic 
and  a  pigment,  and  manufactured  into  soap,  into  ornaments. 


i  ]  GEOLOGICAL  si  kVKV 

.•hi.  I  the  tiii'-r  kinils  of  porcelain  wan-.  It  has  been <  sported  to* 
this  latter  purpose  La  large  quantities  to  New  York,  arid  to 
Germany, 

GRAPHITE. 

H,  ..  .  alg  •.  belong  the  famous  graphite,  or  plumbago  bedu 
of  Wake  county,  being  found  immediately   under  the  sand 
.  or  quartzite.     It  occurs,  likewise,  in  the  same  connec- 
tion,in  the  Catawba  belt,  and  scattered  through  several  coun- 
ties  westward*     The  uses  of  this  mineral  are  well  known  and 
important,  the  principal  of  which  are,  for  the  so-called  lead 
Is,  for  crucibles,  lor  paints,  for  lubrication  and  for  elec- 
ling,  <fec«     The  Wake  county  mines  have  been  worked 
to  a  considerable  extent,  and  will,  no  doubt,  be  re-opened.  Dr, 
Emmons  and  Prof.  Olmsted  pronounce  these  the  most  im- 
portanl  beds  of  this  mineral  known. 

The  quartz  lock  of  this --roup  in  Montgomery,  takes  th< 
form  of  a  buhrstone,  which  is  supposed  to  be  valuable  for  the 
manufacture  of  millstones.      This  mineral  is  also  found   mar 

Webster,  in  Jackson   county,  and  on  Nantehaleh  river,  in 

■  n. 

BGAP8TONB,    WBJ  I  JTON1  8,   40, 

Soapstone  aud  serpentine  of  good  quality  arc  found  in  va 
tarts  of  the  State,  for  example,  in  Wake.  Moore,  Orange 
Randolph,  Mecklenburg  and  Caldwell,  and  west  of  the  131m 
Ridge  there  is  a  remarkable  dykeof  serj  i  ntine  and  chlorite 
Blates,  traversing  the  State  from  (May  to  Mitchell,  which  carries 
a  great  variety  of  mineral-,  interesting  to  the  mineralogist, 
and  one  at  least  that  might  become  valuable  economically. 

Here  is  one  of  the  fev  veins  of  chromate  of  iron  found  in 
the  United  States.  This  mineral  yields  a  larger. number  of 
valuable  paints  than  any  other  substance  known.  The  slate 
formation,  which  occupies  a  tract  of  the  Slate,  not  less  than 
forty  miles  in  width,  lies  w  est  of  the  COal  rocks  of  Deep  river 
and  ext<  nds  in  a  north-east  direction,  from  Anson  and  Union 

counties  on  the  southern  border,  to  the  Virginia  Line.    I 


OF    NORTH    CAROLINA.  49 

slates  constitute  a  notable  feature  in  the  geology  of  the  State, 
and,  in  addition  to  the  interest  which  attaches  to  the  nume- 
rous mines  along  its  north-western  border,  they  contain  ex- 
tensive beds  of  roofing-slates,  wheteone-slatee  and  turkey 
hones,  (novaculite.)  Scythe-stones  are  also  found  on  the  Nan* 
tehaleli,  of  good  quality  and  in  great  abundance. 

AI-/l\M   AND   COPPERAS* 

Alum  and  copperas  slates  abound  in  many  parts  of  the 
JState,  and  have  been  extensively  brought  into  requisition 
during  the  stress  of  the  late  war.  The  counties  of  Cleave- 
land  and  Rutherford  -alone  contain  not  less  than  100  square 
miles  of  these  rocks,  and  could  easily  supply  the  continent 
with  copperas.  This  material  is  derived  by  tli^e  process  of 
weathering,  from  the  iron  pyrites  which  is  disseminated  in 
great  abundance,  and  in  a  state  of  extreme  comminution 
through  the  slates,  many  of  which,  being  feldspathie,  yield 
also  alum-, 

MINERAL   SPRINGS. 

The  pynrotts  character  of  these  rocks  accounts  also  for  the 
numerous  mineral  springs,  sulphur  and  chalybeate,  for  which 
this  region  is  noted.  Among  these,  Wilson's  springs  are  the 
best  known.  They  belong  both  to  the  white  and  red  sulphur 
waters,  as  they  are  called,  and  have  no  superior  in  Virginia 
or  elsewhere.  Mineral  waters  are  not  limited  to  this  region 
however.  No  section  of  the  State  is  destitute  of  them,  and 
in  the  mountains  they  are  found  every  where. 

BARYTES 

Is  found  in  Orange,  in  the  mines  of  Cabarrus  and  Mecklen- 
burg, also  in  Gaston  and  Madison  counties;  and  manganese 
in  Cabarrus  and  Gaston  as  well  as  in  Lincoln,  Catawba  and 
elsewhere. 


GEOLOGICAL  SCR 


MABL. 


This  valuable  material  is  liberally  scattered 

-  found  in  every  d 
of  purity  and  consolid  m  a  mere  aggp    _  loose 

mpaet  li:   ■  suitable  for  building, 

or  for  burning  into  lime.     The  famous  Bath  stone  of  London 
is  matched  by  some  of  ti.  -      The  mai         .       rally 

found  near  the  surface  and  easily  accessible.     The  i: 

mineral  manure  x<>  the  agriculture 

of  the  State  is  not  fully  appreciated.     Our  only 

og  \         derstand  tial  part  "*i  play* 

.-table  growth,  and  its  important  rela- 
.    -"       i  ils. 

"ther  divit*ion  of  minerals,  the  metallife- 
rou9  i 

To  the  unpracticed  eye.  nothing  i  i  em    ts  a  pietui 

n  disorder  and  chaos  than  the  rocks,  particularly  in  a 
:   great   disturbance,  as  in   a  mountain-  us    country, 
ma  truly   "A  land  ot  darkness,  without  any  order. 
and  v  light  is  as  darkness."     And   yet,  at  the  touch 

.  older  ri  -  -  -\  lighl  >neadi- 

•v-r  this  darkness.     In  a  r   _  :  the  wildest  ri<>T  ol   disor- 

der.  >.  ad  inversion,  under  the  ]  atienl 

and  inevitable    ii  •  .       the    u\  over- 

l,  and    distorted    strata   fall  into   rank   and   regularity 
_  certain  axes  and  group  I  I  cer- 

tain centres.    Afl  the  sar  I  the  pre- 

were  found   to  acknowledge  certain  relation- 
and  toward  a  oontrotting   geological  meridian, 
■o  it  will  appear  that  the  metallifen 

at  random  and  as  if  by  chanoi  within  the  limitations 

already  stated,  of  a  disturbed  area  and  a  loi    -         gical  hori- 
zon) but    have   a   subordinate  grouping  and   a  palpable  ar- 
•it. 


OF  NORTH    CAROLINA.  51 

IRON. 

And  lirst  of  iron,  king  of  metals;  so,  because  it  constitutes 
the  very  frame-work,  as  it  were,  of  our  material  civilization, 
without  which  the  whole  fabric  would  vanish  like  the  tabled 
ship  on  approaching  the  magnetic  mountain.  North  GarolL 
na  is  peculiarly  fortunate  in  the  possess  a  of  an  abundance  of 
iron  ore,  and  bo  widely  distributed  and  in  so  immediate  juxta- 
position with  t-  .  oliier  materials  and  means  for  eiuelting  it. 
that  each  section,  except  the  sea-b«^trd  counties,  can  produce 
its  own  supply.  These  ores  ocecupy  chiefly  Ave  or  six  nar- 
row tracts,  or  districts,  which  have  an  obvious  relation  to  the 
mineral  belts  already  pointed  out. 

This  relation  is  most  obvious  and  most  immediate  in  the  trans- 
Catawba  tract,  the  ore  being  found  in  heavy  veins  along-  the 
outcrop  of  the  sandstone  from  King's  mountain  through  Gas- 
ton, Lincoln  and  Catawba,  to  Stokes  and  Surry.  A  second 
belt  extends  through  Montgomery,  Randolph  and  Guilford. 
A  third  has  its  largest  development  in  Chatham  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  coal,  but  makes  its  appearance  also  in  John 
son  and  Orange. 

In  the  coal-beds  themselves,  according  to  the  high  author- 
ities already  cited,  exists  an  important  deposit  of  iron  ore  in- 
terstratified  with  the  coal.  West  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  not 
far  from  the  sandstone  belt,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  accu- 
mulations of  iron  ore  to  be  found  in  tin-  country.  It  has  been 
long  famous  for  the  line  quality  of  the  metal  which  it  yields. 
The  ore  lies  at  the  base  of  the  Yellow  mountain  in  Mitchell 
county,  and  is  found  at  several  points  in  a  south-west  direct  i<  m 
in  Madison  and  Haywood. 

Another  bed  accompanies  the  limestone  of  McDowell  and 
Transylvania,  and  one  of  tin'  most  important  and  extensive 
deposits  in  the  country,  crosses  the  entire  breadth  of  Cher- 
okee. It  will  doubtless  be  found  elsewhere  in  the  further  in- 
vestigation of  the  minerals  of  this  almost  unexplored  moun- 
tain region.  The  ore  is  found  at  several  points  outside  of 
these  well  marked  districts.  It  belongs  commonly  to  the  va_ 
riety  known  as  magnetic.  To  this,  however,  there  are  many 
exceptions.     Specular  or  hematite  ore  often  replaces  it,  or  is  as- 


GEOLOGICAL   SCRVLT 
■ 

-    dated  with  it.  The  ore  at,  several  of  the  points  mentioned  is 
well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  steel. 

The  manufacture  of  iron  had  attained  to  considerable  im- 
portance  in  the  State  previously  to  the  late  war,  during  which, 
of  course,  this  industry  received  a  great  impetus.  And  when 
our  system  of  Internal  Improvements  shall  have  been  com- 
pleted, this  will  doubtless  become  one  of  the  most  important 
manufactures  in  the  State. 

GOLD. 

Gold  mining'  commenced  in  North  Carolina  about  fift} 
▼ears  ago.  The  first  impulse  was  given  to  the  business  by 
the  accidental  discovery  of  some  large  nuggets  in  Cabarrus 
and  Anson  counties.  Previously  to  the  year  1820.  not  more 
than  $50,000  had  been  obtained.  In  1863,  the  aggregate  yield 
was  not  less  than  $10,000,900;  which  would  make  an  ave- 
rage annual  yield  of  82.30.000.  The  larger  part  of  this  was 
obtained  from  a  small  area  comprising  about  half  a  dozen 
counties,  lying  chiefly  alon  the  Peedee  and  lower  Catawba, 
but  extending  north-east  from  Mecklenburg  and  Anson  to 
Guilford.  Mere,  as  eh  where,  the  first  mining  was  confined 
to  '•surface-diggings/'  And  in  1824.  Professor  Olmsted,  of 
the  University,  then  tate  Geologist,  expressed  doubts  about 
the  existence  of  gold  veins  in  that  region. 
In  California.  Australia,  along  the  Amies  ami  the  Ural, — 
erywhere,  in  ancient  and  modern  times,  these  superficial 
deposits  have  been  ti,  chief  source  of  the  precious  metal,  and 
have  been  generally  more  remunerative  than  vein-mines. 
And  it  is  in  this  detritus  of  sand,  gravel  and  clay,  that  nearly 
all  the  large  masses,  or  nuggets,  of  gold  have  been  found. 
They  seldom  OCCUr  in  veins,  although  these  detrital  accumu- 
lations are  doubtless  the  debris  of  denuded  veins.  In  North 
Carolina,  however,  vein-mining  soon  obtained  great  promi- 
nence; and  the  larger  part  of  the  whole  product  in  this  State- 
has  been  derived  Iron,  this  source.  Some  single  mines  in  the 
gold  region  have  yielded  from  one  to  two  millions.     Audit* 

these  mines  have  not  been   uniformly   profitable,  it  is  because 
they  have    been    generally    wrought    with   little    science,  or 


OF   XOimi   CAROLINA.  53 

economy.  Oi'crin<nt,  in  his  work  on  Metallurgy,  has  recorded 
Jus  conviction  that  these  mines,  under  proper  management,  wovld 
he  more  profitable  than  those  of  California. 

Although  the  mines  are  more  numerous  and  important  in 
the  region  indicated,  yet  they  are  by  no  means  restricted  to 
so  narrow  a  district.  Many  valuable  mines  occur  far  outside 
of  this  "gold  region,"  as  in  Moore  and  Franklin,  on  the  cast, 
and  in  Gaston,  Catawba,  Burke,  Jackson  and  Cherokee. 

The  vein-gold  of  this  State  is  usually  found  in  a  ganguc  of 
quartz,  or  disseminated  in  a  slaty  veinstone  ;  and  is  commonly 
associated  with  iron  and  copper  pyrites.  This  association  al- 
most universally  prevails  below  the  water-level.  These  mines, 
therefore,  are  of  the  same  character  as  those  of  California  and 
Colorado,  and  the  new  methods  which  have  been  devised 
during  the  last  few  years,  to  meet  the  difficulties  of  working 
this  class  of  ores  will  doubtless  be  found  applicable  here. 

SILVEK. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  richest  gold  mines  lie  along 
and  near  the  line  of  contact  of  the  slates  and  granite.  And 
it  is  also  along  this  line  that  the  principal  silver  mines  of 
this  State  are  found.  The  most  noted  of  these  is  at  Silver 
Hill,  in  Davidson  county.  The  combination  of  metals  here  is 
quite  complex, — including,  with  the  silver,  gold,  lead,  copper 
and  zinc.  A  chain  of  similar  mines  runs  south-west  along  the 
western  border  of  the  slates,  including  the  McMakin  and 
Stewart  mines.  During  the  war,  the  first  named  of  these 
mines  yielded  a  considerable  quantity  of  lead.  It  had  been 
previously  worked  chiefly  tor  silver  and  gold.  The  same  as- 
sociation of  metals  occurs  in  Cherokee. 

LEAD    AND    ZINC. 

Lead  has  not  been  found  in  quantities  to  justify  operation 
elsewhere  in  the  State,  although  its  existence  has  been  ascer- 
tained in  several  localities  in  the  mountain  region,  as  in  .Mc- 
Dowell and   Cherokee.     Both   the    silver  and    lead  of  North 


54  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

Carolina  are   found,  mostly  in    combination  with  sulphur  in 
ia. 
Z         ifl   not    known   to  occur   in  th<    State,  □  the 

iation  and  localities. 

C0PPEI:. 

long  known  as  an  accompaniment  of  gold 

the  mines  of  that  i.  Uy  in  those  which 

within  the  belt  of  granite   bordering  the  e        s  on  the 

iny   of  these,  which   were   originally  operated  as 

gold  mines  abandoned  on  accoi 

-  with  the  depth  ;  and  it  within 

that  s  iveral  of  them    have  bee:. 
A  a  usideral  li    raantity  of  thii 
ed,  chiefly  from  th  Ghiilford.     And  ac  well- 

established  fact  that  copper  veins  improve  dowi  ad  as 

thee  the  goldi    gion,  and  have  re<  entlj 

found  also  of  a  very  promising  character  in  As  iinty, and 

mown  to  extend  in  a  well-marked  belt  of  iring 

rocks  tiiv     _'.    -         •:   of  the  intiee  many 

promising  mil 

ty.  there  i  ty  that  cop  er-mining  will   1 

an    imp  at     The  mountain  i 

.    little  explored, th<  _        _        surveybi  ircery 

been  carried  beyond  the  Catawba,  bui       ie 
of  the  richest  mineral  sections  of  the  Si 
of  the  most  interesting  and  attractive  • 
agricultural  capabilities  lubrity  of  ita  1  the 

grandeur  and  variety  of  its  scenery,  contain  b,  the 

most  elevated  table-lands,  and  loftiest  mountain  ranges  to  !>-• 
found  in  the  Atlantic  Si   I 

TUNGSTEN. 

Tungsten,  a  metal  which  was  long  merely  a  1  cu- 

riosity, but   h  nied  a   high  vaha-.  parti*  alarly 

relation  to  the  manufactui  ccurs 

TUB. 


OF  N'OBTH    CAROLINA.  55 


DIAMONDS. 


Several  valuable  diamonds  have  been  found  in  the  trans- 
Catawba  country,  in  Lincoln  and  Rutherford  counties. 

From  this  very  rapid  survey  of  the  minerals  of  North  Car- 
olina, several  facts  worthy  of  note  are  evident:  first,  that. 
though  widely  distributed,  they  ;ire  not  scattered  at  random, 
but  follow  a  certain  order  of  grouping  and  association  ;  so 
that  the  probability  of  the  occurrence  of  a  given  mineral  in 
any  particular  locality  can  be  approximately  ascertained  be- 
fore examination. 

Again,  it  is  evident  that  this  State  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  the  more  important  and  valuable  minerals,  those  which 
are  essential  to  the  permanent  and  successful  development  of 
our  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Among  these  must  be 
always  first  named  iron,  coal,  and  lime.  Of  the  first  two  it 
has  been  seen  that  there  is  the  greatest  profusion.  Of  lime, 
however,  it  may  be  supposed  that  there  is  a  deficiency.  It 
is  true  that  we  have  no  such  immense  territory  of  limestone 
as  is  found  in  some  of  the  other  States  ;  and  yet.  upon  con- 
sid- ration,  it  will  be  apparent  that  nature  has  provided  an 
abundant  store  for  all  possible  needs.  The  tertiary  region 
in  the  east  finds  an  ample  supply  for  the  purposes  of  agricul- 
ture and  architecture  in  its  widely  diffused  beds  of  marl. 
And  although  the  farmer  of  the  middle  and  western  sections 
may  not  always  find  an  imperative  need  of  this  fertilizer,  his 
soils  being  frequently  derived  by  disintegration  from  rocks 
which  contain  a  considerable  per  centage  of  lime,  yet,  since 
the  breadth  of  the  State  is  traversed  at  comparatively  short 
interval.-  by  a  number  of  outcrops  of  limestone,  which  are 
crossed  almost  at  right  angles  by  our  rivers  and  many  of  our 
rail  roads,  i1  is  thus  brought  within  convenient  reach  oi'  almost 
every  neighborhood.  Nature  has  denied  us  only  two  of  the 
more  important  mineral  deposits,  salt,  and  gypsum,  (and  they 
may  yet  !>••  discovered  in  the  sandstone  of  the  coal.)  But  of 
these  two  there  is  an  unlimited  store  just  across  our  borders, 
within  easy  reach  by  a  short  line  of  rail  road,  ol  our  net- 
Work  of  proposed  and  completed  rail  roads  and  of  our  rivers. 
Taking,  then,  in    one  view,  our  resources  of  iron,  coal,   and 


56  GEOLOGICAL  SUB  VET 

lime,  of  gold  and  copper,  and  the  great  variety  of  other  min- 
erals i  if  subordinate  but  real  a  d  increasing  value,  it  is  suffi- 
ciently apparent  that  our  State  has  here  the  foundation  of 
indefinite  wealth  and  prosperity  ;  and  that  there  is  wanting 
t'>  these  ends  only  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  our  system  of 
internal  improvements  on  the  part  of  our  Legislature,  and 
intelligence,  industry  and  enterprise   on  that  of  our  citizens. 


Doc.  No.  27.]  [Sks.  186S-V,;.. 

Ordered  to  he  Printed. 


REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  GEOLOGIST. 


STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA, 
E  X ECUTIY E  Department, 

Raleigh,  March  2d,  1S69. 

To  the  11  the  General  Assembly  of  North   Carolina  : 

Gentlemen: — I  herewith  transmit  to  the  General  Assem- 
bly a  report  of  Professor  W.  C.  Kerr,  State  Geologist. 

I  respectfully  in  vice  the  attention  of  the  General  Assembly 
to  thh  report  and  tu  the  importance  ot  encouraging  a  thorough 
Geological  Survey  of  the  State. 
I  have  the  honor  to  he. 

With  great  respect. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

W.  W,  IIOLDEN, 

Governor. 


Document  No.  .:. 


THE  PROGRESS   OF   THE  GEOLOGI 
CAI  SURVEY  OF  NORTH  CAROLE 


Rai.eigiIj  February.     -    - 
To    I  >J.    V\*.  YV.  HoLOEZTj 

bmit  tlic  foil 
rt  of  tliL-  progress  of  1  Sui 

- 
It  was  ray  expectation  to  be  able  to  finish   tl  liminurv 

[  the  £  _  the 

:      ;i  unavoidable  interruption.  d<  m  unfa- 

weather  and  ca:'  to  intsi    rair- 

~ion  prevented  the  eompl  Iraent  of 

>nt  two  ;  :  k  to 

brii  _  >n  into  c 

tion  with  the1  which  termin 

in  the  tier  oi  Counti  in  the    ' 

tain, — < 

the  J  be 

st    >bedient  servant, 

W.  C.  KERR, 
- 


1868-'69.]  Document  No.  27. 


PREFACE. 


In  pursuance  ot  tlie  plan  proposed  and  explained  in  the  for- 
mer report,  my  attention  has  been  given  mainly  to  the  wes- 
tern section  of  the  State.  It  is  necessary,  by  way  of  re-state- 
ment of  the  reasons  for  this  course,  to  say.  that  all  the  reports 
published  by  my  predecessors  are  confined  to  the  eastern  and 
middle  Counties.  The  'whole  labor  of  the  survey  hitherto 
having  been  expended  on  a  part  only  of  the  State,  to  the 
entire  exclusion  of  another  part,  constituting  one  fourth  of  it? 
territory,  there  remained  no  room  for  hesitation  in  deciding 
where  my  labors  should  commence.  And  in  the  decision 
reached,  the  Executive  and  the  supervisory  board  unanim- 
ously concurred.  This  iteration  is  made  for  the  benefit  ot 
those  who  have  failed  to  see,  or  to  note,  or  to  remember  the 
former  statement. 

And  there  is  a  class  of  persons,  whose  number  is  not  as 
small  as  it  ought  to  be,  who  forget  how  gloriously  large  a 
State  North  Carolina  is.  larger  than  the  Empire  State  oi  New 
York  ;  over  fifty  thousand  square  miles  of  area,  live  hundred 
miles  ot  length  and  the  very  respectable  breadth  ol  mure  than 
two  and  half  degrees  ot  latitude  : — who  forget,  also,  that  in  a 
very  considerable  part  of  this  territory  there  is  no  steam,  "to 
-peak  vi\"  and  in  much  of  it  the  roads  are  only  so-called,  and 
moreover,  that,  (however  singular  it  may  seei  i,)  in  this  verv 
same  region  there  are  several  considerable  hills, — some  hun- 
dreds of  them,  much  more  than  a  mile  high,  which  while  it 
is  admitted  that  they  add  much  to  the  interest  and  pictur- 
esqueness  of  the  scenery,  (and  I  would  by  no  moans  petition 
the  Legislature  to  have  them  removed,  or  their  shadows  made 

38,)  yet  are  not  remarkable   for   the   facilitation  which  thev 


4  Document  Xo.  27. 

•      ravel  and   locomotion.     Now  it  selythfo] 

which  ha9  fallen  to  my  lot  to  explore,  and  in 
travelled  more  than  tour  tl 

1   under  the  en- 

if  much   mountains,   little  roads  am: 
.     By  way  _  who 

evidently  buj      se  thai  :!al  qua! 

*iat  atte: 

•     _. .  . 
impossible  a  time. 

■     " 
e  work        _  I  of  the  best  mock 

.    "  will  be  seen  thai    I 
-  farm  in  1       State, 

nd  there  are  ren 

.'red  thai 
uare  miles  there  is  much 
equally  entitled  to  atteir 
If  i 
- 

would  be  mnch 
rapid  procednre  I 

■ 

E 
ditioiis. 

3    that  it  is  apparent 

_ 
-  is  e  I  in  the  report  al 

\amine  : 
- 

■  >ut  and 
I 
• 

.rv  Bnrvey  of  th< 
.  in  whir  n  hither: 

t  and 


lS68-'69.]  Document  No.  27.  5 

tiona  of  these  mineral  districts.  And  the  broad  facts  thus  as- 
certained, by  myself,  for  the  western,  and  by  my  predecessors, 
for  the  other  portions  of  the  State  will  direct  the  future  opera- 
tions of  the  survey,  rather  than  tfie  wishes,  advice,  or  dictation 
of  persons  interested  in  particular  ''properties.''  But  when- 
ever important  enterprises  are  contemplated,  or  projected  for 
the  developement  of  the  resources  of  a  region,  I  hold  it  to  be 
quite  in  the  line  of  my  duty  to  assist,  by  my  personal  presence, 
if  necessary  and  practicable.  And  for  the  benefit  of  those  who 
wish  specimens  of  ores,  marls,  mineral  waters  <fcc.,  examined 
I  Mill  add  that  such  samples  may  be  sent  by  mail  or  express, 
and  will  be  received  and  reported  on,  as  heretofore,  in  the  win- 
ter season  ;  the  summer  being  devoted  entirely  to  field  work. 

But  the  less  our  people  generally  concern  themselves  about 
minerals  and  mining,  the  better  for  them.  The  mineral  wealth 
of  North  Carolina  has  hitherto  been  a  serious  disad vantage. 
Her  mines  have  been  almost  entirely  used  for  purposes  of  spec- 
ulation and  gambling.  There  has  been  (almost)  no  systematic, 
scientific,  and  therefore  profitable  mining  among  us.  Neither 
the  science,  nor  the  art  of  mining  is  taught  in  our  schools  or 
colleges,  or  understood  by  any  class  of  our  people.  They  read- 
ily therefore  fall  a  prey  to  imposters,  ignoramuses  and  enthu- 
siasts, who  have  already  wrought  incalculable  mischief  to  the 
true  interests  of  the  State,  particularly  in  the  western  Counties, 
by  diverting  the  attention  of  our  people  from  their  proper  em- 
ployment and  exciting  vain  and  illusive  hopes  of  realizing  sud- 
den and  unearned  fortunes.  Many  estates  have  been  thus 
squandered,  and  lives  wasted  in  the  mad  pursuit  of  phantoms, 
and  much  of  the  best  energy  of  the  country  misdirected  and 
thrown  away.  No  one  can  travel  through  our  M-estern  Coun- 
ties without  being  made  painfully  aware  of  the  prevalence  and 
the  origin  of  these  delusions,  amounting  in  some  cases  almost 
to  lunacy. 

Who,  that  has  ever  visited  the  western  Counties,  has  failed 
to  hear  the  oft-repeated  story  of  lead  and  silver  mines  discov- 
ered  and   wrought    by    the   Indians?      There   is   scarcely    a 


Documknt  >>*<■.  -27.  [Session 

County  that  does  not  boast  one  or  more  traditions  of  this 
sort.  And  it  is  surprising  to  observe  with  what  credulity 
tlie>e  stories  are  repeated,  and  how  little  variation  the  legend 
undergoes  in  changing  its  "local  habitation"  from  County  to 
County.  Now  it  is  on  Table  Ruck  :  again  on  the  slopes  of 
the  Black  :  at  the  head  of  Lnftee ;  on  ( >ld  Smoky  :  then  at 
the  foot  of  Hogback,  on  Toxaway: — the  Indiana  need  to 
return  every  year  at  a  certain  season  from  the  west  (and.  as 
Mime  affirm,  and  religiously  believe,  do  still  occasionally  "re- 
visit the  gin:.  -  -  the  moon  "i  for  the  ostensible  purpose  ot 
honoring  the  graves  of  their  fathers  and  chasing  once  more 
the  deer,  the  wolf  and  the  bear  in  their  ancestral  hunting 
grounds,- — but  really  with  the  s*>le  object  of  procuring  lead 
and  silver  ore,  which  they  have  been  seen  to  "pack"  oft  t" 
the  great  west !  Again,  some  old  hunt?r.  mow  dead,  or 
moved  west,  or  "  wont  tell  ")  got  all  his  lead  for  hunting  pur- 

-  -  'in  a  certain  cove,  on  the  side  of  a  certain  mountain, 
at  the  fork  of  a  certain  creek  :  or  an  old  counterfeiter  (now  a 
fugitive,  or  in  the  penitentiary)  used  to  coin  silver  quarters 
and  halves  (vou  can  see  them  still  in  circulation  '.  i  from  an 
ore  gotten  at  a  certain  inaccessible  locality,  by  a  certain  tree, 
on  a  certain  stream  ;  and  every  year,  weeks  and  sometime- 
months  are  spent  in  searching  for  the  magic  spot.  O 
sionallv  the  enthusiasm  rises  to  the  height  of  sending  to  the 
tar  west  to  fetch  the  '"old  hunter."  or  the  ancient  "red  man.*' 
It  be  be  alive,  and  can  be  found  and  can  be  persuaded  by  a 
handsome  bonus,  to  return,  the  (guest  is  renewed  with  re- 
doubled ardor  and  hope;  But,  alas  for  the  best-founded 
human  expectations,  after  week-  of  bush-beating,  cliff-elimb- 
ii<ir  and   laborious  search  through  "  rocks,  caves,  lakes.  fens, 

.-.  <\i'n-  and  shades  of  death."  it  turns  out  that  the  wa\  - 
marks  have  been  obliterated  by  lime,  bush  and  tree  and  stone 
ai.d  rill  have  changed  their  aspect,  and  nothing  remains  for  it. 
but  that  the  old  hero,  in  whom  had  centered  so  many  hopes, 
must  renew  his  exile  without  the  honors  which  awaited  hint 
successful. 


LsOS-09]  Document  No.  27.  7 

Less  than  a  score  ot  years  ago,  lead  and  silver  traditions 
gave  place  to  the  wildest  extravaganzas  on  the  subject  of  OQjh 
per  mines.  The  whole  mountain  region  was  moved  from  its 
propriety,  ordinary  avocations  were  abandoned,  every  nook 
and  corner,  every  rocky  gorge  and  cliff  and  fastness  of  the 
mountains  was  explored  for  "copper  blossoms,"  the  wildest 
and  ruggedest  peaks  were  "shingled  over  a  foot  deep'1  with 
new  entries,  the  County  Surveyor  was  urged  to  his  utmost 
exertion  by  extraordinary  rewards,  and  the  entry-taker  be- 
came the  most  important  officer  in  the  country,  and  in  some 
instances  Mas  so  beset  by  the  eager  and  impatient  multitude 
that  he  was  fain  to  betake  himself  to  the  upper  story  of  the 
Court  House,  and  from  the  safe  elevation  of  the  window 
transact  with  the  crowd  below,  issuing  entry-papers  from 
•*  morn  to  noon,  from  noon  to  dewy  eve," — documents  more 
precious  than  gold  certificates,  or  Erie  bonds.  Mining  was 
esteemed  the  only  business  worth  a  sane  man's  attention. 
Miners,  Cornishmen  and  itinerant  "  minerologists"  were  in 
high  repute  and  great  request  everywhere,  and  were  followed 
and  heard  with  eager  ears  like  some  magician  whose  lightest 
word  could  make  or  mar  mens'  fortunes.  Every  cabin  was  a 
cabinet,  and  every  man,  woman  and  child  a  collector.  The 
mountains  were  scarred  all  over  with  mines,  and  holes  were 
blasted  into  the  hardest  rocks,  if  they  happened  to  present 
"the  indications." 

This  singular  state  of  things  continued  for  several  years, 
and  the  amount  of  time,  labor  and  money  thus  ridiculously 
expended  is  incredible  ;  and  the  fanaticism  has  left  its  ves- 
tiges in  the  character,  habits  and  language  of  the  people,  and 
is  recognized  in  a  distinct  stratum  of  miners'  slang  in  their 
vernacular, — gossan,  (often  "goslings")  deposit,  hlow-wp,  lead, 
"blossoms,  munddc,  Oce.,  being  "familiar  in  their  mouths  as 
household  words."  And  it  is  remarkably  easy  to  renew  the 
excitement  in  any  part  of  this  region,  as  was  evidenced  by 
the  grand  silver  hunt  last  year  in  the  I'naka  and  Beech 
mountains. 


*  Document  No.  27.  [Session 

One  of  ray  most  frequent   and   ungrateful  tasks  is  U>  unde- 
ceive the  victims  of  such  impostures  and  delusions.     A 
geological  survey  twenty  years  old  have  forestalled 

and  prevented  much  of  this  mischief.  And  am  I  not  right  in 
ing  that  the  minerals  of  this  region,  at  least,  have  been  an 
injury  and  a  distad vantage  thus  tar  t  And  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  "copper-fever"  was  by  no  means  confined  to 
the  mountain  region. 

That  there  are  valuable  mineral  deposits  in  the  western 
Counties  is  beyond  question.  Some  of  these  have  been  indi- 
cated in  the  former  report,  and  others  will  be  duly  noted  in 
this.  But  it  is  palpably  unwise  and  unprofitable  to  engage  in 
a  business  of  which  one  does  not  know  even  the  alphabet.  For 
every  really  valuable  mine  there  are  twenty  that  are  utterly 
worthless ;  and  yet  to  the  unitiated  they  are  all  alike  El  Dorados. 
most,  the  bare  fact  of  the  presence  of  gold,  silver,   copper. 

sufficient  assurance  of  a  fortune  ;  since  they  are  not  aware 
that  in  a  hundred  veins,  there  may  not  be  two,  or  even  one, 
that  wiUjpa/y.  This  is  a  problem  that  only  the  intelligent 
raining  engineer  can  solve,  and  he,  only  after  ascertaining  the- 
-ize  of  the  vein,  its  yield  per  toil  of  ore,  the  expense  of  mining 
it,  and  of  eliminating  the  metal  afterwards.  The---  are  mat- 
ters of  experiment  and  calculation,  and  should  be  intrusted  only 
to  an  expert,  just  as  one  sends  for  a  carpenter  to  build  \i\> 
house,  or  a  surgeon  to  set  a  broken  limb 

There  seems  to  be  a  very  general  impression  that  there  is 
some  magi'-  about  the  busi  ne  mysterious  open  sesame,  by 

which  the  secrets  of  the  earth  are  unlocked.  Indeed,  my 
barometer  tube  is  often  BUppOBed  to  be  a  mineral  divining  rod, 
and  the  .question  is  soi  gravely  asked  whether  ther< 

really  any  efficacy  in  the  forked  sticky  which  is  >till  used  by  a 
class  of  vagabonds  as  a  means  of  imposture. 

It  i>  also  due  to  the  prevalence  of  some  such  vague  and  inde- 
finite, and  erroneous  notions  of  the  character  and  office  ofgeol- 
_    .  that  I  am  frequently  sent  for  to  examine  and  report   on   ;i 
mine  which  has  not  been  wrought  for  years  ;  so  that  the  shafts 


1868-69.]  Document  No.  27.  9 

and  tunnels  are  fallen  in,  or  -filled  with  rubbish,  or  with  water. 
It  ought  to  be  obvious  to  common  sense,  that  no  examination, 
experiment,  or  calculation  can  be  made  under  such  circum- 
stances. 

Such  being  the  facts  with  regard  to  minerals  and  mining  in 
our  State,  we  are  shut  up  and  unavoidably  impelled  to  the 
conclusion,  which  can  hardly  be  too  strongly  stated,  or  too 
frequently  and  earnestly  urged  upon  the  public  attention,  that 
agriculture  is  the  great  and  paramount  economical  interest  of 
our  State;  with  which,  indeed,  all  other  interests  together  are 
not  to  be  mentioned  in  comparison. 

In  accordance  with  this  view,  I  have  given  especial  atten- 
tion to  whatever  seemed  likely  to  advance  that  interest.  And 
I  have  considered  nothing  so  important  to  the  real  and  perma- 
nent improvement  of  the  general  agriculture  of  the  State  as 
the  universal  and  liberal  use  of  lime,  and  have  therefore  inves- 
tigated and  noted  every  locality  within  the  range  of  my  ex- 
plorations which  offered  any  indications  of  the  presence  of  this 
mineral,  and  have  every  where  urged  its  use.  Hence  also,  on 
former  occasions,  1  have  called  attention  to  the  existence  of  a 
considerable  bed  of  marl  and  limestone  in  the  upper  end  of 
Wake  County,  on  the  line  of  the  Rail  Road.  There  ought  to  be 
a  general  arrangement  with  all  Rail  Road  corporations  in  the 
State  by  which  Tone,  if  not  all  fertilizers,  should  be  transported, 
at  least  from  all  quarries  within  the  State,  at  cost.  And  they 
would  find  it  to  their  interest  to  carry  it  free. 

The  recent  very  extensive  introduction  of  phosphatic  manures 
into  the  agriculture  of  Europe  and  America,  and  the  increa- 
sing demand  for  these  fertilizers  among  ourselves  and  the  exor- 
bitant prices  at  which  they  are  sold,  has  led  me  to  devote  spe- 
cial attention  to  the  question  of  the  existence  of  native  phos- 
phates within  our  borders.  Having  learned  from  good  author- 
ity that  the  black  shales  interbedded  with  the  coal  of  Deep 
River  had  been  analyzed  by  my  predecessor,  and  that  be  re- 
ported a  considerable  percentage  of  phosphate  of  lime,  I  pro- 
cured samples  and  bad   the  analysis  repeated  by  an   eminent 


1"  Document  Jfp.  27.  ■     [Session 

Chemist  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  The  result,  however, 
showed  a  very  trifling  amount  of  that  ingredient. 

And  upon  the  discovery  of  the  remarkable  deposits  of  bone 

phosphates  near  Charleston.  South  Carolina,  in  the  year  eigh- 
teen hundred  and  sixty-seven,  having  examined  those  beds,  I 
proceeded  at  once  to  explore  the  geologically  similar  formation 
in  t!  rn  part  of  North  Carolina,  as  represented  by  the 

marls,  on  the  lower  waters  of  Cape  Pear,  North  East,  Trent, 
Ne  and  Tar  rivers,  having  been  led  to  expect  the  Bame  de- 
posit here,  from  several  circumstances,  but  especially  from  the 
considerable  amount  of  phosphate  reported  by  Dr.  Emmons  in 
his  analyses  of  the  marls  from  that  region.  The  result  was, 
however,  negative  as  before.  1  propose  to  make  a  more  ex- 
tended examination  in  the  Spring,  for  according  to  all  the  gen- 
eral indication-,  ir  ought  to  be  found  here. 

Duringthe  year  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-seven,  an  ex- 
amination was  also  made  under  Executive  authority  of  the 
mineral  and  other  resources  of  a  portion  of  the  Deep  River 
and  Gape  Fear  region,  with  a  view  to  the  location  of  a  Peniten- 
tiary, and  a  report  submitted  thereon. 

During  last  winter,  at  the  earnest  request  of  the  trustees  and 
faculty  of  the  University,  seconded  by  the  Governor  and  Lite- 
rary Board,  a  course  of  lectures,  on  Chemistry  and  Geology 
was  delivered  at  Chapel  Hill  for  the  benefit  of  the  senior 
class. 

An  excursion  was  also  made,  in  the  interest  of  geological 
science,  to  Montgomery  County  to  collect  specimens  of  the  re- 
markable (supposed)  fossil  of  Dr.  Emmons,  Palaeotrochis. 
These  have  been  distributed  among  some  of  the  mosl  eminent 
palaeontologists  of  the  country  with  the  ho] f  reaching  a  so- 
lution of  the  question  of  their  organic  character,  which  has  ex- 
cited much  interest  among  geologists. 

The  plan  of  the  survey  includes  the  collection,  analysis  and 
exhibition  <>n  the  shelves  oi  the  museum  of  samples  of  the  char- 
acteristic soils  oi  every  County  in  the  State,  together  with  the 
subjacent  rock  from  which  it  was  derived,  and  its  subsoil. 


HoS-'G9.]  Document  Xo.  27.  11 

A-  -rated  in  the  former  report,  there  was  no  chemical  labora- 
tory connected  with  the  survey,  when  I  took  charge  of  the 
work  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-sis.  I  have  col- 
lected by  degrees,  a  small  apparatus,  sufficient  for  qualitative 
tests  of  ordinary  ores,  mineral  waters.  Arc:  but  for  the  quali- 
tative analysis  of  a  soil,  or  assay  of  an  ore.  the  survey  i-  ?till 
dependent  on  distant  laboratories,  outside  of  the  State.  By 
devoting  to  this  purpose  a  few  hundred  dollars  each  year  as 
heretofore  from  the  current  appropriation,  an  apparatus  will 
lie  collected  in  a  few  years.  But  there  is  already  a  considera- 
ble accumulation  of  specimens  of  rock,  ores,  marls  and  soils. 
waiting  analysis:  and  the  number  is  constantly  augmenting 
from  every  quarter  of  the  State.  The  above  mentioned  plan  of 
collecting  from  each  County  will  add  several  hundred  more. 
And  there  is  an  increasing  demand  among  our  farmers  for  an- 
alyses of  soils,  marls  and  other  fertilizers  ;  which  is  us  it 
should  be,  since  it  is  evident  that  our  whole  system  of  agricul- 
ture i  if  system  it  may  be  called)  must  be  reformed  and  placed 
on  a  scientific  basis.  And  the  discovery  of  vast  beds  of  the 
raw  material  for  the  manufacture  of  the  most  important  fertili- 
zer, in  the  adjoining  State  will  speedily  reduce  the  cost  of  su- 
perphosphates to  one  half  the  present  rates,  and  increase  the 
use  of  them  manifoldly.  This  will  render  still  more  obvious 
the  necessity  of  an  inspectorship  to  protect  our  farmers  from 
the  enormous  frauds  to  which  they  have  been  subjected  during 
several  years  past,  and  from  which  there  is  no  other  adequate 
means  of  protection  :  which  inspectorship  should  be  attached 
to  the  chemical  department  of  the  survey.  These  fact;-  show 
the  importance  of  having  a  state  laboratory  at  once.  The  hope 
of  N<>rth  Carolina  is  in  her  agriculture.  There  wants  no  ar- 
gument to  show  this.  Great  as  is  her  wealth  in  minerals,  for- 
ests and  waterpower,  it  is  after  all,  to  her  soil  (with  the  means 
of  its  indefinite  improvement  which  exist  in  the  marl  and  peat 
beds  of  the  east,  the  lime  quarries  of  the  west  and  the  salt  and 
gypsum  mines  near  her  border.)  that  she  must  look  for  the  res- 
toration of  her  fallen   fortunes,   and   for  solid  and  permanent 


12  Document  No.  27.  [Session 

prosperity.     And  chemistry  is  the  foundation  of  all  rational 
and  successful  agriculture. 

collection  has  been  made  of  minerals  representing 
the  sections  of  the  rock-formations  above  described,  ami  of  ores 
from  the  various  mines.  These  will  he  displayed  in  the  geo- 
logical room  recently  fitted  up  for  the  purpose  as  soon  as  the 
boxes  of  arms  with  which  the  building  has  been  obstructed 
shall  l»e  removed.  The  importance  of  such  a  collection  be- 
comes every  day  more  apparent.  A  very  wide  interest  has 
i  excited  in  the  minerals  of  this  State,  and  geologists,  mi- 
ners and  capitalists  from  the  Northern  and  Pacific  States  are 
tin ti ally  passing,  and  they  generally  come  first  to  the  Capi- 
tal foi  information,  to  get  the  geological  reports  and  to  see  the 
collection  of  minerals.  In  the  latter  point,  I  have  not  been 
able  to  gratify  them,  for  want  of  a  cabinet  room,  although  1 
have  a  verv  full  representation  of  the  mineral  deposits  and 
rock  formations  of  the  most  inaccessible  portions  of  the  State, 
which  these  explorers  seldom  penetrate. 

Inasmuch  as  there  are  no  fossils  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  verv  little  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  palaeontology. 
But  hereafter  my  operations  will  include  the  fossiliferous  marl 
ami  coal  formations  of  the  east,  from  which  this  department  ot' 
the  Burvey  will  soon  receive  ample  illustration. 

During  the  last  two  seasons,  I  have  had  the  valuable  aid.  in 
the  barometrical  observations,  of  Captain  W.  Cain,  Civil  Engi- 
neer and  Mr.  Charles  Curtis,  of  Hillsboro',  to  whom  I  was 
similarly  indebted  in  my  first  campaign  among  the  mountains. 
The  former  also  rendered  important  service  in  the  tedious  work 
of  computation. 

I  am  also  indebted  for  much  timely  help  and  furtherance  to 
a  number  of  the  intelligent,  hospitable  and  public  Spirited  cit- 
izens of  several  Counties,  to  whom  I  hereby  make  my  grateful 
acknowledgments. 


1888  Document  No.  27;  13 


CHAPTER  I. 


LS'TRODUCTOP.T. 


Tlie  report  of  progress  previously  submitted,  closed  with  a 
brief  and  incomplete  account  of  the  tier  of  Counties  along  the 
'■vest  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  including  the  plateau  of  the 
French  Broad. 

The  work    was   resumed   here  the    next  tho.u- 

I  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven,)  and  the  preliminary  sur- 
onoisance  completed  for  these  Counties  and  ad- 
vanced during  th.at  and  the  following  year,  (one  thousand 
lit  hundred  and  sixty-eight,  i  so  as  to  include,  as  the  entire 
ten-;-  iry  explored  daring  the  two  seasons,  the  following 
C  mti  -.  viz:  Transylvania,  Henderson,  Buncombe,  Madison, 
Yancey,  Mitchell.  Polk.  Rutherford.  McDowell,  Watauga, 
As:  /.any,  a  part  of  Wilkes,   Caldwell,  Burke,  Cleve- 

n,  Lincoln  and  Catawba.     The  approach  of  winter 
pre  mpletioii  of  the  district  by  adding  Alexander, 

[kin  and  Surry. 
It  will  be  seen  that  the  work  progresses  by  parallel  t: 

inning  from   north-east  to  south-west,  for  reasons 
heretofore  explained,  and  obviously  connected  with  the  lead- 
£  gcographi         j  well  as  geological  features  of  the  regi 
;rs    through    this    portion    of  the    State  the  sal 
oarkable  continuity  and  persistence  of  geological  structure 
and  mincralogical  character,  along  the  outcrop  of  the  different 
uations  that  traverse  the  State,  which  was   so  conspicuous 
in  the  western  Counties  :  so  that  along  the  line  of  the  sin- 
sive  transverse  sections,   the   principal    and  regulative  forma- 
ds  are  in  general  readily  identified.     And  the  same  absence 
of  anticlinal^  aid  entire  independence-  ot  the  directioi 


14  Document  "No.  27.  —ion 

the  mountain  chains  upon  the  lines  of  outcrop,  are  observ- 
able. 

The  series  "'  topographical  and  astronomical  observations 
have  been  continued  and  extended  over  the  larger  part  of  thus 
region.  [ts  topography  presents  some  singular  and  interest- 
ing features,  which  ought  to  have  an  important  bearing  upon 
the  location  of  our  works  of  internal  improvement. 

The  elevations  and  angular  positions  were  taken  of  the 
highest  peaks  and  main  Bpurs  of  the  Smoky  Montains  along 
the  north-west  border,  from  Paint  Rock  round  to  Big  Bald  in 
Yancey,  as  well  as  several  summits  in  the  Walnut  range. 
These  observations  were  connected  with  the  benchmarks 
the  Rail  Road  survey  along  the  French  Broad.  A  similar 
series  of  barometrical  and  sextant  observations  was  carried 
along  the  crests  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Saluda  chains,  from 
the  head-waters  of  French  Broad  in  Transylvania,  eastward 
and  northward,  including  the  Tryon  range,  the  several  mas- 
■  spurs  and  peaks  about  Hickory  Nut  Gap,  the  hea\  \ 
chain  of  the  Swahnanoa  Mountains  and  the  spurs  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  lying  eastward,  in  Rutherford  and  McDowell,  on  the 
head  waters  oi  Catawba  river;  thtos  connecting  the  elaborate 
survey  of  Prof.  Gnyot  in  the  Balsam  and  Newfound  Mount- 
ains with  his  observations  in  the  region  of  the  Black  and 
Roan,  and  with  a  series  made  by  myself  in  the  year  eight 
hundred  and  sixty-one,  in  the  Linviile  and  Table  I ! 
ranges,  and  in  the  Blue  Ridge  and  >  ellow  Mountains  on  the 
North  Pork  of  the  Catawba  and  on  North  and  South   "i 

Th''  chain  of  observations  was  resumed  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  Grandfather  and  carried  northward  to  the  State! 
on  the  waters  of  North'  To''  and  Elk  rivers,  including  the 
uosities  o1  the  Blue  Ridge  north  of  Humpback,  the  Sugar  and 

Hanging  Rock    and    Beech    Mountain    ranges;   and  from  ] 

northeastward  both    the  parallel  chains,  the  Bine  Ridge 

Smoky  (or  Iron  Mountain,  as  it  is  here   called.)    together  with 

the  several   lofty  cross-chains  and   spurs,  were  worked  up  as 

far  as  the  Peach  Bottom    range    in    the  eastern    part  of   Alio- 


lSO^-GO.]  Document  No.  27.  15 

ghany.  Tlie  triangulation  was  also  extended  so  as  to  include 
the  principal  secondary  n  g  -  ast  of  the  Blue  Ei  |  .  a  the 
Brushy  and  Warrior  Mountains  &c[  in  Caldwell  and  Wilkes. 
and  the  South  Mountains  in  Burke.  Cleaveland  &c.,  and  tlie 
King's  Mountain  range  on  the  lower  Catawba.  The  eleva- 
tions were  taken,  not  only  of  the  summits,  but  also  of  nearly 
all  the  principal  gaps  ot  the  Blue  Ridge  from  Transylvania 
round  to  Alleghany,  as  weU  as  of  numerous  points  on  the  pla- 
teaus beyond,  and  on  the  eastern  slopes  ak  .  as  to  give  iu 
outline  at  least,  the  grand  topographical  features  of  the  ■ 
The  triangulation,  and  the  determination  of  the  latitude  and 
longitude  of  a  series  of  points  were  necessary  to  enable  me 
construct  a  geographical  map  ot  the  State  sufficiently  accu- 
rate in  its  leading  features  for  the  purpose  oi  locating  intelli- 
gibly, the  g        gical  formations. 

The  absurdly  erroneous   and    conjectural   character   of  tlie 
existing  maps  of  the  5  more  palpable  in    the   mountain 

ion  than  elsewhere.     Afi  illustrations  ma;  ntioned 

the  mislocation  of  the  southern  boundary  ofHay^i         I     nnty 
by  ten  miles  :  the  placing  of  the  well  known  T  [ountain 

ight  or  ten  miles  from  its  act;.  tion 

which  is  east  of  Green  river,  on  a  massive  spur  «.-t   the  Saluda 
mtains,    which    is    entirely     emitted,     although     higher 
more  conspicuous  than  the  Blue  Ridge  itself;  and  the  re 
al  of  King's   Mountain   from    its    ancient    -         '.Gaston 
inty,  three  miles  north  of  the  State  line,  into  a  neighboring 
-      -  -  are  in  fact  but  a  jumble 

useless  for  any  scientific  purpose. 

In  constructing  the  outlines  ot   a  geological   map  of   the 
State,  it  was  ssary  tor  me  to  know  the  latitn 

Southern  boundar  :h  none  of  the  maps 

jive.     By  agreen  .   the  two  Carolina  colonies 

and  afterwards  between  the  States,  that  line  should  have  lx 
the  parallel  of  thirty-five  deg      -.   north  latitude.      But   in 
fact,  as  run   by  the  Commissioners,  first  about  the  middle 
the  last  century,  and  again  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and 


10  Docxmk.vt   No.   '27.  [Session 

thirteen,  it  consists  of  a  very  broken,  irregular  line,  which  is 
not  coincident  with  a  parallel  of  latitude  at  all.  and  varies 
many  miles  from  that  o\'  thirtv-five  degrees,  and  on  both  sides 
of  it.  It  appear  by  the  records  that  Dr.  Joseph  Caldwell 
was  appointed  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  thirteen  to 
determine  the  latitude  of  the  eastern  and  western  extremities 
of  that  portion  of  the  line  which  lies  between  the  Catawba 
river  and  the  mountains,  and  which  was  run  for  a  due  west 
line  in  the  year  seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-two.  His 
determination  was  only  approximate,  but  he  found  the  west- 
ern end  of  it  too  far  north  by  about  seventeen  miles,  and  the 
eastern  end.  at  the  confluence  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Ca- 
tawba, by  more  than  ten  miles.  The  position  of  the  other 
(supp  >sed)  east  and  west  portion  of  the  boundary,  between 
the  (.  atawba  and  Yadkin,  has  never  been  ascertained,  so  far 
as  appears.  I  therefore  took  observations  at  the  western 
end  of  it.  in  order  to  fix  both  its  latitude  and  longitude.  The 
line  is  laid  down  on  most  maps  as  running  due  east  from  this 
point,  but  will  of  course  be  found  seriously  out  of  course,  for 
the  same  reason  as  the  other,  the  variation  of  the  compass 
having  been  but  little  understood  at  the  time  it  was  run. 
The  tree  marks  of  the  survey  having  disappeared,  and  gen- 
erally the  trees  themselves,  the  actual  position  of  the  line  at 
any  point  is  mere  matter  of  tradition,  and  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained, because  it  is  not  known  what  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass was  at  that  time,  nor  what  correction,  if  any,  was  mad-1 
for  it. 

Our  northern  boundary  is  in   no  better  condition,  particu- 
larly the  western  half  of  it.     Most  of  the  maps  Bhow  an  error 
of  nearly   two   miles,   ^to  the  disadvantage  ot'  this   State, 
usual.)  dac  no  doubt  to  the  same  cause  as  in  the  other  oases. 

This  indeterminateness  of  our  boundaries  is  the  occasion  of 
frequent  controversies,  ami  a  fruitful  source  of  vexatious  liti- 
gation, aud  ought  to  be  removed  by  having  these  lines  sci- 
entifically and  authoritatively  located  and  marked  with  stone 
posts  at  intervals  not  greater  than  five  miles. 


>.]  Document  No.  27.  17 


CIIATTEE  II. 


-The  territory  covered  by  the  ex- 
-    :'  -'  e  '    -r  two  seasons]  :  of  the  C 

e  named  and  extending  :         -    the   breadth  of  the  State, 
n  the  French  Broad  to  the  love:'  Catawba,  lies  al<  i  _ 
.    inage  or  river  axis -of  the  Si 

h  may  he  represented  by  a  line  extend::.  i  the 

4  Henderson  G  raer 

Ashe      -  track  being  indicated  by  the  peaks  of  S'\ 

r\i  Pinnacle,  Grandfather.  Flai  Cnob  and  TThite 

.     Id  passii  rthward  along  "  :r  will  be  seen  t<> 

towards  '  .  reaching        °  t  di-- 

_ence  at   the  point  where  th  r  oi  the  B 

hen   recurving   to   the  right,   a 
test  eastern 

Blue  Ridge  meets  the  cross  chain  of  the  Rich 
is  is  the  di        .   or  watershe d 

-  ward,  and  on   the  other.  But 

:•  the  w:  Sew  Hi  r  impingi  tl 

Ridge,  hrown   back 

western  slope,  in  Virginia,  it  will   si  icep- 

-  to  regj  Blue  Eidge  as  the  dividing  line  ; 

the   area  under  remark  into  I 
idly  contrasted  with  each  othftr.     The 
i-    i  the   average    breadth   not   excee.. 

rated,  rising  from   a  height  of  t\. 
earn  arly  four  thousand  on  the  b  wrders 

■fitchell  and  "Watauga,  and  u  lally  t.^ 

-rle  less  than   three  thousand,  on  the         S     'a  line;  and 
T).      ft  .  27.]  2 


Lfl  EBi   X".  27. 

thwest,    but   bi 
abrnj  edge  with  a  sudden 

Than   one  thousand  feet.     The  other,  w] 
called  the  piedmont   -  of  the  State, 

t  along  ]  _  ' 

•villi  a  gradnal  slopi  .  *  ut  one  th  r'eet 

_■   an    average   breadth  of 
. 
Y-  .      2  i  Iption  of  the  western  plateau  I  mnst  refer 

renty-five  to  thirty.)     It  is  divided 
.1  rery   high  s  chains  i 

-.     In  titu  it  the  tv.  .'del 

,  the  Blue  ]  . 

:e  the  ne  I    each  other,  and  al  *     are 

[anced  than  farther  west,  the  latter  still 
■'•averse-"..    -  all  the 

in  theloM 
And   at   thi  st   part,   the   pla- 

>  its  2  .  in  an  an 

ude  ran/  thou- 

feet     This  is   th 
• 

ins.     In  1  -vui- 

:'.'li) 

■  .   N         '      . 

:  •  gin  rise* 

iummit  of  th< 

.  plateaus  and  val 

_-/.".•  • 
wit. 

- 

whole  course  in   this  State 


''--'CO.]  Document  No.  27. 


the  divide,  or  watershed,  but  It  has  besides  the  additional  | 
liarity  that  it  constitutes  the  eastern         g  the  great  table 

land.     Here  however,  in  the   highest  and  narrowest  pari 
the  table  land,  this  characteristic  tails,  tli  .alley  of 

ville  between  the  falls  an     source,  apart 

Qtane  plateau  :  the  Bine  Ridge  I  >-  a  range  of 

fringing  the  western  edge  <  f  this  •';,   hills*  are  - 

rated  by  gaps,  many  of  which  are  not  two  hundred  fe 
the  river.     So  that  it  is,  -     ak,  only  an  accident  th  A  these 

waters  did  not  break  thr  -  ,,e  g^ 

stead  of  the  higher  range  of  Jonas'  lii 

At  one  other  point  alone  there  is  a   re  of  this  | 

Uarity,  viz:  in  the  case  o         -     r's  valley  in  Jackson  Cob 
The  eastern  or  piedmont  plateau  is  divided,  as  to  its 
stems,  into  three  regi  i  -    Irained  r  ely  bv  the  Br 

fcawba  and  Yadkin  rivers  ;  the  slope  of  the  first  being 
wards  the  southeast,  and  of  the  others  east  ami   a  little  n< 
These  drainage  surfaces  are  separated  by  two  nearly  parallel 
easterly  chains  of  mountains,  the  South  an  I  the  Brushy, 

spur  of  the  Blue  Ridg   .  may  be   regard* 

an  eastern  prolongation.,         Swam  range, in  Bunooi 

Itfethedm  ftwba   and  Broad  rivers, 

attains  a  height  of  thirty-five  hundred  to  four  thousand 
^several  points  along  its  course  of  twelve  or  fifteen   mi 
to  the  month  of  Crooked  creek,  where  it  rises  into  a  pred 
tons  mural]  gth  and  three  t3 

sndred  feet 
From  this  p  -Jtv  nij]e5%  -n  ifi  , 

low  straggling   ridge,   constituting   I  between 

waters  of  the  Catawl  Second  Bi       ,  g     reefy  reaching 

;t  an  elevati 
ra  of  Silver  <  suddenly  rig 

'   antains  :  three  thousand 

.      lich  elevation  it  ] 

thro'  gn  its  numerous  _   the  massive   sj 

(Deal's  Knob.  Are..'  whicl        -  theastward  beta 


20  Document  No.  27.  [Ses 

the  waters  of  the  Catawba  and  South  Fork,  as  throughout 
the  main  chain  for  a  distance  of  fifteen  miles  to  Ben'e  Knob  : 
beyond  which  it  is  prolonged  three  or  four  miles  in  a  high, 
narrow,  regular  ridge  of  about  two  thousand  live  hundred  feet, 
called  Queen's  Mountain. 

From  this  massive  portion  of  the  range,  especially  from 
the  western  end  of  it,  several  spurs  make  off  southward  be- 
tween the  waters  of  First  and  Second  Froad,  the  chief  of 
which  are  the  Bickerstafi  and.  Lookadoo  Mountains,  which 
are,  in  several  points,  nearly  a.-  high  as  the  main  chain. 

The  nthei-  range,  the  Brushy,  i>  an  independent  chain  which 
divides,  for  mosl  part  of  it--  course,  the  waters  of  the  Catawba 
aud  Yadkin,  from  a  point  a  lew  miles  north,  of  Lenoir,  for 
mure  than  fifty  miles,  in  a  direction  a  little  north  of  east. 
This  chain  also  preserves  through  the  greater  part  of  its  length 
a  remarkable  uniformity,  in  direction  and  elevation,  many  of 
its  peaks  rising  above  two  thousand  feet.  The  Pilot  is  pro- 
perly a  conti  iuation  of  this  chain  beyond  the  Yadkin,  which. 
iks  through  it  at  this  point. 

Besides  these  two  principal  chains,  the  western   side  vt'  the 
plateau  is  diversified  by  many  spurs   of  the    Blue"    Ridge   of 
great  ele7ation,  being  in   many  cases  much   higher  than  the 
Flue  Ridge  itself.     Among  these  may  lie  mentioned   the  Sa- 
luda Mountain,  on  our  southern  border,  which  constitutes  Ahe 
State  line  for  a  distance  of  more  than   twenty-five  rail 
Tryon  and  White  Oak  range  in    Folk   County,  a  spur  of  the 
Saluda;  the  Hungry  Mountains ;  the  huge  pyramidal   me 
about  Hickory  Nut  Gap,  as  Sugarloaf,  Bear  Wallow,  Pis 
Pinnacle;  the  high  ranges  on  the  north  side  of  if. 
( 'atawba,  upon  which  arc  the  conspicuous  summits  ^i'  Maekey'e 

mntain  and  Wood's  Bnob;  and  most  notably,  the  long,  reg 
lllar    and    maS6ive   southerly   chains    of    I.inville    and    Jonas' 
last  are  parallel  and  approximate,  more  than 
twenty  mile,  long,  ami  separated  by  the  deep  narrow  gorge  of 
Linvitle  river. 

The  belt  ot  country  east  of  this,  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 


lS68-'69.]  Document  No.  27.  21 

the  Yadkin,  having  a  breadth  of  fifteen  or  twent}7  miles,  is 
corrugated  by  numerous  southerly  ridges  making  out  from  the 
Blue  Ridge  between  me  tributaries  of  Catawba  and  Yadkin, 
many  of  them  more  than  twenty-live  hundred  feet  high. 

I  have  not  undertaken  in  these  preliminary  reports  to  give 
numerical  or  detailed  reports  of-  observations,  topographical, 
geological  or  agricultural,  these  being  reserved,  for  obvious 
reasons,  until  the  final  report  on  the  geology  of  Western  North 
Carolina,  after  the  computation  of  observations,  the  analysis  of 
specimens,  and  the  construction  of  the  geological  map  and 
sections.  But  as  there  are  some  circumstances  which  give  a 
present  interest  to  the  topography  ot  the  Blue  Ridge  section, 
I  will  give  below  the  results  ot  a  series  ot  observations  made 
along  that  line.  Most  of  these  observations  were  taken  with 
the  barometer ;  a  few  of  them  have  been  obtained  from  Rail 
Road  surveys.  Beginning  on  the  head  waters  ot  French 
Broad  in  Transylvania,  the  following  are  the  elevations  of 
successive  points  along  the  line  of  the  Ridge,  proceeding  north- 
ward. The  calculations  were  abbreviated,  for  want  of  time, 
and  they  are,  therefore,  only  approximate,  giving  the  elevations 
within  a  few  feet : 

Cantrell's  Mountain, — Blue  Ridge, 3,550 

Grassy  Folly  Gap,         "         "        2,823 

Slicken  "  "        "       2,868 

Jones'  "  "         "        2,920 

Caesar's  Head,  spur  to  south  of  Blue  Ridge, 3,21S 

Chestnut  Mountain,  "         "       3,323 

Green  River  Gap,  "         "        2,722 

Pinnacle,  "         "       3,667 

Coley,  "        «       3,751 

French  Broad,  near  Brevard, 2,105 

"  "         at  mouth  of  Little  river,   2,083 

Butt  Gap,  (Rail  Road,)— Blue  Ridge,  2,169 

Hendersonyille,  (Britain's,)   2,lt'»i> 

Saluda  Gap,  (Rail  Road,) — Saluda  Mountains, 2,340 


22  Document  No.  87.  [Session 

( Sorbin  Mountain, — Saluda  Mountains, 3,972 

Howard  Gap, — Tryon  Range l.s7'.> 

Tryon  Mountain, 3,332 

Pacolet  River  crossing, — Howard  Gap  Road 944 

Green       "  «  u  "         "       1,616 

Gap  of  Blue  Ridge,  "  u         "       2,168 

Hungry  Mouritains,  highest  point 3,001 

Reedy  Patch  Gap,— Blue  Ridge, 8,2 

Hickory  Nut  Gap,     "        "         2,906 

Broad  river,  at  month  ot  Reedy  Patch  creek, 1. 1KV 

Si   oe  Mountain 3,437 

Sugarloaf,  Bpur  of  Blue  Ridge, S.'.'iG 

Bear  Wallow,  "        "        4,255 

rah,  "         "         4.4:;- 

The  Pinnacle,  or  Bald, 3,861 

Cane   Creek  Crap, — Bine  Ridge, 3,959 

Black  Knob,  "         "       " 4.1'" 

Lytle's  Peak,  "        "         4,385 

Dill's  Knob,  per  Level, ;,..M^ 

Swanfeahoa  Gap,  (Rail   Road,) — Blue  Ridge, 8,658 

Hickory  Nut  Mountain,  near  mouth  ot  Crooked  Creek.  3,312 

( )ld  Fort,  Mill  creek,  (Rail  Road,) 1,452 

I     icon's,   Buck  Creek,  (Col.  Whiting.) 1,254 

Buck  Creek  Gap,— Blue  Ridge 3.:;- 7 

The  Narrows,  "        "         4,058 

Three  Knobs,  per   Leyel, — Blue  Ridge 4. loo 

Gillespie  Gap,  "        "         3, 

"Win.  English's  School  House,  head  ot  North  Cove, 8,023 

Humpback  Mountain,  highest  point, — Blue  Ridge 4,! 

Rattlesnake  Spring  Gap,  near  Linville  Falls, .">..">i'.~> 

Gap  at  head  <>1  North  K<»rk  of  Catawba, 3,405 

Brushy  creek,  (Prof.  Gdyot,)  Blue  Ridj 

Pisgah   Gap,— Blue  Ridge 3,423 

Soapstone  Gap,     "      "         3,589 

D    linger'fl  Gap,   "      "         3,600 

Mil!'  -       "     "        (Ool.  Gardner,) 8 


1S68-  69.]  Document  No.  27.  23 

Sugar  Mountain,  Blue  Ridge, 5,312 

McCanless'  Gap,       "      "         4,198 

Grandfather   Gap,  (Guyot,)   between    head  waters   of 

Watauga  and  Linville, — Blue  Ridge, 4,100 

Grandfather,  (Guyot.) — Blue  Ridge, 5,89V 

Flat  Top,  head  waters  of  New  River,  near  Blue  Ridge,  4,549 

Watanga  Gap,  (Rail  Road,)— Blue  Ridge, 3,779 

Big  Ridge,  "        "         4,100 

Tin  b,  New  River, 3,009 

Boone  Court  House, 3,250 

Howard  Gap.  Rich  Mountains, 3,1 

Rocky  Mountain,  spur  of  Blue  Ridge, 4^071 

Cooke's  Gap.  (Montgomery,)  Blue  Ridge, 3,307 

Bent  Branch  Gap,  "         "  3,146 

Lookout  "  "         "         3,210 

Clear  Branch  "  "         »'  3,193 

Deep  "  "         ;'         3, 

Thompkin's  Knob,  "         "  4,064 

Jeftera  ■:>..  Ashe  County 3.'  57 

South  Fork  ot  Xew  River,  (mouth  of  Cranberry,) 2.7' '7 

Grandfather.  Alleghany   County, — Blue  Ridge, 3,987 

Ferny  Knob,  Peach  Bottom  Mountains,  highest  point,  .  .  4,291 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  lowest  portion  of  the  Blue  Ridge  lies 
along  the  eastern  border  of  Henderson  County,  from  Butt  Gap 
to  Reedy  Patch.  In  tact,  through  this  distance  of  about  twenty 
miles,  there  is  no  Blue  Ridge,  so  that  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
turning  the  waters  of  the  plateau  from  their  westerly  flow  and 
bringing  them  into  the  eastern  rivers,  as  has  been  done  by  the 
inhabitants  for  milling  purposes.  And  one  may  pass  the  Ridge 
in  many  places  without  being  aware  of  the  fact,  and  lie  can 
only  realize  it  by  observing  the  change  in  the  direction  of  the 
streams.  This  is  especially  true  of  Reedy  Patch  Gap,  which 
as  appears  from  the  above  figures  is  lower  than  the  town  of 
Asheville.  It  is  for  the  engineers  to  explain  why  the  main 
trunk  o\  the  Rail  Road  system  of  the  State  was  carried  through 


2i  Doc;. mini    X.».  27. 

nore  than  four  hundred  feet  higher  and  greatly  i  i 

from  both  sides, 
topographical  features  ofvthis  mountain  region  o 
,  ■  thus  bri  •  tched,  arc  not  accidentaL     There 

doubt  that  here  was  once  a  lofty  plateau  higher  than  ihe 
highest  summit  of  the  Black,  and  comparable  in  elevath 
not  in  extent,  to  the  present  great  table  land  on  the 

of  the  continent,  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada.     The  destructive  action  ot  atmospheric    . 
chemical  and  mechanical — water,  frost,  oxygen,  carbonic  a< 
have  by  their  incessant  play  through  the  uncounted  eentu 
which  make  the   lifetime   of  a   continent,   disintegrated    and 
worn  away  the  vast  mass,  until  it  is  but  a  skeleton  of  what  it 
.  transporting  the  ruins  successively  to  lower  levels,  and 
illy  to  the  sea.     Of  course  in   this  process  the  softer  ro 
as  the  shales,  limestones   and   certain   micaceous  slater,  would 
suffer  a  greater  amount  of  abrasion  than   the  hanh-r  mac 
such  as  granite  and  the  silicious  and   horublendic  Blatee  and 
Hence  the  present  mountain  chains  are  composed  oi 
the  latter,  while  the  rivers  have  scooped  out  their  valleys 
through  the  tracts  occupied  by  the  former.     There  arc  abun- 
'ant  illustrations  of  these  statements  throughout  this  inter* 
ing  region.     It  will  be  sufficient  to  cite  the  great   vallej 
Cherokee,  hewn  out  of  the  limestone,    and   following  that  for- 
mation   closely,  far    down    into    Georgia;  the    valley    ot    the 
French  Broad  through  Transylvania  and   Henderson,  which 
has  been  excavated  in  a  similar  and  easily  disintegrate  rock  : 
and  the  valleys   of  Catawba    and    Yadkin.      It   has  been  i 
where  observed  that  the  rivers   usually   take  a  Course  at  right 
angles  to  the  direction  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  for  the  obvious  rea- 
Bon  that  that  is  the  line  of  quickest  descent.     Bat  these  two 
named  rivena  form  an  exception  to  the  rule,  striking  oft 
for  fifty  or  sixty  miles  in  a  northeasterly  course,  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Bine  Ridge,  taking  the  tract    of  the  softer  rockfl  and 
making  a  grand    easterly    sweep    around    the   harder  strata  of 
the  Brushy  and  South  Mountains. 


DocniE-vr  No.  27.  i 

Thes    _  itnres  _ 'on  are  not  without  interest 

in  a  .  but  they  are  of  pra  -tical  impor- 

eir  intimate  connection  with 
mal  _      nltnre  and  an  obvious  and  m  -       - 

-  I  internal  improvemeJ 

oient  and   proepei  ity     f  th«    : 
:id. 

BUS! 

A-  .d  surface,  (the   :       graph j)  1 

the:  geological         --.    -     the  nature  and  condition 

-  which  constitute  that  surf  rrible  to 

the  gjencies.     An  I  as  the  reliefs  and  contour  enter 

pri:  into  the  production  of  climate  and  thus  claim  the 

:y  of  the  agriculturist,  so  the  superficial  _ 
account  of  its  intimate  and  obvious  connecti 
the  origin  of  soils,  demands  his  attention  also.     These  consi  .- 
erations  are  independent  of,  and  additional  to  the  scieutiri 
:   the  sul  ;eet. 
Tlie  present  condition  of  the  earth's  surface  at  any  point  is 
due  in  larg  the  causes  last  in  action  upon  it. 

are  .!.     Since  the  continent 

present  genera]  "form  and  pressure,"  its  surface  ha  si 
ject  to  the  incessant  action   of  these  agencies,  and  has  ui 
gon  1  alteration.     Earth,  |  as  contradisting     - 

B  :..  '  globe  in  which  man  is 

terested  as  being  a   "  tiller  of  the  ground."  is  the  direct  result 
of  the  action  »:>f  thes-  s  npon    the  subjacent  na- 

tion-.     In  the  section   of  the  State   under  consi-:  .  :he 

either  of  the  original  rock,  or  or  ear::,  derived 
v  disintegration  in  situ,  or  of  the  debris  of  if 
.    -  rted    and  variously  arranged  under  the 
moving  water  and  ice.     Of  tl  leacription  very  little  ex- 

ists, and  that  only  on  the  tops  of  a  Ilqw  high   mounts 
rock  a   -.  is    '  .  <•_      idfather.  Table  Kock  Are.,  or  an  oc 


Document  No.  27. 

-  _  t cliff,  as  Shortoff  and  Linville.     The 

■'.  -  trface  is  quite  insignificant,  the  mountains 
•     "  very  summits  and  along  their 

rpments  with  soil  and  fore 

-     -longs  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  this 
Th    -  il,  sube  I  earth   are  simply  the  weathi 

the  nnderlying  which  have  been  de 

to  a  variable  depth  of  a  taw  feet,  to  several  fathoms, according 
to  their  character  and  permeability  to  water  and  air. 

To  the  third  class  bel     _        ly  the  valleys,  (or  bottoms 
the  -  .  and  in  a  few  cases,  the  lower  ranges  of  hills  that 

it   into  them.     These  hot"  sedi- 

ments, gravel,  sand  and  clay,  (alluvial.)     The  deposits  on  the 
sand   ridges  are  drift,  and  consist  of  earth,  pebbles  and 
ften  intermixed  with  fine  clay.     Both  consist  of  the 
frocks  found  on  the  higher  ridges,  monntai  pla- 

teaus, am  often  be  traced  to  their  sources,  though        sral 

stant. 
The  alluvions  present  nearly  level  surfaces,  are  of  various 
.  bom  a  few   inches    I      -  -veral  feet,   and  •me 

•able  extent,  as  in  the  vah  -veral  of  the 

re,  where  are  frequently   found  continuous   trad 
ral  thousand  acres.     These  are  n«>t  always  in  one  plane, 
but  are  frequently  disposed  in  terraces  rising  by  regular  and 
well  defined  -      -.  above  another,  and  preserit- 

arpments  towards  the  river.     The  larger 
usually  belongs  to  the  first  or  second  terr 
the  former  being  still  subject  to  <  I   overflow,  the  latter 

,  or(inmos1         -   never,  being  generally  from  five 
to  fi  'higher.     The  third  _       rally  an  ■  i  of 

fifty  feet  above  th  level,  and  the  fourth 

from  one  hundr-  I   and  fifty.     Thee     I      .  and 

:  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and  are 
small  extent,  and  often  reduced  to  a  few  isolated  patel 

found  on  all  the 
I  of  three  and  four  oh  several  of  the  larger  rivers. 


1868-  69.]  Doodmeht  No.  87.  -27 

example,  tlie  French  Bn  ad,  at  and  below  Warm  Springs,  and 
the  Yadkin  a  little  1  -  >n.     Gravel  and  boulders,     - 

well  as  sand  are  frequently  found  in  these  1xm. 
be  regarded  as  having,  in  un.-.         -  the  san 

-  the  drift,    which    caps   and  faces   the   terminal   ridges  and 
knobs  which  project  into  the  valleys,  and  is  found  at  vari    is 
qb  along  the  npper  reaches  of  must  of  the  large  rivers, 
-ides   of  the   Bine   Ridge.     Aw  Vie  example 

Been  in  the  town  of  Ashevilie,  (as  formerly  inei. 
in  the  pebble  beds  which  crown  the  summit  of  the  hill  over- 
looking the  town  on  the  west,  and  which  must  be  about  th 
hundred  feet  above  the  present  bed  of  the  river.  Near  the 
base  of  the  higher  and  Steeper  mountain  ranges,  the  material 
of  the  drift  is  very  het  _  jous,  consisting  of  earth  and  sand 
and  rounded  and  smoothed  fragments  of  I  i  us  kin.".-    : 

rocks  found  on  the  higher  parts  of  the  mountains.  But  as  the 
valleys  open  out  and  the  foot-hills  recede  from  the  hi_ 
chains,  it  consist  mainly,  of  pebbles  and  boulders  of  quartz 
land  a  tew  other  hard  rocks*  imbedded  in  sand  or  clay,  the  lat- 
ter often  very  fine  and  tenacious.  A  very  good  example  mav 
be  seen  in  Catawba  valley  less  than  one  mile  below  Old  Fort, 
in  a  cut  of  the  Rail  Road,  from  which  have  been  taken  an  im- 
mense number  of  very  hard  and  smooth  quarts  be...  lers,  some 
of  them  weighing  above  a  ton. 

there  are  two  or  three  bed-  of  drift  superposed, 
one  upon  another  unconformable,  consisting  of  different  mate- 
rials evidently  derived  from  different  sources,  the  upper  occu- 
pying the  depressions  and  conforming  to  the  irregularitic  - 
the  lower. 

In  a  few  instances  drift  beds  are  found  with  a  distinct  beach 
structure,  as  on  Pacolet  !■'  I     nnty  near  Columbus,) 

at  an  elevation    of  not   less   than   one   hundred  and::: 

the  present  water  level. 

se  drift  beds  are  trequently  auriferous,  as  in  California 
and  other  parts  of  the  w-.rld.     Indeed,  the  •  le- 

posites  of  this  character  in  the  State  are  the  famous  placer- 


2^  l7. 

the  Soul 

spurs  and  1. 

numerous 
.  diluvial 
_    tenth  up  to  fifteen  or  1 
ghl 

supiea   inter: 
aqua: 

genera:  v. 

_  I 
era! 

.    in    the 
ooi:.  _   to  the  most       sent 

.  y  ■ 

stoe  ter.     TL 

likewise  much  disturbed  i         -  _ 

wards  the   Bowtb-eaflt,    the  average  ab     I  - 

-  - 

nior                         lies,   via  :  _       - 

k  J 

:    ' 
.  and  include*  the  town  -  4  He. 

■  ".  At  i 

e  areas, 
an-:  to  be  redm : 

■•v. 

_-       Ifadis  rer  Fran 

it  will  probablj 

:  funua- 
■  themse:  m  northwe?" 

•: . 


L868  '69.]  Docuhect  No.  87.  29 

At  Paint  Rock,  on  the  State  line,  occur  the  thin-bedded 
silieious  slates  which  were  described  in  the  former  report. 
They  are  called  by  Prot.  Saftord,  the  Geologist  of  the  State  of 

Tennessee,  Chilhowl  >nes,  and   are  set  down  conject- 

ural! v  by  several  eminent  geologists  as  Potsdam  Sandstone. 
They  have  never  yiel  sils,  by  which  their  _ical 

horizon  might  be  ined.     A  few  very  thin  beds  of  argil- 

laceous slate  are  found   interpolated   here  and  there  between 
the  quartzose  strata. 

-  ing  np  the  deep  gorge  which  the  river  has  excavated. 
rand  to  be  interbedded  with,  and  are 
finally  replaced  by  shales   and  grits,  the  latter  generally  :'. 
bnt  occasionally  approaching  in  appearance  a  breccia,  or  con- 
nerate.     These  ar    -  led  by  heavy  beds  of  argillaceous 

in  turn  give  place,  at  Warm  Springs, 
to  a  heavy-bedded  bl  :  -''-y  limestone.  This  is  followed 
by  a  eal<  -grained  sandstone,  which  pree- 

--  -  into  a  g]  h-jointed   quartzite  rising  in  ver- 

tical e I i  ;-  j  the  river  for  two  miles,  and  succeeded  by  a 

conglomerate  with  bluisl  -ites 

Ice,  at  and  b  mouth  of  Laurel  river.     A  little 

point  comes   in   a  very   extensive  and  conspicuous 

elspathic  quartzite,  or  petrosilex,  which  continues  for 

in  8  mil  .  then  graduates  through  a  a 

rab  and  mottled  argillaceous  slates 

This  5ii       --     i  of  quartzites,  grits,  shales,  lime- 

e and conglomerati  occupies  in  direct  cro —  ipace 

•  than   ten   miles.     I  have  elsewhere  referred   to  the 

ntify  of  this  form  ith  that  which  is  so  conspien 

on  \  .  all  therefore  call  it  the  'Qtes. 

i   a  northeast   course  up  the  Laurel   valley  and 

fcy,  or  Unaka  Mountains  into  Tennee 

next  formation    in    order,    coming  east,   is  the  great 

•where  designated  it,  of  gneissoid 

ks»     It  occupies  the  central  and  highest  part  of  the  great 

in  tain  plateau,  beg  g  on  the  upper  waters  of  Iliwas- 


Document  No,  i  [Session 

river  in  Clay  County,  and  extending  in  a  din  bout 

north  fifty  d  ast,  quite  aci 

It  is  limited  southeast  by  a  line  nearly  coincident  with 

BlueRidg   .         pt  where  thai  stern 

around  the  Counties  ol   B  n  and  Transylvania, 

being  Bucceeded   by   th(  md  liinestom 

Counties.      The  average  breadth   of  the  formation  is  ;.' 
twenty-five  miles,   and   Bince   it   is   conspicuously  de 

&  the  whole  breadth  of  Buncombe  County,  be 

n  in  com]  stidn  aloi  »ad  in  i- 

through  that  County,  it  will  be  more  in  accordance  wi 

■ill  it  the  U::  Cfroup.     The  rocka  ol  thi  -  has 

been  elsewhere  stated  manifest  an  extreme  d   s 
tion,  and  of  disturbance.     They 

tion  of  granitoid  or  gneissic  rocks,  and  consist  of  various  and 
recurrent  successions  of  gneissoid  slates,—  ,  iai         .     Ispathic, 
micaceous   and    hornblendic,    with    frequent 
proper,  and  occasional  interpolation-  of  true  granite. 

reddish  porphyroidal  felspathic  gneiss  is  four 
the  northwestern   edge  of  the  belt,   as  may  be  seen   a  little 
"  i   rshall  on  the  Freu  I  and  again   in  Yancey, 

some  four  miles  north  of  Burnsville.     Mica  schist  ale 
in  large  development,  towards  -    rn  margin    .  elt. 

lay  be  seen  in  the  town  of  A-heville.  and  along  the  Swan- 
nanoa  valley  to  a  point   near  ally 

letiterons,  and  frequently  Is  in  crystals  of  ' 

maybe  seen  two  miles-  Swannano    G 

river  r  few  milee 
ville.      The  formation   is   :;'.-''   chan  I  1 

whole  extent  by  the  frequent  occurrence 

rnesian  rocks,  ophiolites,  s.-i-jk:; • : 
and   chl  •   with    tremo 

1   with  hornblen 
itain   veins  ol*  chromic  iron, 
amples  may  be  seen  on   Ivy  (on  the  road  leading  from  Ashc- 
ville  to  Burnt  ;  six  mile-  north  of  the  latter  pla 


1S6S-  CO.]  Document  No.  27.  31 

again  on  South  Toe  eight  or  ten  miles  east  of  the  same  point  ; 
on  the  Bakersville  road,  a  few  miles  south  of  that  place ;  in 
the  Rich  Mountains,  (head  waters  of  Howard's  Creek)  in  the 
north  part  of  Watauga;  and  in  the  southern  part  of  Ashe  on 
Elk  creek. 

Hornblende  slates  are  found  in  largest  development  in  the 
ITellow  and  Iron  Mountains  in  the  northern  part  of  Mitchell 
County,  and  again  in  Watauga  and  Ashe  Counties  between 
Watauga  river  and  the  North  Fork  of  New  River.  This  last 
is  the  most  extensive  bed  of  this  rock  in  the  State  and  f 
for  twenty  miles  a  succession  of  very  high  and  nigged  mount- 
ains. In  the  Big  Rich  Mountain  and  Elk  Knob  these  dates 
are  highly  garnetiferous. 

The  Buncombe  Group  is  divided  transversely  on  the  borders 
of  Mitchell  and  Watauga  by  what  appears  to  be  a  fold  of  the 
Cherokee  Slates,  (or  their  associates  and  representatives,)  which 
laps  around  the  base  of  the  Yellow  Mountains  and  meets  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  the  Linville  Slates  on  the  head  waters  of  Lin- 
ville  river,  between  Humpback  and  Grandfather,   thus  estab- 
lishing, if  this  observation  be  correct,  the  identity  of  the  Cher- 
okee and  Linville  series.     Here  I  am  inclined  to  place  the 
grained,  light  colored  and  greenish  talco-quartzose  conglonier- 
a  <■  slates  on  Elk  river  and  upper  Watauga,  and  the  Light  col- 
i  and  greenish  felspathic  and  quartzose  sandstones  and  grits 
of  Sugar  Mountain  and  the  upper  valley  of  Linville  and  Elk 
and  the  large  body  of  dark  grey  and  bluish   compact  qua] 
argillaceous  epidotic  slate-  and  epidosites  which  extend  from 
the  upper  valley  of  Linville  across  Elk  river,  through  the  Peak 
and  Hanging  Rock  Mountains,  in  a  north-east  course  to  main 
Watauga,  where  they  appear  in  precipitous  rugged  cliffs  al< 
the  turnpike,  for  more  than  a  mile  in  transverse  section.     '\ 
last  (the  epidotic  slates)  are  often  trappean   in  aspect,  and  are 
generallj  ed  and   penetrated    very  irregularly  with  i 

dote,  which  is  frequently  found  in  small  nodular  roundish 
masses,  giving  the  rock  an  amygdaloidal  appearance,  inter- 
mingled  with  ^  these  there  is  frequently  a  multitude. of  sphe- 


N  .87. 

V 

been 
Jv  indicated,  l.»v 

_ 
: 
■ 

red 

- 

■ 

lack 
nd 
tee,    in  and 

I  in  a  few 

- 
from 

Tur 

In   arc  mi 
I    the  pr. 

■ 

■ 
- 
the! 


I868-'69]  Document  No.  87.  33 

rently  very  coarse  porphyroidal  gtieiae  one  mile  south  of  Blow- 
ing Rock  on  tlie  turnpike.     This  last  is  in  fact  a  dark  greenish 
argillaceous   schist    which   encloses   between   its  hirers 

ivunded  and  somewhat  flattened  nodules  of  eleavable  felspar, 
which  are  arranged  in  a  general  parallelism  with  the  stratili- 
cation.     These  ovoidal  masses  are  frequently  from  three  quar- 
to one  inch  in  diameter. 

The  Linville  Slater  are  succeeded  by  a  second  series  of  meta- 
morphic  gnesssoid  rocks,  which  are  essentially  a  repetition  of 
the  Buncombe  Group.  This  fourth  formation  covers  a  larger 
area  than  any  of  the  others,  about  as  large,  in  fact,  as  the  other 
three  together,  and  extends  eastward  tu  the  King's  Mountain 
Elates,  being  limited  iii  that  direction  by  a  line  connecting  that 
mountain  with  the  Pilot,  in  Sorry  County  :  occupying  there- 
fore nearly  the  whole  of  the  piedmont  plateau. 

It  may  therefore  be  appropriately  named  the  Piedmont 
Group,  although  it  extends  across  the  Blue  Ridge  into  Hender- 
son and  Transylvania.  Like  the  similar  formation  further  west, 
it  consists  of  a  succession  of  telspathic.  hornblendic  and  micace- 
ous slates  and  gneiss.  The  most  conspicuous  of  these  subdi- 
visions is  the  broad  belt  of  light  colored  and  grey  felspa- 
thic  gneiss,  sometimes  tine,  generally  coarse  grained  and  por- 
phyroidal, which  extends  along  the  western  side  of  the  forma- 
tion from  the  upper  French  Broad  to  the  Catawba  in  Burke. 
This  may  be  seen  at  the  falls  of  Little  River,  at  the  cross  _ 
of  the  French  Broad,  in  the  quarries  near  Hendersonville.  in 
the  naked  ledges  at  Flat  Rock,  in  the  mural  precipices  about 
Hickory  Xut  Gap.  in  the  steep  and  narrow  ledge  of  Ilickory 
Xut  Mountain  on  Crooked  Creek,  and  in  the  Rail  Road  c 
from  Marion  to  Muddy  Creek. 

Along  the  eastern  margin  of  this  belt  is  a  notable  body  oi 

hornblendic  slates,  which  crop  out  along  the  Blue  Ridge  a: 

head  of  Little  River  and  at  Flat  Rock  Gap,  re-appeari    _ 

near  the  head  of  Pacolet  and  attaining  their  greatest  devel 

:;t  in  the  massive   range  of  Tryon  Mountain  and  in  Stone 

Doc  Xo.  27.]  3 


■  A  DoCBlCEVT   No.    -~. 

Mountain  on  Reedy  Patch  Creek,  and  the  Pinnacle  in  the 
angle  oi  Broad  River,  They  show  themselves  at  many  points 
beyond  this,  conspicnonsly  <»n  the  head  water-  oi  Be©  »nd  Broad, 
in  the  western  ascent  of]  teals  Knob  in  the  Sooth  Mountain,  and 
at  the  month  of  Muddy  (.'reek,  and  beyond  the  Ca- 

tawba into  the  "Warrior  Mountains  of  Caldwell  County. 

The  central  and  eastern  portion  of  the  piedmont  section  are 
occupied  chiefly  by  various  alternations  Of  febpathic  slates 
and  L'neiss.  These  may  he  seen  in  large  extent  in  Cleveland 
and  Rutherford  on  First  and  Second  Broad,  where  they  are 
much  disturbed  and  very  irregular  in  their  bedding,  and  are 
highly  impregnated  with  iron  pyrites. 

The  middle,  southern  and  eastern  portion  of  Polk  County 
and  the  southwestern  angle  of  Cleveland  are  occupied  by 
mica  schists,  which  are  usually  garnetiferoos and  frequently 
pyrittferons.  At  similar  large  body  oi  rocks  is  found  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Burke  County  and  exte     -  _  idth 

of  country,  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  South  Mountains  - 
era!  miles  into  Lincoln,  and  northward  and  eastward  into 
Caldwell  and  Catawba.  It  i-  very  observable  in  the  Hail 
Road  cuts  between  Morg&nlon  and  Hickory  Station,  and 
between  the  latter  point  and  Lenoir.  These  sehista are  occa- 
sionally taloose, 

A  second  belt  of  hornblendic  rocks, — syenitic,  gneissic  and 
slaty — occurs  near  the  eastern  -Me  •  ■:  this  piedmont  plateau. 
town  of  Newton  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  it  ;  and  from 
this  point  it  extends  southwest  through  Lincoln  County,  some 
five  mile-  west  of  the  town,  occupying  a  breadth  ct  one  to 
three  miles. 

Serpentine  occurs  in  Caldwell  and  Wilkes,  at  several  point? 
along  the  valley  of  the  Yadkin  and  on  John's  River. 

A  notable  feature  in   the  the  who! 

tion  of  the  State   i~  the  infrequency   of  trap  dik  with- 

standing the  metamorphisra  and  the  very  disturbed  condition 
<.>(  the  rock-.  Two  or  three  [of  diorite)may  bese  .  between 
the  Catawba  river   and    Morgan  ton,  on..-  near  John's  River  in 


1S68-69.]  Document  No.  '27.  35 

Caldwell,  one  (trachyte,  large")  on  •Swannanoa.  and  one  (small, 
granitic)  near  the  month  of  Reedy  Patch  Creek,  near  Hickory 
Xut  Gap, 

The  King's  Mountain  Slates,  which  limit  the  Piedmont 
Group  eastward,  form  a  narrow  belt  of  argillaceous,  micaceous, 
talcosc  and  quartzose  slates  accompanied  in  many  places  by 
limestone,  magnetic  iron  and  graphite.  The  direction  of  the 
outcrop  of  these  slates  is  indicated  by  King's  Mountain,  An- 
derson and  Pilot,  which  lie  along  the  line  of  it,  the  latter  a 
little  westward.  The  dip  of  this  formation  is,  exceptionally 
westward,  although  at  a  very  high  angle. 

Thus  it  appears  that  geologically  the  western  portion  of  the 
State  consists  of  four  groups,  or  formations  ;  Pirst,  the  Cher- 
okee Slates  along  the  Smoky  Mountains  on  the  northwest 
border,  consisting  of  clay — sJates  and  shales,  sandstoi  es,  grits, 
conglomerates  and  limestone  :  Second,  the  Buncombe  Group, 
occupying  the  larger  part  of  the  great  transmontane  plateau, 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Smoky,  and  consisting  of  gneissic 
and  granitoid  rocks  :  Third,  the  Linville  Slates,  a  narrow  belt 
stretching  for  the  most  part  along  the  Blue  Ridge  and  com- 
posed, like  the  first  group  ot  semimetamorphic  argillaceous 
slates  and  shales,  sandstones,  limestone  and  gneissoid  grits ; 
Fourth,  the  Piedmont  Group,  gneissio  and  granitoid.  It  will 
be  observed  that  these  four  groups  constitute  two  recurrences 
ot  the  same  rocks,  in  the  same  order  ;  the  first  and  third  beinc 
comparatively  narrow  belts  «»f  semimetamorphic  slates,  the 
second  and  fourth  very  extensive  formations  of  highly  meta- 
morphic  gneissoid  rocks  having  in  each  case  porphyroidal  fels- 
pathic  gneiss  on  the  west,  succeeded  by  hornblende  slates, 
gneissio  slates  and  mica  schists.  These  relationships  natu- 
rally recall  the  Rogers  theory  of  reduplication  by  foldings  and 
overiurns  on  a  grand  scale,  as  in  Pennsylvania. 


IQfff. 

Each  o.  -  edoontau  .fcrons 

deposit?  as  v.  i        -    \       valuable  minerals.     The   western,  or 

•her 
-   me  valua  |  lacers  and  veins  :  but  these  are  con- 

fined to  that  portion  of  life  eerier  which  lies  forth*  and 

has  been  described   ::  -   report  ;  within  the  area* 

now  under  consideration.  H  matakm  silve?,  a  tew  iron  beds- 
limestone,  barytes  and  buhrsfofw. 

The  Buncombe  Group    -  pep-bearing 

seiv -.  ntains  I    -  some  of  the  garnet  axl  and 

table  iron  beds  in  the  &t   '   .  gold,  ebron  w  iron.  mica. 

ae.     The   Linviile  Slate?   are   principally 

ible  fur  their  valuable  limestone  quarries-.,  although  they 

elded -some  gold,  (as  heretofore  stated,  in  Transylva- 

]    contain   a   few   beds   of  iron  ore,  and    abundance 

.   bably  grindstone)  rocks.     The  Piedmont 

it  important  deposits  of  g        soma  iron, 

1  serpen!  h  much  copper  and  alum-pr 

5  slates,  leral  Bpru  _-. 

aeioealiti  noet  important  of  these  minerals  will 

ieated,  and  the  chief  circumstances  ot  their  occurrence 

jaofa 

Gain. 

Thee  -'   ifthe  Bine  Ridge, (within  the  limits 

••.under  remark,)  where  g  been  obtained  are  on  the 

French  Broad  and  S  be.    There  haws  been  found  indt- 

.juantiti'  _-  the  valley  of  Cane 

.  and  on  Boylston  in  Transylvania,  as  pre- 
isly  oienti  -         9*an&  of  much  impor- 

tance have  1  red     The  other  locality  is  on  How- 

reek  in  V  _     ■      .nty.  about  one  mile  from   Boon, 

where  a  small  «:  "  -  ght  some  year? 


iS6S-m]  Document  No.  27.  37 

ago.  Them  is  uo  evidence  of  any  extensive  occurrence  of  gold 
bearing  rocks  here. 

In  the  Piedmont  soetio7t  there  arc  three  gold  placers  of  con- 
siderable note.  One  of  these  is  at  Sandy  Plains  in  Polk 
Oounty.  The  gold  is  found  in  the  u  gravel  "  from  the  debris 
of  denuded  hills  of  mica  schist.  This  gravel  is  found  in  tlic 
beds  of  several  small  streams  over  an  area  of  several  miles. 
These  "  diggings  "  are  still  wrought  in  a  small  way.  No  veins 
have  been  discovered. 

The  most  extensive  and  notable  deposit  in  this  region  and  in 
the  State  is  found  in  the  South  Mountains  on  the  head  waters 
of  First  and  Second  Broad  and  of  Silver  and  Muddy  Creeks. 
It  is  divided  into  four  principal  districts,  on  the  above  men- 
tioned streams  which  are  named  respectively  Whiteside, 
Jeanstown,  Brindletown  and  Brackettown.  The  whole  area 
occupied  (interruptedly)  by  this  deposit  is  between  one  and 
two  hundred  square  miles.  These  mines  were  opened  about 
the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty,  and  were  operated  on  a 
large  scale  but  in  a  rude  way,  until  the  discovery  of  the  Cali- 
fornia mines.  Some  thousands  of  laborers  were  at  work  here 
for  a  number  of  years  and  no  doubt  several  millions  of  gold 
were  obtained.  Work  is  still  carried  on  at  a  great  many  points 
and  several  thousands  of  dollars  are  annually  mined.  The 
deposits  were  originally  very  rich  and  yielded  frequently  ten 
dollars  a  day  for  each  laborer.  The  gold  bearing  drift,  or 
"gravel,"  is  accumulated  along  the  beds  of  the  streams,  on  the 
benches  of  the  hills  and  in  all  the  various  situations  which 
have  in  California  given  rise  to  the  division  into  river,  hill, 
bench,  flat  and  gulafli  diggings.  Some  of  the  deposits  on  the 
larger  streams  are  quite  extensive  and  of  considerable  depth. 
Many  of  them  have  been  worked  over  several  times.  The  pro- 
cesses heretofore  employed  were  of  the  rudest  kind,  and  no 
doubt  the  introduction  of  the  improved  California  methods 
would  render  these  mines  again  very  profitable.  Many  of  the 
hill  and  bench  deposits  have  never  been  worked,  and  could  not 
be,  except  by  the  hydraulic  process. 


Document  No.  27.  [Session 

The  gold  of  these  placers  has  evidently  been  derived  from  the 

numerous  small  veins  in  the  slopes   of  the  adjacent   hills  and 

attains.     The  gangue  of  these  veins  fa  usually  a  granular 

white  quart;:   -         iroid).     They  are  email  and  hare  not  been 

mined  hitherto.  Machinery  has  been  put  up  however  near 
Brackettowri  tor  the  purpose  of  working  one  of  these  saoehsv- 
roidal  veins,  which  seems  to  be  nearly  a  toot  in  thickness. 
The  third  gold  field  referred  to  is  in  Caldwell  County  on 
L  wer  Creek.  Operations  have  been  carried  on  here  on  a 
considerable  scale  on  both  sides  of  the  creek,  but  mostly  on 
the  north  side,  along  the  beds  of  the  tributary  streams  which 
come-down  from  the  terminal  spurs  and  ridges  of  the  Warrior 
Mountains,  which  divide  the  waters  of  Lower  Creek  from 
John's  River. 

There  are  many  other  places  where  gold  has  been  obtained 
from  ** gravel "  in  considerable  amounts,  as  in  the  beds  ot 
some  small  streams  on  the  slopes  of  the  hills  three  to  four 
miles  west  of  Morganton,  where  gold  washing  is  still  carried 
on  profitably  ;  in  the  waters  of  Second  Broad  in  Rutherford  : 
on  Pacolet  River.  Polk  County,  and  in  several  parts  of  Cleve- 
land and  Lincoln. 

The  Shuford  mine  in  the  eastern  part  of  Catawba,  which  con- 
tains both  placers  and  vein-,  i-  nruated  on  the  King's  Mountain 
belt  It  has  been  worked  for  a  number  of  years  with  very  sat- 
isfactory results,  and  operations  are  to  be  resumed  shortly. 
The>e  are  "  dry  diggings"  and  the  difficulty  is  in  procuring  a 
supply  of  water. 

Vein-mining  has  never  been  extensively  carried  on  in  this 
region.     The  Mountain   Mining  Company  were   i  ma- 

chinery during  last  summer  to  operate  the  quartz  vein  near 
Brackettown  already  mentioned,  and  were  about  to  re-operi  a 
mine  some  four  miles  south  of  Shelby,  which  is  neither  a  vein 
nor  placer' mine.  The  gold  bearing  rock  is  a  heavy  ledge  of 
brown  ferruginous  mica-schist,  which  is  impregnated  with 
iron  pyrites  in  a  state  of  minute  subdivision  and  abound-  in 
garnets.     There  is  no  semblance  of  a  vein   proper.     Dr.  Em- 


1S6S-  69.]  Document  No.  27.  39 

mons  reports  that  gold  is  tomid  in  the  conglomerates  of  Mont- 
gomery, ami  the  very  intelligent  superintendent  of  the  Rhodes 
mine  in  Lincoln  assured  me  that  he  obtained  gold  from  the 
common  grey  gneiss  of  the  country,  which  constitutes  the  wall 
rock  of  that  vein  and  at  the  King's  Mountain  mine  in  Gaston 
large  quantities  of  limestone  are  stamped  and  washed.  And  I 
have  seen  gold-bearing  felspathic  slates  from  Moore  and  talco- 
quart$o$e  slates  from  Montgomery,  so  that  although  the  gangue 
rock  of  gold  in  this  State  is  usually  quartz,  compact  or  saccha- 
roidal,  it  is  far  from  being  universally  so,  nor  is  the  occurrence 
of  these  auriferous  rocks  limited  to  veins. 

There  are  two  other  mines  in  the  piedmont  section  that  are 
worthy  of  mention,  the  Baker  (or  Davis)  and  the  Michaux, 
both  on  John's  River  near  the  Caldwell  and  Burke  line.  The 
latter  has  yielded  some  very  fine  capinet  specimens,  the  veins 
being  numerous,  small  and  in  places  "s  ery  rich.  This  mine  has 
been  scarcely  opened,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  predict  what 
\vill  be  its  character  economically.  The  veins  are,  so  far,  very 
much  scattered  and  subdivided  into  threads,  but  a  proper  sys- 
tem of  mining  may  develop  their  connection  with  a  "  mother 
vein,"  or  their  aggregation  into  a  larger,  regular,  and  well  de- 
fined one.  The  country  rock  which  carries  these  veins  is  gran- 
itoid gneiss,  and  is  decomposed  to  considerable  depths,  into 
what  the  miners  term  "  slate/'  The  "  Baker  Mine  "  is  situ- 
ated a  little  higher  up  the  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Wilson's 
Creek.  The  vein  here  is  situated  in  the  plane  of  contact  be- 
tween a  heavy  bed  of  serpentine  and  the  felspathic  slates  of 
the  country.  A  large  quartz  vein  meets  this  at  right  angles, 
which  is  also  auriferous,  and  contains,  near  the  outcrop,  silver 
and  lead  ;  but  it  has  been  very  little  explored.  Gold  has  been 
found  at  other  points  in  this  section,  in  small  quantities,  but 
the  above  mentioned  are  the  only  localities  of  much  note.  If 
we  pass  beyond  the  Piedmont  Group  into  the  King's  Mount- 
ain Slates,  there  are  many  famous  gold  mines  along  this  forma- 
tion and  in  the  gnessic  rocks  between  it  and  the  lower  Ca- 
tawba, several  of  which  have  been  lately  reopened  under  fa- 


40  Document  No.  27.  [Session 

vorablc  auspices, — the  Kind's  Mountain  mine,  the  Khodes, 
iVattie,  and  fcWO  or  tliree  others.  These  are  now  operated  by 
companies  and  under  superintendents  of  California  experience, 
in  several  cases,  with  the  most  improved  California  machinery 
manufactured  in  San  Francisco.  From  these  tacts,  and  espe- 
cially from  the  superior  engineering  skill  which  is  now  em- 
ployed in  these  and  several  other  such  enterprises  of  the  Mount- 
ain Mining  Company,  I  infer  that  a  new  era  is  opening  upon 
the  mining  interests  of  our  State. 

SILVER    AND   LEAD. 

These  two  metals  are  associated  in  their  ores  in  this  State 
There  are  hut  two  or  tliree  localities  in  the  territory  under 
consideration  which  are  worthy  of  remark  in  this  respect.  On 
the  north  slope  of  the  Beech  Mountain  in  Watauga  County, 
on  the  waters  of  Watauga  Iliver,  at  two  points  galena  has 
been  lately  discovered,  which  is  rich  in  silver.  The  veins  have 
been  but  little  explored  however,  so  that  it  cannot  yet  be  de- 
termined whether  they  are  of  much  value.  One  of  the  veins  is 
in  a  greenisli  chlorito-argillaceous  slate;  the  other  I  have  not 
seen,  but  from  hand  specimens  infer  that  it  is  associated  with  a 
huge  body  of  iron  pyites.  A  similar  outcrop  of  galena  was 
found  a  number  of  years  ago  at  Flint  Knob  in  Wilkes  County. 
The  ore  is  of  good  quality,  containing  both  gold  and  silver  ; 
but  no  exposure  of  the  vein  lias  been  effected,  from  which  a 
reasonable  conclusion  can  be  drawn  as  to  its  extent  or  value. 
The  ore,  so  far  as  exposed,  is  in  a  coarse  slaty  gneiss. 

OOFPZK. 

The  most  important  deposits  of  copper  ores  are  found,  M 
already  remarked,  in  the  Buncombe  Group.  Besides  the 
veins  formerly  described,  in  Jackson  County,  there  is  a  similar 
group  of  valuable  veins  in  Watauga,  Ashe,  and  Alleghany. 
These  veins  occur,  like  the  others,  in  the  hornblendic  rocks  of 


1868-'69.]  Document  Xo.  87.  41 

the  series.     The  three  most  noted   mines  in  this  northwestern 
angle  of  the   State,   are  the  "Elk  Knob."  H  Peach  B     " 
and  "  Ore  Knob."     The  first  is  one  of  the  most  promis 
onta  copper  ore  in  the  State.     It  is  a  large  vein  of  the 

yellow  snlphnret    embedded   in   the  most  extensive  body 
hornblendic  rocks  in  the  State.     The  vein  rock  is  a  dark  col- 
ored micaceous  quartzite.  nine  or  ten  feet  in  thickness.     It  is 
situated  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  mountain  from  which  it 
is  named,  at  an  elevation  oi  about  tour  thousand  feet. 

There  are  many  outcrops  of  gossan  in  this  rugged  reg 
some  ot  which  have  been  penetrated  to  a  sufficient  depth  to 
reach  the  copper  pyrites.  This  region  is  well  worthy  of  the 
attention  ot  the  practical  miner  and  capitalist.  The  Peach 
Bottom  Mine  is  situated  on  the  west  side  ot  the  mountain 
range  of  that  name  in  Alleghany  and  a  few  miles  south  of 
New  River.  This  mine  was  well  furnished  with  machinery 
for  the  elevation  and  concentration  ot  the  ore.  It  has  been 
wrought  to  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  The  shatts 
and  tunnels  are  now  filled  with  water,  so  that  I  am  not  able 
to  give  the  size,  or  other  characters  of  the  vein.  It  is  em- 
bedded in  grey  gneissic  slates  and  has  the  same  strike  and  dip 
with  them.  The  gangue  is  partly  vitreous  quartz,  but  chiefly 
a  soft,  coarse,  quartzo-felspathic  rock,  very  easily  crushed.  A 
portion  of  the  vein  yields  also  lead.  Large  quantities  ot  ore 
were  sent  to  the  smelting  works  at  Petersburg  during  the 
war. 

"Ore  Knob"  is  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Ashe  County, 
quite  near  the  Blue  Iiidge.  It  is  in  the  same  character  ot 
rock  formation  as  the  last.  It  is  said  to  have  yielded  sev- 
eral thousand  tons  of  ore  within  a  depth  of  sixty  or  seventy 
feet.  The  vein  is  said  to  be  a  large  one.  The  ore  is  "  yellow 
copper"  as  in  the  other  mines.  I  have  no  doubt  that  all 
these  mines  could  be  profitably  reopened  but  for  the  difficulty 
of  transportation  to  market. 

In  the  southern  corner  of  Ashe  County  is  another  mine  of 
some  note,  known  as  **  Gap  Creek."     Having  been   opened 


42  Document  No.  27.  [Session 

several  years  before  the  "war,  the  shaft  is  of  course  filled  u; 
:.-  to  prevent  any  examination.     Dr.  Enuimns  visited  it  when 
first  opened  and  reports  that  at  a  "depth  of  fifty  to  sixty  feet 

the  ore  is  vitreous,  which  will  probably  be  twice  as  rich  as  the 
"yellow  sulphuret."  He  further  describes  the  vein  as  "a  true 
vein,  having  a  perfect  regularity  in  direction  as  well  as  in  its 
walls."  "The  width  is  variable,  being  eighteen  inches  wide 
at  the  surface,  and  from  twelve  to  twenty -four  inches  at  differ- 
ent depths."  "  The  rock  in  which  it  is  embraced  is  a  horn- 
blende slate  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide.'* 

There  are  indications  of  copper  veins  in  many  other  local- 
ities in  this  County,  and  doubtless  many  new  mines  will  be 
opened  as  BOOB  as  this  region  shall  be  furnished  with  means  of 
transportation. 


IRON. 


The  remarkable  deposits  of  magnetic  ore  in  Mitchell  have 
been  previously  described.  The  Cranberry  is  the  most  impor- 
tant and  extensive,  but  there  are  many  other  beds  in  different 
parts  of  the  County,  some  of  them  magnetic  as  at  Flat  I  Jock, 
others  hematitic.  In  Madison,  there  is  also  a  promising  out- 
crop of  slaty  magnetic  ore  on  East  Fork  of  Laurel,  and 
another  near  Jewell  Hill  of  specular  ore.  In  Ashe  County. 
on  the  North  Fork  of  New  River,  are  also  large  depositi 
valuable  ore,  generally  magnetic,  some  of  which,  smelted  in  a 
common  bloomery,  are  said  to  have  yielded  a  fine  quality  of 
iron.  In  the  Linville  Slates,  besides  the  hematitic  beds  for- 
merly mentioned  as  occurring  with  the  limestone  in  Transyl- 
vania ami  Henderson,  there  are  several  others  of  the  same 
character  in  McDowell,  in  the  spurs  of  Linville  Mountain,  on 
both  Bides  <<t'  the  North  Fork  of  Catawba.  Iron  was  made 
here  many  years  ago,  but  the  qualify  seems  not  to  have  been 
o-ood.  There  is  a  bed  of  magnetic  ore  near  Patterson,  in 
Caldwell,  which  I  take  to  be  of  fine  quality,  but  there  is  no 
exposure  to  justify  an  opinion   as  to  its  quantity.     Both  mag- 


lS68-'69.j  Document  No.  27.  43 

netic  and  heraatitic  ores  are  reported  to  be  found  in  the 
Brushy  Mountains  in  Caldwell  and  Wilkes,  and  to  have  been 
formerly  manufactured  into  iron  at  a  few  points.  The  most 
valuable  bed  of  iron  ore  in  the  Piedmont  Group  is  found  in 
the  syenitic  belt  near  Xewton  in  Catawba  County.  The 
is  of  the  same  quality  as  that  at  Cranberry,  and  yields  a  sim- 
ilar iron. 

The  extensive  and  very  valuable  iron  beds  of  Gaston,  Lin- 
coln and  Catawba,  which  have  been  wrought  for  three  quar- 
tets of  a  century  and  have  yielded  more  iron  than  all  other 
mines  in  the  State,  do  not  belong  to  the  formation  under  con- 
sideration. They  occur  in  the  King's  Mountain  Slates,  from 
the  South  Carolina  line  to  Mt.  Anderson,  cropping  out  at 
short  intervals  along  the  whole  distance  of  some  forty  miles. 
An  account  of  some  of  the  most  important  ot  these  beds  is 
given  by  Dr.  Emmons  in  the  report  for  the  year  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  titty-six.  Several  new  mines  however,  were  opened 
during  the  late  war  in  the  vicinity  of  Mt.  Anderson,  and  seve- 
ral new  furnaces  were  erected,  which  are  still  in  blast.  The 
ore  is  partly  magnetic,  and  partly  of  the  variety  known  as  Itab- 
irite,  and  the  iron  generally  of  very  good  quality. 

CHROMIC   IRON. 

As  has  ,been  stated  previously,  this  mineral  accompanies  the 
serpentine  in  the  most  ot  its  out  crops  in  the  transmontane 
plateau,  e.  g.,  in  Yancey,  Mitchell  and  Watauga,  as  well  as  in 
Jackson.     It  exists  in  the  form  of  nodules  and  veins. 

BARYTE-. 

There  are  several  viens  of  this  mineral  in  Madisou  County. 


44  Document   Na   i'7.  [Session 


GRAPHITE. 


re  are  a  few  small  veins  of  graphite,  or  plombae 
1  ::d  Catawba,  in  the  gneissic  rocks,  bur  the  n 

able  and  the  largest  number  i  them  are  found  in 

the  K     _ '-.'■!       tain  Slates  in  <   itawba.  Lincoln  and  Gaston. 


M:a. 


I. .  _  -*als  of  mica  are  found  in  many  parts  of  Yan 

and  Mitchell :  the  largest  I  have  seen  however,  were  obtained 
.eveland  near  Shelby.     When  clear  and  free   from  flaws. 
-  :    ir  inches  by  six  are  worth  about  one  dollar  and  a 
pound. 

PYRITES. 

Iron  pyrites  is  found  in   numerous  localities,  but  the  most 

-  and  important   occurrence  of  it  is  that  whieh  has 

been  already  mentioned  in  Cleveland  and  Rutherford.     The 

gneissic  slates  of  a  large  district  here  on  the  waters  ot  First 

and   Second   Broad  and  Saudy   Run,  are  impregnated  with 

this  mineral  in  ■  very  minute  subdivision.     The  rock 

.rhers  easily  ou  exposure  to  the  air.  and  produces  copperas 

alum  in   immense  quantities.      TL  usands  oi  ere 

manulactured  here  during  the  war.  and  the  business       .  .:  be 

ducted  profitably  still.     The  circumstances   under  which 

manufactured  in  Vermont  and   elsewhere  are  not 

The  only  disadvantage  here  is.  in  the  matter 

-  ttion  to  market,  which  however  is  likely  to  be 

i  remedied. 

MINERAL    SPRINGS. 

The  same  cause,  viz  :  the  abundance  and  wide  diftusion  of 
_        :  be  to  so  many  sulphur,  chalybeate  and  alum 


1S68- 69.]  Document  No.  27.  44 

springs  in  this  Piedmont  country.  They  abound  throughout 
the  region,  but  the  most  noted  are  "Wilson's  Springs,  (White 
and  Red  Sulphur,  and  Chalybeate)  near  Shelby  in  Cleveland 
County,  McBrier's  and  Patterson's  in  the  same  County,  and 
the  Catawba  White  Sulphur  and  Chalybeate  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  County  of  the  same  name,  and  Piedmont  Springs 
in  Burke  near  Table  Rock.  All  these  are  watering  places  of 
some  celebrity.  "Wilson's  and  the  Catawba  have  been  recently 
improved  and  furnished  in  good  style.  They  have  the  advan- 
tage ot  being  located  in  a  very  salubrious  climate,  in  view  of 
the  mountains,  and  easily  accessible  from  the  Rail  Roads.  Be- 
yond the  Blue  Ridge  also  mineral  springs  abound.  The  most 
notable  are  the  celebrated  Warm  Springs  on  the  French  Broad 
in  Madison,  the  Sulphur  Springs  near  Ashville,  and  the  Mil- 
lion Springs  at  the  foot  of  Craggy  Mountain. 

GRINDSTONES  AHB   "WHETSTONES. 

The  Linville  Slates  furnish  abundant  materials  for  grind- 
stones and  whetstones,  in  the  Linville  mountains,  and  for  whet- 
stones of  very  good  quality  in  Adam's  Xnob  on  John's  River. 
On  Laurel  River  in  ALadison  is  a  peculiar  eherty  splintered 
whitish  quartz  rock  which  Mr.  George  Gehagan  was  manufac- 
tured into  millstones  which  are  described  as  nearly  equal  in 
performance  to  the  French  buhrstone. 

BUILDING    STONES. 

In  a  granitic  country  like  this,  building  material  is  too  abun- 
dant to  require  particular  mention. 

SKRFENTINK. 

This  rock  has  been  mentioned  as  occurring  frequently  in  the 
transrnontane  region  ;  but  it  is  not  of  a  quality  to  be  valua- 
ble for  ornamental  purposes.     There  is  in  fact  only  one  1< 


40  Docxftaonr  No.  27.  [Session 

ity  where  it  has  the  proper  structure  and  finetieSfl  of  grain,  and 
that  is  near  Patterson  in  the  upper  Yadkin  Valley.  Here  it 
is  oi  a  dark  blue  color  and  beautifully  veined  with  chrysotile, 
and  furnishes  an  excellent  material  for  mantels,  table-tops  and 
numerous  other  ornamental  uses. 

LIMESTONE. 

This  is  the  most  valuable  mineral  found  in  the  territory 
under  review.  Little  account,  is  made  ot  it  hitherto,  because 
ot  the  backward  state  of  the  agriculture  of  the  region.  But 
the  time  is  not  distant  when  our  farmers  will  understand  that 
lime  is  an  absolute  necessity  in  all  profitable  and  intelligent 
cultivation  of  the  soil.  The  completion  of  our  system  of  in- 
ternal improvements  is  demanded  tor  no  other  purpose  so  im- 
mediately, or  so  urgently  as  for  this,  of  furnishing  facilities  for 
the  general  distribution  of  this  and  other  fertilizers.  Lime- 
stone is  not  abundant  in  North  Carolina.  And  the  deficiency 
can  only  be  supplied  by  multiplying  the  means  tor  as  wide 
distribution  of  it  as  possible  from  the  few  localities  which  fur- 
nish it. 

It  has  been  mentioned  already  that  there  are  three  principal 
formations  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  in  which  this  rock 
is  found,  the  Cherokee,  the  Linville  and  the  King's  Mountain 
Slate-:  and  the  general  course  of  these  belts  has  been  traced 
with  some  particularity,  and  the  localities  indicated  where  the 
limestone  outcrops  were  observed.  It  is  found  also  in  the 
Buncombe  Group,  in  two  beds  which  cross  the  French  Broad 
near  the  town  of  Marshall,  a.s  has  been  mentioned  formerly. 

A'.UId  I.TUKAL   GEOLOGT. 

The  general  agricultural  features  of  this  region  will  be 
readily  inferred  from  what  has  been  stated  above  in  descrip- 
tion of  its  topography  and  lithology,  the  soils  of  a  country 
beiiiir  the   immediate   derivatives  of  its   rock-formations    and 


18GS-Y.9.]  Document  Xo.  27.  47 

owing-  their  character  entirely  to  these.  As  a  general  state- 
ment, wherever  mica  schists  prevail,  the  soil  is  sterile  and  the 
forests  inferior,  as  in  the  southern  part  of  Polk  and  Cleveland 
and  portions  of  Burke,  Catawba  and  Caldwell.  The  same 
remarks  are  applicable  to  the  soils  which  are  derived  from 
sandstones,  as  on  Linville  Mountains,  and  about  Paint  Eock. 
But  as  the  soils  ot  much  the  larger  part  of  the  territory  under 
consideration,  (probably  nine-tenths  of  it,)  are  derived  from 
gneissoid  rocks,  their  value  and  character  will  in  any  case  be 
determined  by  the  composition  and  quality  of  these.  Where 
the  rock  is  highly  felspathic,  the  soil  is  thin  and  the  timber 
poor;  but  it  is  generally  very  improvable,  requiring  only  the 
addition  of  lime  to  render  it  productive.  The  most  notable 
illustration  of  both  these  points  is  furnished  by  the  Henderson 
County  belt  of  gneiss,  through  its  whole  extent,  from  Tran- 
sylvania t"  McDowell.  The  productive  power  of  these  soils 
along  the  French  Broad,  has  been  trebled  in  a  few  years  by 
the  liberal  use  ot  lime. 

Where  the  gneissic  rock  becomes  hornblendic  an  immediate 
improvement  is  observable  in  the  soil.  Illustrations  of  this 
sudden  change  inthe  character  of  the  soil,  coincident  with  an 
alteration  in  the  composition  of  the  rocks  are  numerous. 
These  dark  hornblendic  rocks  always  produce  a  red,  or  "  mu- 
latto" soil.  The  hornblende  slates  of  Tryon  Mountain  may 
be  cited  as  an  example  in  immediate  and  striking  contrast 
with  the  poor  felspathic  soils  a  little  west  ot  it.  Another 
notable  illustration  is  furnished  by  the  syenitic  belt  in  which 
Newton  is  situated.  But  the  most  conspicuous  demonstra- 
tion of  the  immediate  relation  of  the  soil  to  the  subjacent 
rock  is  found  in  the  massive  hornblendic  mountains  already 
described  along  our  northwest  border,  in  Mitchell  and  AVa- 
tauga.  the  Yellow  Mountains,  Rich  Mountains,  Elk  Knob  etc. 

Of  course  the  best  soils  of  this  region,  as  elsewhere,  are  the 
alluvions  on  the  water  courses, — the  ''bottoms."  In  a  moun- 
tainous country  these  river  bottoms  are  usuallv  narrow  and  in- 
terrupted.    But  there  are  some  remarkable  exceptions  in  this 


DtOGCTfENT    N        -7 

si  important  of  which  are  the  I 
French  Broad,  Catawba  and  Yadkin,  in    all   which    I 
extensive  tra    -        -  sand   acres  of  the  fines!  : 

_  land.     And  similar  tracts  are  found  on   the  r: 
Pigeon,  1  i  .-ialiy  A"  . 


150S-*09.]  Document  No.  27.  49 


CHAPTER   III. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Climate. — The  general  remarks  on  the  climate  and  produc 
tions  of  the  more  western  Counties  contained  in  the  former 
report  (pages  forty-one  et  seq.)  are  equally  applicable  to  the 
whole  transmontane  plateau.  The  most  elevated  portion  of 
it,  in  Mitchell  and  "Watauga,  (above  three  thousand  feet)  lias 
the  summer  temperature  of  New  York,  seventy-two  degrees  ; 
and  the  winter  temperature  of  "Washington  City,  thirty-five 
degrees  ;  mean  annual,  fifty-six  degrees.  The  annual  rainfall 
is  likewise  that  of  New  York,  forty -two  inches ;  that  of  the 
eastern  section  of  the  State  being  forty-five.  Snow  falls  here 
about  as  often  as  in  New  York,  but  not  more  than  half  as 
deep.  On  the  lower  plateaus,  as  the  French  Broad,  the  eleva- 
tion of  which  is  a  little  below  two  thousand  feet,  the  winter 
climate  is  proportionably  milder. 

Timber. — The  forests  of  this  mountain  plateau  are  very- 
heavy,  and  contain  an  incalculable  amount  of  valuable  tim- 
ber. There  are  hundreds  of  square  miles  of  white  oak  for- 
ests, which  must  become  immensely  valuable  for  export  at  no 
very  distant  day.  The  black  locust  covers  large  tracts  of  ter- 
ritory in  many  of  these  Counties.  This  is  the  most  durable 
timber  in  our  forests,  and  is  so  much  esteemed  for  ship  build- 
ing that  it  is  cultivated  in  the  northern  States  oa- a  large  scale, 
one  acre  on  Long  Island,  for  example,  being  valued  at  two 
to  four  hundred  dollars.  Chesttut  timber  id  everywhere. 
Poplar  (tulip  tree)  is  abundant.  These  two  are  the  largest 
growth  of  the  mountain  forests,  sometimes  measuring  ten  to 

Doc.  No.  27.]  4 


•27. 

twelve  feet  in  diameter.     .Not  far  behind  these  in  size  is  the 
•r   oak    of    the   mountaineer.)      White    pine 
;nds  in  all  the  higher  plal       -.        ..  on  up]  'lie. 

and  New  Ri     r,    S   ath  Fork.)  and  often  reaches  a  height 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  and  a  diameter  four  to  live  feet. 
dock  is  :.  indant  along  the  streams  in  the  higher 

.  and  attains  a  great  size.     Among  valuable  cabinet 
intain  birch,  (mahogany  of  the  mountaineer,  i  birds- 
maple,  black  walnut  and  cherry  are  found  in  great  quan- 
tities, and  of  large  size.     Large  lie-Ids  have  been  fenced  with 
black  walnut  in  this  region.     I  measured  a  cherry  tree  in  Elk 
more  than  nine  feet  in  girth,  and  seventy-five 
Bnch  a  tree  would  be  worth  more  than 
one  hundred  dollars  in  New  York.     There  are  also  extei- 

.  maple,  Irom  which  many  thousands  <>:  pounds 

sugar  are  manufactured  every  year,  supplying  the  entire 

te  market  in   many  sections.     The  linn  tree,  (tilia,)  which 

•uudant  in  the  rich  coves,  is  highly  prized  by  the  inhabi- 

furnishing  a  valuable  winter  forage  for  cattle. 

er  there  are  other  spontaneous  products  that 
are  v.  :  mention  ;  among  which  are 

are  hundreds  of  acres  of  native  cran- 
the  streams  in  the  higher  valley.-,  from  which 
oantities  of  fruit  are  annually  gathered  for  export     IV- 
which  may  be  ad 

. — Of  these  ginseng  is  the  most  important. 

eral  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  this  article  are  annually 

':,  and   i  nrce  of  large  revenue  to  the  inhabi- 

d    Minnesota    are    the   principal 

rt,   the  whole  of  which  goes  to  China. 

Wil  f  considerable  trade. 

»ral  kinds  of  snake  root,  pink  root,  puccoon. 

Hebore,    i  »ard.   Indian    turnip.    Indian 

.  and  a  hundred  others.     The  aggregate  amount  of  mo- 


1S6S- 69.]  Doccme.m  Xo.  27.  51 

ney  realized  annually  from  the  trade  in  these  articles  in  the 
mountain  section  of  this  State  is  probably  over  a  quarter  of  a 
million. 

The  principal  larm  products  are  corn,  wheat,  rye,  buck- 
wheat, oats,  grasses,  (chiefly  timothy,  herd,  blue,  orchard  and 
clover),  fruits,  (especially  apples,  occasionally  peaches,  pears 
and  grapes,  i  potatoes,  and  root  crops. 

Com  grows  everywhere.  On  the  higher  ridges  and  plateaus 
(three  thousand  feet  and  upwards)  the  northern  varieties  are 
required  on  account  of  the  shortness  of  the  seasons. 

Wheat  does  well  in  Buncombe,  Madison,  Yancey,  and  in 
small  portions  of  the  other  Counties. 

Bye.  buckwheat,  oats  and  the  o /'a  ■?■?>:*  flourish  everywhere, 
but  especially  in  the  more  elevated  regions  of  Mitchell,  Wa- 
tauga. Ashe,  Yancey,  oce.  I  am  assured  by  intelligent  tann- 
ers in  this  region  that  four  tons  per  acre  of  hay  is  no  uncom- 
mon yield.  These  grasses  escape  from  cultivation  and  propa- 
gate themselves  everywhere.  I  have  seen  a  field  near  live 
thousand  feet  high  that  was  seeded,  some  twenty  years  ai 
with  timothy,  and  has  not  been  under  fence  in  fitteen  years, 
which  has  still  a  good  "set"  of  grass.  Oats  grown  at  this 
place  weighed  forty-two  pounds  per  bushel. 

In  the  higher  parts  of  the  mountains,  ^above  four  thousand 
five  hundred  feet,)  there  are  three  species  of  perennial  winter 
grass,  which  send  up  their  new  shoots,  or  si  Is,. in  Xovember. 
and  remain  green  all  the  year ;  so  that  cattle  and  sheep  require 
little  care  even  in  winter,  except  in  case  of  a  deep  fall 
snow,  which  does  not  happen  more  than  once  in  eight  or  ten 
years. 

The  new  Japan  clover,  as  it  is  call'.  i   striata) 

has  spread  over  the  whole  of  this  region.  I  have  found  it  in 
a  few  cases  on  the  tops  of  mountains  four  to  live  thousand  feet 
high.     Such  tacts  as  these,  taken  in  connection  with  the  exceed- 


Bf  Document  N  .  -_'7.  [Session 

bag  cheapness  of  land,  (twenty-five  cents  to  one  dollar  per 
acre,)  and  the  proximity  to  the  great  markets  of  the  country. 
will  surely  justify  the  opinion  that  the  continent  does  not 
afford  more  iavorable  conditions  for  profitable  cattle  farming. 
wool-growing  and  cheese  making. 

The  President  of  the  Cheese  Makers'  Association  of  New 
York  (Gov.  Seymour  i  stated  the  other  day  in  an  address  that 
the  reason  of  their  ability  to  compete  successfully  with  the 
English  cheese  makers  is  to  be  found  in  the  comparative  chi 
-  of  land  in  New  York.  The  price  of  one  acre  of  ( 
ernor  Seymour's  grass  land  will  buy  two  or  three  hundred 
acres  in  this  region. 

Cheesemaking  has  recently  been  introduced  here  by  a  few 
intelligent  and  enterprising  citizens  of  Buncombe  and  will  no 
doubt  soon  establish  itself  as  a  leading  industry  of  the  mount- 
ain section. 

It  is  inexplicable  that  no  one  has  undertaken  wool-growing 
on  a  large  scale,  as  such  an  enterprise,  judiciously  conducted. 
could  scarcely  tail  of  success. 

Ajr>pl<s. — Fruit  growing  must  also  prove  vers-  profitable. 
now  that  transportation  is  to  be  furnished.  No  part  vt'  the 
continent  produces  the  apple   in  greater  perfection,  or  with 

-  cost  and  trouble.  There  is  scarcely  ■  county  that  has  not 
several  a  tal  seedlings  of  fine  quality  ;  and  apples  are  fre- 

quently produced  of  twenty -two  to  twenty-three  ounces  weight : 
(and  even  much  larger  figures  were  reported  to  me.  but  as  I 
had  no  means  of  verifying  the  statements,  I  do  not  venture  feo 
repeat  them.i 

Potato*  here  are  remarkably  prolific,  the  yield  being  - 
times  as  high  as  six  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  the  qual- 
ity unsurpassed. 

Boot  Oropt  are   abundant   and   of  the  best  quality. — a  fact 
worthy  of  note  in  connection  with  tine  subject  of  cattle  raising 


1368-'69.]  Document  No.  27.  53 

The  climate  and  agricultural  characteristics  of  the  piedmont 
region  are  notably  different.  In  these  respects  it  much  more 
nearly  resembles  the  middle  section  of  the  State,  (the  hill 
country.)  Corn  and  wheat  are  of  course  the  staple  products, 
and  near  the  mountains,  rye,  tfcc.  A  large  part  of  it  is  well 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  tobacco,  a  plant  not  much  cultivated 
here  however.  Fruits  grow  well  every  where,  but  particular 
localities  have  special  adaptation  to  the  growth  of  certain  spe- 
cies. The  apple  flourishes  especially  along  the  foot  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  On  the  Brushy  Mountains  also,  in  Wilkes 
County  a  fruit  is  produced  of  peculiar  excellence.  Both  its 
orchards  and  vineyards  are  famous.  Lincoln  County  origin- 
ated the  grape  of  that  name,  (called  also  the  "  Hart,"  "  Le- 
noir "  and  "  Davis  w  grape,)  and  Buncombe  claims  the  Ca- 
tawba. Cherry  Mountain  in  Rutherford  is  noted  for  its 
extensive  cherry  orchards  and  the  unequalled  flavor  of  the 
fruit.  It  also  produces  a  rare  quality  of  wheat.  The  Japan 
clover  has  taken  possession  of  this  whole  piedmont  section 
within  a  few  years,  occupying  the  road  sides,  fence  corners 
and  old  fields,- and  seems  likely  to  exterminate  the  pestiferous 
broom  grass.  This  plant  is  an  annual,  ot  comparatively  re 
cent  introduction,  which  seems  destined  to  play  an  impor- 
tant role  in  the  future  agriculture  of  the  State.  Notwith- 
standing the  differences  of  opinion  among  farmers  in  the 
regions  which  it  has  invaded,  it  is  unquestionable  that  it  has 
valuable  qualities  both  tor  pasturage  and  as  an  improver  of 
the  soil. 

Water  power  is  abundant  every  where,  as  will  be  evident 
from  the  topography  of  the  country  already  given  in  outline, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  annual  rainfall  of  forty-two  to 
forty-four  inches.  The  Catawba  and  Yadkin  descend  seven 
hundred  feet  in  a  course  of  sixty  miles  across  the  piedmont 
section  from  the  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge  :  and  the  thousand 
tributaries  (many  of  which  are  themselves  respectable  rivers) 
have  a  much  more  rapid   descent.     Beyond  the  Blue  Ridge 


DocrMEXT  N      -~  [Session 

the  case  is  still  stronger.  Here  is  a  score  of  large  river- 
precipitate  their  vast  volumes  of  water  from  these  elevated 
plateaus  through  more  than  a  thousand  feet  of  descent  in  a 
course  of  thirty  to  forty  miles,  developing  an  amount  of  force 
which  is  beyond  all  estimate.  The  power  developed  by  the 
Falls  of  Niagara  is  estimated  to  be  thirty  times  as  great  as  the 
whole  amount  of  utilized   water   and   steam   pov.  reat 

Britain.     The  water  power  of  North  Carolina  is  ample  for  a 
continent. 

Ornate. — It  has  been  long  known   that  there  is 
a  certain    established   relation    between    I  .nd  climate, 

such  that  a  change  in  one  inevitably  affect?  the  other.  T:  :■ 
amount  of  rainfall,  the  humidity  and  the  electrical  stat"  I  ' 
atmosphere  of  a  region  depend  immediately  upon  the  ex- 
tent of  its  forests.  This  -  -  -.veil  understood  that  in  some 
of  the  prairie  States,  as  well  as  in  various  countries  of  Europe 
and  in  Egypt,  systematic  efforts  have  been  made  (not  without 
success)  to  meliorate  the  aridity  of  the  climate  by  the  encour- 
agement of  forest  cultivation  by  statutory  enactments  and  by 
the  direct  interference  and  agency  of  government. 

Although  there  is   a  vast  amount  of  forest  surface  in  the 
mountain  region,   the  destruction   of  so   considerable  bodies 
along  the  valleys  and  slopes  of  some  of  the  plateaus  has  air- 
begun  to  tell  upon  the  climate.     Of  this  there  are  several  indi- 
cations.    The   streams   in    some  sections   have   notably  con- 
tracted their  usual  volume,  while  they    are   more   subject  to 
excessive  floods  than  formerly.     The  forest  fruits — the  mast  of 
the  oaks,  beech    and  especially   the   chestnut. — have  become 
much  more  precarious  and  uncertain.     The  leaves  oi  the  el 
nut  tree  show  indications  of  change  and  disease.     And  in  the 
piedmont  this  tree  has  perished   within  the  last  genera- 
except  on  the  higher  spurs  and  slopes  of  the  mountains.  I  was 
informed  by  the  old<  n  that   in   localities  where  buck- 

wheat yielded  thirty  bushels  to  the  acre  a  generation  ago,  not 
more  than  half  that  product   can   be   obtained  from  the  same 


1S6S-Y.9.]  Document  No.  27.  .         55 

class  of  land.  And  so  of  other  crops.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
several  Counties  in  which  wheat  could  not  be  profitably  culti- 
vated a  decade  or  two  ago,  it  has  now  become  a  principal 
crop. 

Our  people  have  carried  their  method  of  farming,  (which 
consists  chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  "  old  fields,")  beyond 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  already  these  glorious  mountain  land- 
scapes have  been  extensively  marred  and  scarred  by  large 
tracts  of  these  favorite  mementoes  of  our  agriculture  (eheu  !) — 
North  Carolina  Farmer,  His  Mark.  Some  of  the  finest  lands 
on  the  continent  utterly  denuded  of  forest,  and  of  soil  in  half 
a  dozen  years,  and  reduced  to  bare  rocky  cliffs  and  stone  heaps 
and  steep  glaring  gullies, — a  monument,  a  beacon  and  a 
frowning  curse  !  Xo  wonder  these  bald  declivities,  thus  plun- 
dered and  outraged,  send  down  their  destroying  floods  to  rav- 
age the  plains.     Nature  will  be  avenged  on  man  some  way. 

I  am  for  levying  a  special  tax  on  all  "  old  fields,"  as  heavy 
as  the  Constitution  will  permit.  Indeed  they  ought  to  revert 
and  to  be  declared  ipso  tado  forfeit  to  the  State.  He  who 
takes  an  acre  of  virgin  soil  which  the  Almighty  has  employed 
all  the  forces  of  his  universe  some  thousands  of  years  to  embel- 
lish and  enrich,  his  sun  and  rain  and  frost  and  successive  tribes 
of  animals  and  plants  and  chemistry  of  the  stars,  to  make  it 
"  a  thing  of  beauty  and  a  joy  forever  "  for  the  use  and  en; 
ment  of  his  children — he  who  takes  that  and  converts  it  into 
a  blight  and  a  devastation  in  the  shape  of  an  old  pel  J. — what  is 
he  but  a  criminal '.  Xo  man,  no  generation  of  men  has  an  ab- 
solute title  to  the  soil  in  any  such  sense  that  he  may  innocently 
destroy  it.  It  belongs  to  mankind,  and  the  reversionary  right 
of  posterity  to  it  is  indefeasible  and  inalienable,  and  no  indi- 
vidual or  generation  has,  or  can  acquire  any  other  than  a  usu- 
fructuary property  in  it.  He  who  creates  an  "old  field," 
therefore,  and  so  ''  makes  a  desolation  "  worse  than  even  war 
can  effect,  perpetrate  a  robbery  upon  mankind,  commit-  a 
grand  larceny  against  his  own  children.  "  an  iniquity  to  be 
punished  by  the  judges." 


56  Document  No.  27.  [Session 

Antiquities. — This  is  a  subject  to  which  almost  no  attention 
has  been  given  in  uur  latitude,  and  which  would  be  considered 
by  most  as  very  unpromising.  But  1  risk  nothing  in  saving 
that  there  is  here  a  wide  and  inviting  field  for  the  antiquarian. 
From  the  Indian  Oyster  banks  and  Mussel  beds,  the  kitchen 
middens,  of  the  Albemarle  Country  to  the  huge  burial  mounds 
of  Macon  and  Cherokee,  there  are  mementoes  of  the  aboriginal 
races  in  almost  every  County.  Recent  freshets  in  the  Catawba, 
the  Yadkin  and  the  Dan  have  exhumed  from  the  soil  of  the 
level  "  bottoms,"  (the  favorite  cemeteries  of  the  Indian,)  thou- 
sands of  relics  of  curious  interest,  skeletons,  burial  urns,  various 
implements  and  utensils  of  stone,  pottery  and  copper,  andweap-i 
pns  and  personal  ornaments.  But  a  more  remarkable  fact  is 
the  existence  of  ancient  mines  in  different  parts  of  the  moun- 
tain region,  to  the  date  and  origin  and  purpose  of  which  history 
gives  no  clue.  Twoof  these  are  worthy  of  special  mention,  one 
in  Cherokee,  the  other  in  Mitchell.  The  former,  on  Valley 
River,  consists  of  a  vertical  shaft  about  one  hundred  feet  deep, 
regularly  timbered  in  a  workmanlike  manner,  and  a  tunnel 
driven  in  to  meet  it  from  the  foot  of  the  hill  at  a  distance  of 
several  hundred  yards  (this  last  point  I  did  not  verity  by  per- 
sonal observation.)  The  shaft  was  evidently  sunk  with  a  view 
to  strike  a  heavy  quartz  vein  near  it,  containing  hematitic 
iron.  From  this  shaft  were  obtained  chestnut  shingles  of  a 
former  roof,  and  an  iron  crank.  Who  are  the  authors  l  The 
"  oldest  inhabitants "  can  give  no  account  of  it.  And  they 
could  learn  nothing  from  the  Indians.  Not  the  Indians  them- 
selves certainly,  for  they  did  not  know  the  use  of  iron,  nor  un- 
derstand mining,  or  smelting  of  metals.  Every  one  BUggi  stfl 
DeSoto  f  but  according  to  the  best  accounts,  he  did  not  stop  to 
mine  and  .even  had  no  implements  for  the  purpose,  and  more- 
over did  not  touch  the  territory  of  North  Carolina.  There 
must  nave  been  other  similar  Spanish  expeditions  of  which  no 
account  has  been  preserved. 

The  other   locality    is   near   Bakereville,    Mitehell  County. 
The  work  here   is   of  a  different  and  ruder  character.     There 


1808-69.]  Document  No.  27.  57 

arc  a  dozen  or  more  open  pits,  forty  to  fifty  feet  wide  by  sev- 
enty-five to  one  hundred  long,  and  filled  up  to  fifteen  or  twenty 
feet  of  depth,  disposed  along  the  sloping  crest  of  a  long  termi- 
nal ridge  or  spur  of  a  neighboring  mountain.  The  excavated 
earth  was  piled  in  huge  heaps  about  the  margin  of  the  pits,  and 
the  whole  is  overgrown  with  the  heaviest  forest  trees,  oak  and 
chestnut,  some  of  them  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  some  of  the 
largest  belonging  to  a  former  generation  of  forest  growth,  fallen 
and  decayed  ;  facts  which  indicate  a  minimum  of  about  three 
hundred  years.  There  is  no  appearance  of  a  mineral  vein  and 
no  clue  to  the  object  of  these  extensive*  works,  unless  it  was  I  i 
obtain  the  large  plates  of  mica,  or  crystals  of  kyanite,  both  >r 
which  abound  in  the  coarse  granite  rock.  Or,  as  is  more  prob- 
able, they  may  have  been  dug  ignorantly  and  vainly  in  the 
hope  of  finding  something  which  had  no  existence,  as  in  the  ease 
of  so  many  later  minings  for  copper  and  silver  in  the  same 
region. 


